Ancient Greek Chronological table (1219-1000 BC)

1219 BC | Hyllus married Iole. [Apo.2.8.2]

1218 BC | Eurystheus threatens Ceyx with force if he does not get rid of Heracles' children. [Diod.4.57.3, Paus.1.32.6]

1218 BC | The Heracleidae migrated from Trachis to Tricorythus (near Marathon) in Attica. [Diod.4.57.4, Paus.1.32.6]

** Iope, one of Theseus' wives, was Iolaus' sister, and Theseus and Iolaus were brothers-in-law. [Plut.These.29]

1217 BC | Eurystheus invaded Athens, where the Heracleidae lived, and was defeated by Iolaus. [Apo.2.8.1, Paus.1.44.10, Strabo.8.6.19]

** It was when all the sons of Heracles had come of age, and a spirit of pride arose in the youth for the glory of Heracles. [Diod.4.57.5]

** Admete, daughter of Eurystheus, a priestess of the temple of Hera in Argos, fled to the island of Samos. [Athen.15.672a]

** Argos and Mycenae fought over the temple of Hera, which was under Mycenae's jurisdiction in the time of Eurystheus. [Diod.11.65.2]

1217 BC | Atreus inherited Mycenae and migrated from Cleonae to Mycenae. [Diod.4.58.2]

** Founded by Atreus, Cleonae was inhabited by his brother Cleonymus, and at this time the town's name was changed. [FGrH.Nr2.F3, Paus.2.15.1]

** << Why Atreus inherited Mycenae >>

** After the death of Eurystheus, there was no successor for him, and an oracle announced that the son of Pelops should be made king. [FGrH.Nr333.F133]

** When Eurystheus set out to attack the Heracleidae, he entrusted Atreus with Mycenae. [Dic:Atreus, Thucy.1.9]

** Atreus is presumed to have been the son of Perseus' daughter Autochthe. [Dic:Perseus]

** Thus, Atreus had the right to inherit Mycenae, which was founded by his grandfather Perseus.

1216 BC | Iolaus gathered immigrants in Athens and moved to Sardinia. Iolaus then ended his life in Sardinia. [Paus.9.23.1]

** Iolaus may not have been in Greece at the time of Adrastus' attack on Thebes.

1216 BC | Oedipus' son Polyneices was invited by Eteocles to return to Thebes. He then defected again to Argos. [Apo.3.6.1, Paus.9.5.12]

1215 BC | The first Nemean games were held in memory of Opheltes (or Archemorus), the son of Lycurgus (or Lycus), who was scheduled to take part in the attack on Thebes and died unexpectedly. [Apo.3.6.4, Cleme.Exho.2, Euseb.Pra.2.6, Hyginus.14, Hyginus.74, Hyginus.273, Paus.8.48.2, Pindaros.1]

** Nemean games were held every five years. [Hyginus.74]

1215 BC | Tydeus visited Mycenae, accompanying Polyneices, who had been exiled from Thebes. [Home.4.364]

** Mycenae agreed to send reinforcements, but decided not to send them due to bad omens. [Home.4.364]

** Mycenae had been in a hostile relationship with Argos since the founding of Perseus.

** Mycenae at the time was under the control of either Atreus or Thyestes, but the names of the responders do not appear in the anecdote. Tydeus's visit appears to be a fabrication.

1215 BC|Seven Against Thebes [Apo.3.6.1, Hyginus.70, Paus.9.9.1]

** Reinforcements on the Argos side included Arcadians and Messenians. [Paus.9.9.2, Paus.2.20.5]

** Probably two sons of Diocles of Pharae, Crethon and Ortilochus.

** Reinforcements on the Thebes side included Phocians and Phlegyans from the Minyan region. [Paus.9.9.2]

1215 BC | When Tydeus returned as a messenger to Thebes, he was attacked by the Thebes, but Maeon, son of Haemon, was the only one who survived. [Home.4.364]

1215 BC | Melanippus, son of Astacus, was slain by Amphiaraus. [Apo.3.6.8]

** In 712 BC, the Zypoetes of Megara led a group of immigrants and founded a town in Bithynia. The town came under attack from neighboring tribes, prompting Athenians to move there. The emigrants were led by a descendant of Astacus, a Sparti of Thebes. The name of the town became Astacus. [Memnon.12.1.1, Paus.5.12.7]

** The Athenians included descendants of the Sparti of Thebes, probably because the Gephyraeans from around Tanagra migrated to Athens in 1200 BC. [Herod.5.57, Paus.9.20.1]

1215 BC | Eteocles and Polyneices were killed in battle. Laodamas, son of Eteocles, became king of Thebes, and Creon became his guardian. [Paus.1.39.2]

1215 BC | Theseus made peace with Thebes and buried the abandoned bodies of the Argives. [Aelia.12.27, Plut.These.29]

** Pausanias also says that Theseus fought against Thebes and carried away his remains, or that there was no battle and that Thebes forgave him. [Paus.1.39.2]

** The 4th century BC orator Isocrates tells us that Athens threatened Thebes. [Isocra.Pan.170]

** Adrastus and other generals were buried in Eleusis, and the rest of the soldiers were buried in Eleutherae. [Plut.These.29]

** In the 6th century BC, Eleutherae wanted to become part of Athens. [Paus.1.38.8]

** From this time on, Eleutherae seems to have been more favorable to Athens than to Thebes.

1215 BC | Baton, a charioteer of Amphiaraus, moved to Harpyia near Encheleae in Illyria. [Polyb.Fr.2.34]

** Probably a confusion with Baton, the leader of Illyria. [Strabo.7.5.3]

1215 BC | Maron, son of Euanthes, son of Oenopion, founded Maroneia near Ismarus in Thrace. [Diod.1.20.2]

< 1st return of Heracleidae >

1215 BC | Hyllus invaded Peloponnesus and occupied various areas. [Apo.2.8.2]

** Mycenae, which had not recovered its strength, was besieged, and Hyllus seems to have occupied Mideia and Tiryns. [Pind.Ol.7.20, 75, Strabo.8.6.11]

1215 BC | Atreus was killed by Aegisthus. [Hyginus.88, Tzetzes.1.450]

**However, since Aegisthus was not killed by Agamemnon, Atreus appears to have lived out his natural life.

1215 BC | Agamemnon and Menelaus were exiled from Mycenae by Thyestes and exiled to Tyndareus. [Tzetzes.1.450-]

** Atreus, grandfather of Agamemnon and Menelaus, was the son of Autochthe, sister of Tyndareus' mother Gorgophone.

** So, Agamemnon and Menelaus went into exile, relying on Atreus' cousin Tyndareus.

1215 BC | Alcathous, son of Pelops, died at Megara. [Estimated from Paus.1.42.4]

1215 BC | Ajax, son of Telamon, migrated from the island of Salamis to Megara and succeeded Alcathous. [Paus.1.42.4]

1214 BC | The Heracleidae withdrew to Tricorythus due to a plague across Peloponnesus. [Apo.2.8.2, Diod.4.58.4]

** Hyllus received an oracle telling him to return after the third harvest. [Apo.2.8.2]

** The return to power of Mycenae and a rift between Hyllus and his half-brother Tlepolemus may have been the cause of their withdrawal.

** Tlepolemus did not retreat with Hyllus and others, but moved to Rhodes. [Apo.2.8.2, Diod.4.58.7]

1214 BC | Alcmena died at Megara. [Paus.1.41.1]

** A dispute arose over whether Alcmena should be buried in Argos or Thebes. [Paus.1.41.1]

** However, Alcmena was born in Mideia and had no connection to Argos.

** There were also tombs in Thebes for the grandchildren of Amphitryon and Alcmena, but it is thought that they could not be buried there.

** Alcmena was buried beside the tomb of Rhadamanthys in Ocaleae, in the territory of Hariartos in Boeotia. [Plut.Lysa.28]

** Her tomb at Alcmena was reburied in Sparta by Agesilaus of Sparta (399-358 BC) in the 4th century BC. [Plut.Mor.577e]

** In the tomb of Alcmena there was a bronze tablet with an ancient script (Cretan hieroglyphs) similar to Egyptian script written on it. [Plut.Mor.577e]

** Agesilaus entrusted a copy of the inscription on the bronze tablet to Eudoxus of Cnidos, who sent it to Nectanabis, king of Egypt, to decipher it. [Diogenes.8.87.]

1213 BC | Tlepolemus migrated to Rhodes and founded Lindus, Ilysus (Ialysus), and Cameirus. [Apo.2.8.2, Diod.4.58.7, Diod.7.7.1, Home.Il.2.662, Paus.2.22.8, Strabo.14.2.6]

** Tlepolemus remained with his grandmother's younger brother Licymnius, but Licymnius died of illness and, under pressure from Mycenae, seems to have moved to Rhodes.

** Licymnius reportedly died in Argos [Diod.4.58.7, Diod.7.7.1, Paus.2.22.8]

** Tlepolemus stayed in Midea, not Argos, and crossed over to Rhodes with the Tirynthians. [Pind.Ol.7.20, 75]

** Among the Tirynthians there was also Lebes, presumed to be the son of Eurystheus' brother Iphitus, who settled in Crete. [Estimated from Pind.Ol.7.75]

** The Acropolis of Tiryns was called Licymna after Licymnius. It is believed that the tomb of Licymnius was located there. [Strabo.8.6.11]

1212 BC | Neoptolemus was born the son of Achilles and Deidamia, daughter of Lycomedes. [Apo.3.13.8, Dictys.4.15, Epic.Cypria.1, Hyginus.97]

** Neoptolemus was born on the island of Scyros. [Strabo.9.5.16, Sopho.Philo.220]

1211 BC|Theseus' wife Phaedra dies. [Diod.4.63.2]

< 2nd return of Heracleidae >

1211 BC | Hyllus left Tricorythus for Peloponnesus, interpreting the oracle as ”wait three years and return.” [Apo.2.8.2]

1211 BC | Atreus marched into battle against the Heracleidae, adding Tegeatans and other peoples to his forces. [Diod.4.58.2]

** The king of Mycenae at this time was Thyestes, not Atreus.

1211 BC | Hyllus was slain in single combat with Echemus of Tegea at Isthmus. [Diod.4.58.4, Herod.9.26]

** It is unnatural that the Heracleidae side sends out a general, but the Peloponnesus side sends out reinforcements instead of a general.

** Agamemnon and Echemus, whom Thyestes had banished, were stepbrothers through their respective wives.

** The single combat between Hyllus and Echemus is believed to be a fiction, and Hyllus was killed in the battle.

1211 BC | The Heracleidae went to Aegimius, claimed the land his father had entrusted to him, and settled in the land of the Dorians. [Diod.4.58.6]

** There were probably some Ionians in Hyllus' army, and some of them died in battle, making it difficult for them to stay in Tricorythus.

** Antiochus, one of the greats of Athens, son of Heracles and Meda, daughter of Phylas of Dryopes, continued to live there. [Estimated from Paus.1.5.2]

** Macaria, daughter of Heracles and Deianeira, remained in Athens, becoming the wife of Demophon, son of Theseus. [JeromeChro.1148]

1210 BC | Theseus took Helen, the daughter of Tyndareus, from Idas and hid her in Aphidnae. [Diod.4.63.2, Plut.These.31]

** At the time, Helen was 7 years old [FGrH.Nr4.F168b], 10 years old [Diod.4.63.2], and 12 years old [Apo.E.1.23].

** Idas and Peirithous, the friend of Theseus, were of the same kind, whose common ancestor was Lapithes, the son of Aeolus, the son of Hippotes.

** Idas, son of Aphareus, son of Perieres, son of Aeolus, son of Lapithes. Peirithous, son of Ixion, son of Antion, son of Periphas, son of Lapithes.

** Idas and Theseus are also thought to have been friends through Peirithous. [Plut.These.30]

1210 BC | Theseus went to Thesprotis and was away from Athens. [Paus.1.18.4, Paus.2.22.6, Paus.3.18.5, Plut.These.31]

** Aornum in Thesprotis has an oracle that summons the dead. Theseus went to call his dead wife Phaedra. [Paus.9.30.6]

1210 BC | Theseus' two sons, Demophon and Acamas, went into exile to Elephenor of Chalcis in Euboea. [Aelia.4.5, Plut.These.35]

** Theseus evacuated his sons. [Plut.These.35] Demophon and Acamas were banished by Menestheus. [Aelia.4.5]

** Elephenor, son of Chalcodon, was the brother of Chalciope, the wife of Aegeus. In other words, he was the brother of Theseus' mother-in-law.

1210 BC | Dioscuri captures Aphidnae in Athens and takes Helen back to Lacedaemon. [Paus.2.22.6]

** It is said that Timalcus, the son of Megareus, also participated in the expedition and was killed by Theseus, but since Theseus was absent, there was no battle. [Paus.1.41.3-4, Paus.3.18.5]

1210 BC | Dioscuri was adopted by Aphidnus to be initiated into the mysteries of Eleusis. [Plut.These.33]

** For non-Athens citizen to be initiated into the Mysteries, they had to be adopted by an Athens citizen.

** By the time of the Persian War, Greeks were able to get started. [Herod.8.65]

1210 BC | Theseus returns to Athens, but is unable to control the antipathy of the inhabitants, and carries out a curse against the Athenians at Gargettus. [Plut.These.35]

1209 BC | Theseus fled to the island of Scyros, but was killed by Lycomedes. [Paus.1.17.6, Plut.These.35, Plut.Cimon.6]

** Theseus was exiled by the false slander of Lycus, and killed by Lycomedes in jealousy. [Suda.th.368]

1209 BC | Menestheus became king of Athens. [Euseb.185]

** The Heracleidae migrated from Tricorythus to the land of the Dorians, which seems to have made Theseus inferior.

** Dioscuri cooperated with Menestheus. [Paus.1.17.5]

** Dioscuri brought back Menestheus. [Apo.E.1.23]

** Dioscuri, encouraged by Menestheus, attacked Athens. [Plut.These.32]

** Dioscuri gave the throne to Menestheus. [Aelia.4.5]

** Historically, Dioscuri, who came to Athens to recapture Helen, appears to have been used by Menestheus, who plotted to seize power while Theseus was away.

1209 BC | The sons of Tyndareus, Castor and Polydeuces (Dioscuri), died fighting Messenia. [Apo.3.11.2]

** Pausanias writes that Dioscuri succeeded his father Tyndareus. [Paus.3.1.5, 3.17.2]

** However, they have a son, and it is difficult for their son-in-law Menelaus to inherit Sparta after that.

** It is more plausible that Dioscuri died before his father and that Tyndareus left Menelaus in charge of Sparta. [Apo.3.11.2]

1209 BC | Idas and Lynceus died fighting the sons of Tyndareus. [Apo.3.11.2]

** Castor died in the battle with Idas. [Apo.3.11.2]

** In the ensuing battle, Polydeuces killed Lynceus. [Paus.3.14.7, Paus.4.3.1]

** Idas and Lynceus likely died around this time, as Dioscuri helped Menestheus become king of Athens. [Aelian.4.5, Paus.1.17.5]

1209 BC | Nestor succeeded Idas and moved to near Arene in Messenia and founded Pylus. [Paus.4.3.1, Paus.4.3.7]

** Nestor appears to have succeeded Idas as his son-in-law.

1208 BC | Nestor visited Asclepius of Tricca in Thessaly. [Estimated from Strabo.1.1.16]

** He inherited Messenia from Idas, but the Lapiths in his territory disobeyed him, so he seems to have taken advantage of the powerful Lapiths of Thessaly.

** He seems to have brokered the marriage between Anticleia, daughter of Diocles of Pharae, and Machaon, son of Asclepius. [Paus.4.3.1]

** Nestor brought back the remains of Machaon, killed in battle at Troy, and buried them in Gerenia. [Paus.3.26.9-10]

1205 BC | Epigoni attacked Thebes [Apo.3.7.2, Diod.4.66.1, Paus.9.9.4, Paus.9.5.13]

** Ten years after Adrastus's attack on Thebes, it was the reign of Laodamas son of Eteocles. [Apo.3.7.2]

** Commanded by Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus. [Apo.3.7.2, Diod.4.66.1]

** Conducted by children of Polyneices. [Paus.9.33.1]

** Commanded by Thersander, son of Polyneices. [Paus.7.3.1]

** Reinforcements on the Thebes side were from the cities around Thebes. [Paus.9.9.4]

** Reinforcements on the Argos side were Messenians, Arcadians, Corinthians, and Megarians. [Paus.9.9.4]

** Hippolytus, the son of Theseus, was dragged to death when his chariot capsized. [Apo.E.1.19, Diod.4.62.3, Paus.2.32.10]

** Hippolytus appears to have joined Epigoni and died in battle. [Paus.2.32.1]

** In Troezen there was a sacred garden of Hippolytus, founded by Diomedes. Hippolytus and Diomedes were contemporaries.

1205 BC | Epigoni landed at Aulis by sea from Argos. Thebans awaited them at Glisas and a battle ensued. [Paus.9.5.13]

1205 BC | Thersander, son of Polyneices, became king of Thebes. [Paus.9.5.14]

1205 BC | Those fleeing Thebes gathered at Tilphossaeum near Alalcomenae. [Diod.4.66.5]

1205 BC | Tiresias, the seer of Thebes, died at Haliantia on his way to Delphi with the Argives. [Paus.7.3.1, Paus.9.33.1]

** Tiresias' daughter Manto was taken to Delphi as the best of their spoils. [Apo.3.7.4]

1205 BC | Manto, daughter of Tiresias, was taken prisoner by Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus. [Apo.3.7.7]

** Later Alcmaeon and Manto had a son, Amphilochus, and a daughter, Tisiphone. [Apo.3.7.7]

1205 BC | Laodamas, son of Eteocles, emigrated from Thebes to the Encheleans of Illyria. [Herod.5.61, Paus.9.5.13, Paus.9.8.6]

1205 BC | Some of the Thebans did not go to Illyria, but split up and migrated to Homole in Thessaly. [Paus.9.8.6-7]

1205 BC | Some Thebans founded Hestiaea (Histiaea) in northern Euboea. [Apo.3.7.3]

1205 BC | Part of the Thebans hid in Alalcomenia and Tilphosium mountains southwest of Copais Lake until the Argives left. [Diod.19.53]

1205 BC | Adrastus accompanied Epigoni against Thebes and died at Megara on his way back. [Paus.1.43.1]

1205 BC | The Pelasgians of Cabeiraea, about 5 km west of Thebes, migrated to Athens. [Herod.2.51, Paus.9.25.7]

1205 BC | Atreus' grandson Menelaus married Helen, daughter of Tyndareus of Sparta. [Hyginus.78, Paus.2.22.6]

1205 BC | Menelaus was transferred the throne of Lacedaemon by his father-in-law Tyndareus. [Apo.3.11.2, Apo.E.2.16]

1204 BC | Alcmaeon expeditioned to Acarnania and founded Argos (later Argos-Amphilochicum). [Strabo.7.7.7, Strabo.10.2.25]

** Alcmaeon took Manto and other prisoners and headed for Illyria, but on the way, he founded Astacus near the mouth of the Achelous River. [Estimated from Strabo.10.2.21]

** Diomedes' ally was Sthenelus, son of Capaneus, not Alcmaeon. [Hygnius.175]

** Alcmaeon's motivation for Acarnania's expedition appears to have been the desire of his captives to go to Illyria.

** Evarchus, the tyrant of Astacus around the time of the Peloponnesian war, appears to be a descendant of Sparti, who was among the captives of Epigoni. [Estimated from Memnon.12.1]

** Alcmaeon was a descendant of Melampus, and his sons Acarnan and Amphoterus, who may have taught Hesiod the arts of divination. [Paus.9.31.5]

** Hesiod was killed at Oineon, about 15 km east of Naupactus. [Plut.Mor.969e, Thyc.3.96]

** Hesiod is thought to have traveled back and forth between Acarnania and Boeotia.

** Megistias, a seer from Acarnania who took part in the battle of Thermopylae, was a descendant of Melampus. [Herod.7.221]

** Alcmaeon's younger brother Amphilochus also participated in this expedition and is thought to have never returned to Argos.

** Thucydides writes that Amphilochus took part in the Trojan expedition. [Thucy.2.68]

** However, for the following reasons, it is assumed that Alcmaeon's younger brother Amphilochus did not participate in the Trojan expedition.

** 1. Since both brothers participated in Epigoni's attack on Thebes, there is no way the younger brother would not participate in the founding of a town in a remote area.

** 2. His brother Alcmaeon refused Agamemnon's request, and it is unlikely that his brother was the only one to take part in the Trojan expedition.

** 3. Homer does not mention Amphilochus.

** 4. Homer lists three generals of Argos. [Home.Il.2.557]

** (1) Sthenelus, son of Capaneus, head of the three royal families of Argos.

** (2) Diomedes, representative of Cyanippus, son of Aegialeus, son of Adrastus, son of Talaus, of the royal house of Bias.

** (3) Euryalus, son of Mecisteus, son of Talaus, of the royal house of Bias.

** If Amphilochus's expedition to Troy is true, he should have been named as a general of the royal house of Melampus, one of the three royal families of Argos.

** 5. Amphilochus' wife and children are unknown, although his older brother Alcmaeon has many names of wives and children, and it is thought that he left Greece at a young age.

** 6. In many historical sources he is confused with his brother Alcmaeon and the son of Manto, who was born at Colophon in Asia Minor and died at Mallus in Cilicia.

1203 BC | Thersander of Thebes brought back those who had fled to Illyria and Homole, pursued by the Epigoni. [Diod.19.53, Paus.9.8.7, Strabo.9.2.3]

1203 BC | Agamemnon ascends the throne of Mycenae. [Euseb.177]

** Troy fell in the 18th year of Agamemnon's reign. [Euseb.177, Cleme.Str.1.21]

** Agamemnon and Menelaus led the Lacedaemonians back to Mycenae. [Tzetzes.1.460]

** They ordered Thyestes and his son Aegisthus to live on the island of Cythera, off the coast of the Gulf of Laconia. [FGrH.10.11, Tzetzes.1.460]

** Thyestes died on the island of Cythera. [Estimated from Home.Od.4.512]

1202 BC | Oeneus exiles from Calydon to Diomedes of Argos, chased by the sons of Agrius. [Paus.2.25.2]

1202 BC | Diomedes went on an expedition to Aetolia to avenge his grandfather Oeneus, who had been driven from Calydon. [Paus.2.25.2]

** Diomedes' collaborator was Sthenelus, son of Capaneus [Hygnius.175], not Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus [Apo.1.8.6, Strabo.10.2.25].

** Sthenelus was a close friend of Diomedes. [Hygnius.257]

** The sons of Agrius, son of Parthaon of Pleuron, enemies of Oeneus, were related to Alcmaeon as cousins and grandsons.

** I don't think Alcmaeon helped his kin fight against him.

** Diomedes' expedition to Aetolia followed Epigoni's attack on Thebes. [Strabo.7.7.7]

** Oeneus died before the Trojan War, so Diomedes' expedition to Aetolia took place before the Trojan War. [Home.Il.14.117]

** Diomedes left Aetolia in charge of Andraemon, Oeneus' son-in-law of Amphissa. [Apo.1.8.6]

** The Thestius and Agrius families fled into the interior of Aetolia and founded Thestia and Agrinium. [LeakeN.1.155]

** Thestia and Agrinium belonged to Eurytania, the largest in number. [LeakeN.2.623]

** Thestia and Agrinium existed when King Philip V of Macedonia attacked the Aetolians in 218 BC. [Polyb.5.7]

1202 BC | Alcmaeon married Callirhoe, daughter of Achelous. [Paus.8.24.9]

** Hypermnestra, wife of Oecles, father of Amphiaraus, father of Alcmaeon, was a descendant of Pleuron, son of Aetolus, and Callirhoe's maternal ancestor was Pleuron.

1202 BC | Agamemnon attacked Argos and placed it under control of Mycenae. [Strabo.10.2.25]

** Agamemnon targeted a time when many of the soldiers of Argos were on an expedition to Aetolia with Diomedes. [Strabo.10.2.25]

1202 BC | Oeneus left Calydon to his son-in-law Andraemon and went to Argos with his grandson Diomedes to die. [Apo.1.8.6, Paus.2.25.2]

** Some legends say that Oeneus was killed by the sons of Agrius in Arcadia while on his way to Argos with his grandson Diomedes. [Apo.1.8.6]

1200 BC | The Gephyraeans around Tanagra migrated to Athens, chased by Poemander, grandson of Poemander, son of Chaeresilaus. [Herod.5.57, Paus.9.20.1]

** Shortly after the Epigoni attack on Thebes, the Gephyraeans were chased by the Boeotians and migrated to Athens. [Herod.5.61]

** It seems that the Gephyraeans returned the debt of accepting the Athenians who had been chased by Eumolpus in 1415 BC. [Suda.Delta.1395]

1200 BC | The Pelasgians from Ravenna, a town in the northeastern part of the Italian peninsula, were oppressed by the Tyrrhenians and migrated to Thesprotia. [Estimated from Strabo.5.1.7]

** The Pelasgians, who migrated from Thessaly to Ravenna in 1390 BC, returned to Thessaly. [Strabo.5.1.7]

1200 BC | Rhacius, son of Lebes, emigrated from Crete to Asia Minor and founded Colophon. [Paus.7.3.1]

1200 BC | Zacynthus, son of Dardanus, migrated from Psophis in Arcadia to the island of Zacynthus. [Paus.8.24.3]

** Psophis of Arcadia was called Phegia at the time of Epigoni's attack on Thebes. He was participating in the Troy expedition from the island of Zacynthus.

** Therefore, the migration of Zacynthus seems to have occurred around this time. [Paus.8.24.8, Home.Il.2.631]

1198 BC|Helen was taken to Troy. [Apo.E.3.1-5, Dictys.1.3]

** Two years after Helen was taken away, she finished preparing and went on an expedition to Troy. [Apo.E.3.18]

** Helen was buried in Therapne near Sparta. [Paus.3.19.9]

1197 BC|Hermione was born in Sparta, the daughter of Menelaus and Helen. [Apo.E.3.3, Paus.10.16.4]

** Hermione was born nine years before the expedition to Troy.

** Hermione was nine years old when Helen was taken to Troy. [Apo.E.3.3]

1196 BC | An event known as the 1st Troy Expedition.

** Agamemnon's expeditionary force mistook Mysia for Troy and failed to land there. [Apo.E.3.17, Strabo.1.1.17]

** Achilles commanded the navy at the age of 15. [Apo.E.3.16]

** It was the 13th year of the reign of Menestheus, King of Athens [1209-1186 BC]. [Parian.Marble.23]

** Alcmaeon, who led the Epigoni, was the brother of Thersander's wife Demonassa and the benefactor who restored Thebes to the throne.

** Alcmaeon had two children with Manto, the daughter of Tiresias, and then went on an expedition to Aetolia, and took Callirhoe as his wife in Acarnania. [Paus.8.24.9]

** Alcmaeon entrusts Thersander with the Epigoni captives and Manto, who wishes to emigrate to a new world. [Estimated]

1196 BC | Thersander went to visit Telephus, who had migrated from Tegea to Mysia, but he died there. [Apo.E.3.17, Strabo.1.1.17]

** Tlesimenes and Biantes, two sons of Telephus' cousin Parthenopaeus, took part in Epigoni's attack on Thebes from Mysia. [Hyginus.71]

** Tlesimenes and Biantes were comrades of Alcmaeon and Thersander and guided them to Mysia. [Estimated]

** Telephus's strength was so famous that it gave rise to the saying that it is easy to ravage Mysia when Telephus is away. [FGrH.Nr327.F19]

** This proverb also influenced the legend that Thersander was killed by Telephus after landing on Mysia, mistaking him for Troy.

1196 BC | Manto, the daughter of Tiresias, moved south from Mysia and lived with the Cretans who lived in Colophon. [Paus.7.3.2, Paus.9.33.2]

1196 BC | Manto married Rhacius, son of Lebes, a Mycenaean who migrated from Crete to Colophon. [Epic.Epigoni.3]

** Rhacius wept when he heard from Manto of the fall of Thebes. [Epic.Epigoni.3]

** Lebes, the father of Rhacius, appears to have been the son of Iphitus, son of Sthenelus of Mycenae. [Epic.Epigoni.3]

** Astymedusa (sister of Eurystheus), the sister of Iphitus, the father of Lebes, the father of Rhacius, was the wife of Oedipus of Thebes. [Estimated from FGrH.333.95]

1194 BC | Manto founded the oracle of Apollon at Clarus on the seashore near Colophon. [Photos.186.6]

1190 BC | When Agamemnon heard about Troy's prosperity from Rhacius of Colophon, he decided to go on an expedition. [Estimated]

1190 BC | Agamemnon made Euneus of Nemea ruler of Lemnos in order to use it as a supply base for the Trojan expedition. [Estimated]

** The inhabitants of Lemnos were settlers from Naxos led by Thoas, father of Euneus' mother Hypsipyle, and Minyans who had fled from Thessay.

** Agamemnon appears to have spread that Euneus was the son of Jason, who led the expedition of Argonauts and Hypsipyle, in order to subjugate both populations.

** Historical sources stating that Euneus' father was Jason. [Apo.1.9.17, FGrH.Nr12.F14, Home.Il.7.464; 23.738, Hyginus.15, 273, Statius.6.340, Strabo.1.2.38]

** Euneus appears to be the son of Pronax, son of Talaus of Nemea, and Hypsipyle, for the following reasons:

** (Reason 1) At the time of the Argonauts' expedition, Hypsipyle, daughter of Thoas, son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos, was about 7 years old.

** (Reason 2) Hypsipyle and Jason had a son, Nebrophonus (or Deipylus), in addition to Euneus. [Apo.1.9.17, Hyginus.273]

** The circumstances in which Hypsipyle, who was on the island of Lemnos, came to live in Nemea are estimated as follows.

** An unfortunate incident with the Thoas family on the island of Lemnos leaves only Hypsipyle, and an expedition of Argonauts stops there.

** Among the expedition were Phliasus and Eurymedon, who lived in Phlius, brothers of Hypsipyle's father Thoas.

** Hypsipyle was adopted by her uncle and raised in Phlius. When the time came for her to marry, she married Pronax of Nemea, about 7 km from Phlius.

** Alternatively, unrelated to the Argonauts' expedition, Hypsipyle lived in Phlius, adopted by her uncle.

1190 BC | Agamemnon attacked Hippolytus, son of Rhopalus of Sicyon, and took control of Sicyon. [Paus.2.6.7]

1190 BC | Achilles attacked Poemander of Tanagra, who refused to take part in the Trojan expedition. [Plut.QuestGr.37]

** This seems to have led to continued conflict between Thebes and Eleutherae. In the 6th century BC, Eleutherae wanted to become part of Athens. [Paus.1.38.8]

1190 BC | Poemander of Tanagra killed his son through his negligence and was cleansed by Elephenor of Chalcis. [Plut.QuestGr.37]

1190 BC|Aegestus, grandson of Phaenodamas, killed by Laomedon, returned to Ilium from Sicily with Priam's permission. [Antiq.1.52.2-3]

1190 BC | Pylades, son of Strophius, son of Crisus, son of Phocus, migrated south from Crissa and founded Cirrha on the shores of the Gulf of Crissa. [Pind.Py.11]

1189 BC | Alcmaeon was killed in Arcadia by the sons of Phegeus, Temenus and Axion. [Paus.8.24.10]

** Alcmaeon declines Agamemnon's request to join the Trojan expedition, so it is unlikely that he left the town he founded in Acarnania.

1189 BC | Menelaus gathered the participants of his expedition and held a conference at HeIlenium in Sparta. [Dares.10, Paus.3.12.6]

1188 BC | At the temple of Hera in Argos, participants in the Troy expedition voted for the name of a suitable commander, and Agamemnon was elected. [Dictys.1.16]

1188 BC | The Argives who participated in the expedition to Troy vowed to conquer Troy at the place where the urn of Tantalus in Argos was placed. [Paus.2.22.2]

1188 BC | Second expedition to Troy with Agamemnon as its commander

** This was eight years after the event known as the First Trojan Expedition. [Apo.E.3.19]

** After gathering at the port of Phalerum in Athens, Achilles and Patroclus, representing them, received an oracle at Delphi and proceeded to Aulis. [Dares.14, Paus.1.1.2]

** Telamon saw off ships from Salamis heading from Athens to Aulis. [Paus.1.35.3, Paus.8.28.4]

** The battle lasted ten years. [Athen.343d, Apo.E.3.19, Apo.E.5.8, Dictys.3.23, DioChry.7.96, Diod.37.1.2, Demosthenes (Funeral Speech.10), GrAntho (5.139 and many others), Hyginus. 108, Isocrates (To Philip.111, Panegyricus.83), Ovid.Meta.13.640, Plato.Laws.682), PlutMor.350e, Thucy.1.11, Virgil.Aeneid.8.370]

** Protesilaus, son of Iphiclus, was the first to arrive at Troy. [Arr.1.11.5, Apo.E.3.30, Dictys.2.11, Hyginus.103]

** The tomb of Protesilaus is located in Elaesus of Chersonese. [Arr.1.115, GrAntho.7.141, Herod.9.116, HygAstro.2.40.3, Pliny.16.238]

** << Reasons why the expedition seems not to have lasted 10 years >>

** Agamemnon's reign lasted 18 years. [Cleme.Str.1.21, Euseb.Chron.179, JeromeChro.1197]

** Agamemnon controlled Achaia, Argolis, and the Gulf region of Messenia before the Trojan expedition. [Home.Il.2.569, Home.Il.9.150, Strabo.8.4.1]

** Eight years seems too short a period for Agamemnon to take Mycenae from Thyestes and then bring half of Peloponnesus under his control.

** << Reasons why the expedition seems not to have lasted one year >>

** Ajax, the son of Telamon, who died during the Trojan expedition, and his sons with captive women lived in Athens. [Dictys.5.16, Plut.Arist.19, Harp10Orat.e167]

** It may be true that they were away for some years, but I don't think they were in a place that they could go to in 3 or 4 days for 10 years. [Home.Il.9.356, Home.Od.3.151]

1188 BC | Euneus on the island of Lemnos entertains and supplies the Trojan expeditionary force. [Home.Il.2.716, Home.Il.7.464, Home.Il.8.212]

1188 BC | Achilles attacked the Lesbians who were allied with Troy. Achilles killed Phorbas and took his daughter Diomedea as a trophy. [Dictys.2.16, Home.9.656]

1188 BC | Achilles attacked Miletus and killed Trambelus, king of the Leleges. [Athen.43d]

1188 BC | Agamemnon forcibly relocated the inhabitants of the island of Tenedos off the coast of Troy to Tenea in Argolis. [Paus.2.5.4]

1188 BC | Ajax, son of Telamon, killed Teuthras, ruler of the Phrygians, and took his daughter Tecmessa captive. [Dictys.2.18]

** This Teuthras is not the stepfather of Telephus of Mysia. Probably a resident of Phrygia near Hellespont, near Chersonese.

1188 BC | The Pelasgians, who had migrated from the island of Sicily and lived in Acarnania, invaded Boeotia. [Paus.1.28.3]

1188 BC | The Boeotians, chased by the Thracians and Pelasgians, migrated to Arne in Thessaly. [Diod.19.53, Strabo.9.2.3]

** << Why the Boeotians chose Arne as their place of exile >>

** When Amphion and Zethus attacked Thebes in 1330 BC, Amphictyon's grandson Locrus also assisted. [FGrH.Nr333.F170]

** Locrus led the Leleges. [Hesiod.Women.82]

**At this time Locrus' cousin Boeotus also joined with his sons.

** This seems to have been the beginning of Boeotus's son Itonus immigrating to Boeotia. [Diod.19.53, Strabo.7.7.2]

** The descendants of Boeotus led the Boeotians against Troy, and those who remained were chased into exile in Arne.

**Thracians were synonymous with Boeotia. [Pliny.4.27]

** Hyantes was chased by Cadmus and settled in Hyampolis in Phocis. [Diod.19.53, Strabo.9.2.3]

** The Thracians occupied Orchomenus. [FGrH.Nr4.F42b]

** The Pelasgians occupied Coroneia. [Diod.19.53, Strabo.9.2.3]

** The Thracians also captured Thebes. The Thebans' prisoners were taken to Haliartus, but were recaptured. [Paus.9.16.6]

1188 BC | The Orchomenians, led by Athamas, a descendant of Athamas, son of Aeolus, migrated to Ionia and founded Teos. [Paus.7.3.6, Strabo.14.1.3]

** Colophon, just east of Teos, was home to captives from Epigoni's attack on Thebes, who settled there before the Trojan War. [Paus.7.3.2, Paus.9.33.2]

** The Orchomenians, led by descendant of Athamas who migrated to Teos, were brought back by Philip in the 4th century BC. [Paus.9.37.8]

1188 BC | Some of the Orchomenians, chased by the Thracians, were accepted into Athens and lived in Munychia. [FGrH.Nr4.F42b]

** Munychus was the son of Demophon and Laodice, daughter of Priam. [Plut.These.34] Munychus was the son of Acamas and Laodice. [Parthe.16]

** The sons of Theseus, Demophon and Acamas, did not go to Troy, so they are all likely creations.

1188 BC | The sons of Theseus, Demophon and Acamas, who had fled to Chalcis, returned to Athens and took control of the Athenians. [Estimated]

1188 BC | The Athenians went to the island of Scyros and avenged Theseus by killing Lycomedes. [Suda.th.368]

1187 BC | Aegisthus, son of Thyestes, returned to Mycenae from the island of Cythera. [Inferred from killing Agamemnon]

1187 BC | Agamemnon's illegitimate son Halaesus emigrated from Mycenae to Falerii in Italy. [Ovid.Fasti.4.63]

** Halaesus did not participate in the expedition to Troy, and appears to have remained behind.

** Halaesus was also associated with Alsium, about 46 km south-southwest of Falerii. [ItaPunica.1.1]

1186 BC | The Thesprotians invaded and captured Thessaly. [Herod.7.176, Strabo.9.5.23]

** The Phocians built a wall to prevent the invasion of the Thesprotians [Herod.7.176]

** Thucydides considers Thesprotians to be non-Greeks [Thucy.2.80]

** The Boeotians of Arne in Thessaly returned to Boeotia after being defeated by Haimon. [Suda.pi.962]

** Some residents of Arne remained as penestai (serfs) and continued to live there until the third generation. [Athen.264b, Suda.Pi.962]

1186 BC | The prophet Peripoltas migrated from Arne to Chaeroneia with Opheltes, son of Peneleus, and the Boeotians. [Plut.Cimon.1]

** Opheltes appears to have been with Arne of Thessaly for only two years.

** Opheltes appears to have been powerless at this time to retake Coroneia from the Pelasgians, where he lived before going to Thessaly.

** Chaeroneia was then called Arne. [FGrH.Nr4.F81, Paus.9.40.5]

1186 BC | Neoptolemus was summoned by an oracle to help with the fall of Ilium. [Apo.E.5.11]

** Neoptolemus was chased from Thessaly by the Thesprotians, passed through the island of Scyros, and is believed to have traveled to Troy with news of the fall of Thessaly.

1186 BC | Fall of Troy (May 29)

** Troy fell on the eighth day after the end of the month of Thargelion, seventeen days before the summer solstice. [Antiq.1.63.1]

** The fall of Troy is said to have occurred on a full moon day in the month of Thargelion in the year that Demophon became king of Athens.

** Based on the historical solar eclipse of April 16, 1178 BC, and calculating the lunar cycle as 29.53 days, Ilium was occupied on May 29, 1186 BC.

** Odyssey Eclipse - https://eclipse.gsfc.nasa.gov/SEhistory/SEhistory.html

** Herodotus describes the Trojan War as a tragic event that preceded the Persian invasion of Greece. [Herod.6.98]

** It appears that the expeditionary force was disbanded after news of the fall of Thessaly arrived.

** In reality, it seems that Troy was attacked but did not fall.

1186 BC|Neoptolemus stopped at Tenedos and stayed for two days. [Apo.E.6.5]

** < The reason why Neoptolemus gave up on returning to Thessaly >

** Neoptolemus's homeland was taken by Acastus, but he recaptured it and returned to his homeland. [Dictys.6.7-9]

** Neoptolemus, after going to the land of the Molossians, inherited his former domain after the death of Peleus. [Apo.E.6.13]

** Neoptolemus despised his return and migrated to the land of the Molossians. [Paus.1.11.1]

** Neoptolemus was absent from his father's kingdom and lost his kingdom. [Just.17.3, LeakeN.4.175]

1186 BC | Diomedes anchored near Phalerum in Athens and engaged in a night battle with Demophon. [FGrH.Nr325.F12, Paus.1.28.9]

** Diomedes, along with Nestor and Menelaus, returned via Tenedos, Lesbos, Chios, Psyria, and Euboea. [Home.Od.3.151]

** Menelaus and Agamemnon conflict over return, Menelaus starts with half of the Achaeans, and Odysseus returns to Agamemnon from the island of Tenedos. [Home.Od.3.151]

** Diomedes' arrival at Argos was on the fourth day of his departure from Troy. [Home.Od.3.151]

** Achilles said he would reach Phthia on the third day. [Home.Il.9.356]

** On return from Troy, Nestor stopped at the island of Ceos and built the temple of Nedusian Athena. [Strabo.10.5.6]

** It is thought that the island was later built by people living near the Nedon River in the back of Messenia Bay and moved to the island.

** The descendants of Eumelus, son of Admetus of Pherae, migrated to Athens. [FGrH.4.125]

** Eurypylus, son of Euaemon of Ormenium, settled in Patrae (Achaia) according to the oracle of Delphi. [Paus.7.19.6-]

1186 BC | Agamemnon stopped at Tenedos before returning home. [Apo.E.6.5]

** Agamemnon encountered a storm near Cape Malea in Laconia. [Home.Od.4.512]

** The people of Pellene of Achaia, who were part of Agamemnon's fleet, were swept away by a storm and settled in Pellene on the Chalcidice peninsula. [Thucy.4.120]

1186 BC | Achilles' foster parent Phoenix died near Thermopylae. [Home.Il.9.485, Apo.E.6.12]

1186 BC | Neoptolemus migrated to the land of the Molossians. [Apo.E.6.12]

1186 BC | The Athenians, led by Menestheus, were unable to land in Athens and moved to Scylletium in the southern part of the Italian peninsula. [Strabo.6.1.10]

1186 BC | The Athenians, led by Menestheus, migrated to Elaea near Cyme in the region of Aeolis. [Strabo.13.3.5]

1186 BC | Teucer, son of Telamon, prevented by his father from disembarking, emigrated to Cyprus and founded Salamis. [Just.44.3, Paus.1.28.11, Parian.Marble.26]

** Teucer heard rumors of his father's death and returned to his homeland, but was stopped by Eurysaces, son of Ajax, who settled in Hispania. [Just.44.3]

** Ajax, believed to be Teucer's son, ruled the Olbe region in Cilicia Tracheia. [Strabo.14.5.10]

1186 BC | Podalirus, son of Asclepius, founded Syrnus near Bybastus in the region of Caria, ruled by Damaethus. [FGrH.Nr70.F167, Paus.3.26.10, Parthe.1, Steph.Byz.593.17]

** Damaethus is presumed to be the son of Staphylus, son of Ariadne, daughter of Minos.

** Podalirus married Syrna, daughter of Damaethus.

1186 BC | Manto, daughter of Tiresias, died at Colophon. [Photos.186.6]

** Manto's son Mopsus inherited the oracle of Apollon in the seaside town of Clarus near Colophon. [Photos.186.6]

** The oracle of Apollo in Clarus is believed to have been founded by Manto.

1186 BC | Polypoetes, son of Peirithous, and Leonteus, son of Coronus, settled in Colophon. [Apo.E.3.14, Apo.E.6.2, Dares.14]

1186 BC | Calchas moved to Pamphylia and founded Selge. [Herod.7.91, Paus.7.3.7, Strabo.12.7.3, Strabo.14.4.3]

** Pamphylia is named after the sister of Mopsus. [StephByz.P498.15]

** Pamphylia is named after the daughter of Mopsus. [Photos.176]

**Selge became a trusted ally of Alexander the Great. [Arr.1.28.1]

1186 BC|Agapenor, son of Ancaeus, did not return to Arcadia, but founded Paphos near Palaepaphos in southwestern Cyprus. [Strabo.14.6.3]

1186 BC | The Magnesians settled in Delphi, dedicating one-tenth of his booty to Delphi. [Photoios.186.29]

1186 BC | Elymus and Aegestus sailed from Troy. [Antiq.1.52.1]

1186 BC | Aeneas, son of Anchises, sailed from Troy. [Antiq.1.63.2, Virg.Aene.3.1]

1186 BC | Elymus and Aegestus arrived on the banks of the Crimisus River in the northwest of Sicily. [Antiq.1.52.1]

1185 BC | Aegisthus killed Agamemnon. [Home.Od.11.404, Home.Od.24.15, Paus.2.16.6]

** The crime took place in the mansion of Aegisthus. [Home.Od.24.15, 4.512]

** Agamemnon, on his way home, was washed away at Cape Malea, on the right-hand peninsula of the Gulf of Laconia, and arrived in the land where Thyestes lived and now Aegisthus lived. [Home.Od.4.512]

** Andron of Halicarnassus assumes that Aegisthus lived on the island of Cythera. [FGrH.Nr10.F11]

** Agamemnon settled Thyestes and Aegisthus on the island of Cythera. [Tzetzes.1.460]

** The tombs of Agamemnon and those who were slain with him were in Mycenae. [Paus.2.16.6]

** The place where Orestes killed Aegisthus and Clytaemnestra also appears to be within the walls of Mycenae.

** When the Heracleidae, led by Temenus, invaded Peloponnesus, Tisamenus, son of Orestes, fortified himself in Argos.

1185 BC | Aeneas, son of Anchises, moved south after wintering in Thrace. [Antiq.1.63.2]

1185 BC | Aeneas stopped at the island of Delos and was welcomed by the priest Anius. [Antiq.1.50.1, Virg.Aene.3.69]

** Anius' father Zarex and Achilles were cousins whose common ancestor was Cecrops, the 7th king of Athens, and this legend appears to be a fiction.

1185 BC | Aeneas stopped on the island of Cythera and built a temple to Aphrodite. [Antiq.1.50.1]

** Cythera Island is thought to have been a territory of Mycenae, and this legend is also thought to be a fiction. [FGrH.Nr10.F11, Tzetzes.1.460]

1185 BC | Aeneas was welcomed by Elymus and Aegestus in Sicily and helped found Aegesta and Elyma. [Antiq.1.52.4]

** Aeneas' destination was Sicily, where he likely planned to meet up with Elymus and Aegestus.

1184 BC | Diomedes was sentenced to death for a plot by his wife Aegialeia, supported by Aegisthus, and left Argos to migrate to Aetolia. [Diod.7.3.1]

** Diomedes' wife Aegialeia was unfaithful to Cometes, son of Sthenelus. [Apo.E.6.9, Tzetzes.3.280]

1184 BC | Diomedes, son of Tydeus, migrated from Aetolia to the eastern coast of the Italian peninsula and founded Argyrippe. [Tzetzes.1.760, Strabo.6.3.9]

** Diomedes and Euippe, daughter of Daunius (or Daunus), king of the Daunians, had two sons, Diomedes and Amphinomus. [Antoninus.37]

** Brundisium was founded by the Aetolians who traveled with Diomedes. [Just.12.2]

** Arpi and Beneventum were founded by Diomedes. [Solinus.2.10]

1184 BC | Aeneas left his winter quarters in Sicily and moved north up the west coast of the Italian peninsula. [Antiq.1.63.2]

1184 BC | Aeneas landed near Laurentum. [Antiq.1.45.1]

** It was the 35th year of Latinus' reign. [Antiq.1.44.3] Mid-summer [Antiq.1.63.3]

** Aeneas had 600 companions. (It seems that family members are not included.) [Solinus.2.14]

1184 BC | Aeneas founded Lavinium near Laurentum. [Antiq.1.45.1, Just.43.1]

** Legend has it that the founder of Lavinium was Latinus, who named the town after his daughter. [Strabo.5.3.2]

1182 BC | Aeneas married Lavinia, daughter of Latinus. [Antiq.1.60.1, Euseb.Chron.283, Just.43.1]

** There is also a tradition that Aeneias and Lavinia were married after Latinus was killed in battle.

** However, since Latinus inherited Laurentum, it seems likely before the battle. [Euseb.Chron.283]

** Aeneias was probably born when his father Anchises was about 40 years old. [FGrH.Nr2.F39]

1182 BC | Latinus was killed in battle against the rebellious Rutulians. [Antiq.1.43.2, Antiq.1.64.2, Just.43.1]

1182 BC | Halaesus, son of Agamemnon, was killed in battle against Pallas, son of Evander, an ally of Aeneas. [Virg.Aene.10.411]

1182 BC | Diomedes, son of Tydeus, declines a request for reinforcements from Turnus, king of the Rutulians. [Ovid.Meta.14.460]

1182 BC | Pallas, son of Evander, was killed in battle against Turnus, king of the Rutulians, on the side of Aeneas. [Virg.Aene.10.466]

1182 BC | Turnus of the Rutulians was killed in battle against Aeneas. [Euseb.Chron.283, Just.43.1]

1182 BC | Aeneas succeeded Laurentum. [Antiq.1.43.2, Antiq.1.64.2, Diod.7.5.2, Just.43.1]

1182 BC | Halaesus, son of Agamemnon, was killed in battle against Pallas, son of Evander, an ally of Aeneas. [Virg.Aene.10.411]

1181 BC | Menestheus died on the island of Melos. [Apo.E.6.15b, JeromeChro.1181]

1180 BC | Aeneas and Lavinia have a daughter, Aemilia. [Plut.Romu.2]

1180 BC | Aeneas' father Anchises dies. [Antiq.1.64.5]

** Anchises died the year before the battle in which Aeneas was killed. [Antiq.1.64.5]

** Pausanias tells us that the tomb of Anchises is in Arcadia. It is thought that this tradition was created because the names of the mountains are similar. [Paus.8.12.8]

** Vergilius tells us that Anchises died at Drepanum in western Sicily. [Virg.Aene.3.692]

1179 BC | Aeneas is killed in battle against the Rutulians who have revolted again. Ascanius succeeded Laurentum. [Antiq.1.64.3, Just.43.1]

** Aeneas died in the seventh year after the fall of Troy. [Antiq.1.65.1]

1178 BC | Aeneas and Lavinia have a son, Silvius. [Antiq.1.70.1]

1178 BC | Orestes killed Aegisthus and became king of Mycenae. [Dictys.6.3, Hyginus.119]

** Pylades, a friend of Orestes, killed the sons of Nauplius who had joined Aegisthus. [Paus.1.22.6]

** The description in Book 3 of “The Return of the Sons of Atreus” that “Hermioneus chased Iasus and stabbed him with a spear” seems to be a reference to this time. [Athen.9.399a]

** Hermioneus seems to be a brother of Pylades.

** It seems to be a fiction that Orestes is said to have received reinforcements from Crete and Athens. [Dictys.6.3]

** In reality, Aegisthus was old, so it is thought that Orestes took control of Mycenae upon hearing of Aegisthus' death.

1178 BC | Menelaus sacked the region of Troas and returned in the eighth year. [Paus.3.22.2]

** Menelaus returned on the day Orestes killed Aegisthus in the eighth year of his reign and was holding a memorial feast. [Home.Od.3.312]

** Menelaus returned after eight years of wandering and met Orestes, who had completed his revenge. [Apo.E.6.29]

** In reality, Menelaus appears to have returned shortly after the fall of Troy. One wonders then why he doesn't avenge his brother's death, so it seems likely that he returned in the eighth year. It is presumed that Menelaus was no match for Aegisthus.

1176 BC | Cylarabes, son of Sthenelus, died. [Paus.2.18.5]

** The royal line of Argos, which had lasted 574 years from Phoroneus son of Inachus, ended.

1176 BC | Orestes, son of Agamemnon, captured Argos. [Paus.2.18.5]

** At this time Orestes lived in Mycenae. [Paus.2.18.5]

1175 BC | Hippothous, king of Arcadia, moved his capital from Tegea to Trapezus. [Paus.8.5.4]

** Hippothous appears to have been born before 1262 BC, as he participated in the Calydon boar hunt. [Paus.8.45.7]

1175 BC | Orestes migrated from Mycenae to Arcadia following the oracle of Apollo of Delphi. [Paus.8.5.4]

** Since Orestes died in Tegea, there seems to be a connection between the transfer of the capital to Trapezus and the migration of Orestes. [Herod.1.67]

** Orestes also held most of Arcadia. [Paus.2.18.5]

** During the Messenian War, the Arcadians supported the Messenians as kin.

** Agamemnon controlled seven towns on the coast of Messenia, and many Achaeans appear to have settled in Messenia.

** Many Achaeans appear to have migrated to Tegea along with the Orestes.

< 3rd return of Heracleidae >

1175 BC | Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, leads the Dorians in an unsuccessful attempt to return to Peloponnesus. [Estimated, Paus.3.15.10, Paus.4.30.1]

1175 BC | Abia, the nurse of Heracles' son Glenus (or Gleneus), abandoned their return and settled in Ire of Messenia. [Paus.4.30.1]

** Abia, the nurse of Heracles' son Glenus (born 1224 BC), is estimated to have been born in 1241 BC. Glenus also appears to have taken part in the expedition.

** Glenus was older than Cleodaeus and was the son of the progenitor Heracles.

** However, it appears that the Heracleidae were led by Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, son of Heracles, king of the Dorians. [Paus.4.30.1]

** The age difference between Cleodaeus and his son Aristomachus is more than 40 years, and it is likely that his eldest son joined Cleodaeus on the expedition.

** Cleodaeus was killed in battle, and his eldest son fled to Messenia with Abia, nurse of Glenus, and settled in Ire. [Paus.4.30.1]

** The eldest son’s grandson may have been Polyphontes, the "true" descendant of Heracles. [Apo.2.8.5])

1175 BC | Mopsus, son of Manto, together with his half-brother Amphilochus, emigrated from Colophon to Cilicia and founded Mallus. [Strabo.14.5.16]

** Mopsus had three daughters, Rhode, Melias, and Pamphilia. Lycia's Rhodia and Pamphylia were named after her daughters. [Photos.176]

** Aristandrus of Telmessus, who accompanied Alexander the Great and predicted the development of Alexandria in Egypt, is thought to be a descendant of Mopsus. [Arr.3.2]

** From Telmessus, it is said that the kings of Sardis, Meles and Croesus, also received oracles. [Herod.1.78, Herod.1.84]

1175 BC | Neoptolemus sacked Delphi and was killed in battle against the Delphians led by Machaereus, son of Daetas. [Apo.E.6.14, Strabo.9.3.9, FGrH.Nr333.F64]

** It is also said that he was murdered by Orestes and others. [Apo.E.6.14, Paus.2.29.9, Just.17.3, Hyginus.123]

** Neoptolemus was killed by Orestes in the temple of Apollo at Delphi for betraying the priest Machaereus. [JeromeChro.1160]

** The Magnesians, who had returned from Troy and settled in Delphi, are thought to have cooperated with the Delphians in their fight against Neoptolemus.

1175 BC | Oneiros, son of Achilles and Deidamia, was slain by Orestes in battle at Phocis. [Photos.190]

** Oneiros, along with his brother Neoptolemus, appears to have fought against Orestes, who joined the Phocians in siding with the Delphians.

1173 BC | The Magnesians of Thessaly migrated from Delphi via Crete to Lydia and founded Magnesia. [Photoios.186.29]

** Machaereus, son of Daetas, also migrated with the Magnesians and took part in the founding of Magnesia. [Strabo.14.1.40, Strabo.9.3.9]

** Branchhus, who migrated from Magnesia near Miletus and established the oracle of Apollo at Didyma, was a descendant of Machaereus. [Strabo.9.3.9]

1170 BC | Philaeus and Eurysaces, sons of Ajax, obtained the citizenship of Athens, ceded the island of Salamis, and migrated to Brauron and Melite. [Plut.Solon.10]

** The sanctuary of Eurysaces was in Melite, and it is believed that Eurysaces lived in Melite. [Harp10Orat.e167]

** Philaeus therefore appears to have lived in Brauron. [Harp10Orat.e167]

** Philaeus' wife may have been Iphigenia, daughter of Agamemnon. The reason is as follows.

** Philaeus may have lived in Megara with his father Ajax, king of Megara, in the town where the Heroic Mausoleum of Iphigenia was located. [Paus.1.42.4, Paus.1.43.1]

** Iphigenia became a priestess in the service of Artemis, and she supposedly died in Brauron. [Eur.IT.1464]

** Iphigenia's brother Hyperion succeeds King Megara. [Paus.1.43.3]

1170 BC | Aepytus, son of Hippothous, became king of Arcadia. [Paus.8.5.4]

1169 BC | Tyndareus' sons Castor and Polydeuces (Dioscuri) were worshiped as gods. [Paus.3.13.1]

** Dioscuri's apotheosis occurred 40 years after the battle between Idas and Lynceus. [Paus.3.13.1]

1165 BC | Aeatus, son of Pheidippus, son of Dexamenus, son of Heracles, remained in Arne and attacked the revolting Boeotians. [Polya.8.44]

1160 BC | Ajax, possibly the son of Teucer, son of Telamon, migrated from Cyprus to Cilicia Tracheia and ruled the Olbe region. [Strabo.14.5.10]

1156 BC | Pergamus, son of Neoptolemus, emigrated to Asia Minor with his mother Andromache and founded Pergamon. [Paus.1.11.2]

** Andromache and Hector had several sons. Neoptolemus was given Helenus. [Dictys.5.16]

** Laodamas, son of Hector, was with Neoptolemus with Andromache. [Dictys.6.12]

1154 BC | Ascanius, son of Aeneas, founded Alba. [Antiq.1.66.1]

** The founding of Alba was 30 years after the founding of Lavinium. [Antiq.1.66.1]

1150 BC | Amazons led by Smyrna burnt down the temple of Ephesus. [Euseb.Chron.185, Strabo.14.1.4]

** It was the reign of Oxyntes, son of Demophon (1153-41 BC). [Euseb.Chron.185]

1150 BC | Medon, son of Pylades, migrated east from Cirrha and founded Medeon. [StephByz.M439.19]

< The migration of the Aeolis BC1148-1055 >

1148 BC | Orestes led an expedition to colonize Aeolis. [Strabo.13.1.3]

** Aeolis colonization began four generations before the Ionians. [Strabo.13.1.3]

1148 BC | Orestes founded Tenedos with Peisander of Amyclae. [FGrH.Nr4.F32, Pind.Ne.11, Strabo.13.1.3]

** Peisander's maternal grandfather was Melanippus, a defender of Thebes. [Pind.Ne.11]

** The inhabitants of Tenedos were forcibly relocated by Agamemnon to Tenea in Argolis, leaving the island uninhabited. [Paus.2.5.4]

** The 4th century BC historian Nymphodorus describes Tenedos as the island of beauties in his "Voyage round Asia". [Athen.13.609e]

1148 BC | Perinthus of Epidaurus accompanies Orestes to found Perinthus (not in Thrace). [StephByz.P517.17]

1142 BC | Ascanius died. His half-brother Silvius succeeded him. [Antiq.1.70.1]

** It was the 38th year of the reign of Ascanius. [Antiq.1.70.1]

1132 BC | Orestes died. Tisamenus, son of Orestes, became king of Lacedaemon. [Herod.1.67, Paus.2.18.6]

** Orestes died from a snake when he was 70 years old. [FGrH.Nr12.F25]

** The first tomb of Orestes was inside the city gates of Tegea. From there, the Spartans stole Orestes' remains. [Paus.8.54.4]

1126 BC | Thessalus, son of Aeatus, son of Pheidippus, son of Dexamenus, son of Heracles, drove out the Boeotians who remained in Arne. [Polya.1.12]

1126 BC | The Boeotians, driven from Arne in Thessaly, returned to Boeotia. [Strabo.9.2.3, Strabo.9.2.29, Thucy.1.12]

1126 BC | The Boeotians returned from Arne and recaptured Coroneia, annexing Orchomenus as well. [Strabo.9.2.3, Strabo.9.2.29]

** The Orchomenians who had taken refuge in Munychia in Athens also returned at this time. [FGrH.Nr4.F42b]

1126 BC | Some of the Orchomenians, together with Chaeron, son of Thero, moved to Arne, where the Boeotians had disappeared, and called it Chaeroneia. [FGrH.Nr1.F116, Paus.9.40.5, Plut.Sulla.17]

1126 BC | The Boeotians, along with the Orchomenians, expelled the Pelasgians from Boeotia. The Pelasgians went to Athens. [Strabo.9.2.3]

** Some of these Pelasgians were descendants of Samothrace who had immigrated to Boeotia with Cadmus and others. [Herod.2.51]

** The Pelasgians lived under the Acropolis of Athens and built walls under the command of Agrolas and Hyperbius. [Herod.6.137, Paus.1.28.3, Strabo.9.2.3]

** The Pelasgians were given barren land at the foot of Hymettus (Pelasgicon district) for their work in building walls. However, the Athenians were jealous of their excellent cultivation of the land and were exiled. [Herod.6.137]

1126 BC | Penthilus, son of Orestes, sailed from the port of Aulis and colonized Lesbos. [Paus.3.2.1, Strabo.9.2.3, Strabo.13.1.3]

** The return of the Boeotians and the departure of Penthilus from Aulis occurred in the 60th year of the fall of Troy. [Strabo.13.1.3, Thucy.1.12]

<4th return of Heracleidae>

1126 BC | Autesion, the last of the descendants of Cadmus, was exiled from Thebes and exiled to Aristodemus in the land of the Dorians. [Paus.9.5.15]

** Autesion's grandmother's hometown of Argos was under the control of Tisamenus, son of Orestes of Mycenae.

** The migration of Autesion seems to have been one of the factors that led Aristomachus to decide on an expedition to Peloponnesus.

1126 BC | Aristomachus was defeated by Tisamenus, son of Orestes. [Apo.2.8.2, Paus.2.7.6, Strabo.13.1.3]

1126 BC | The expedition of the descendants of Agamemnon, Cleues son of Dorus, and Malaus was stationed for a long time near Locris. [Strabo.13.1.3]

** Cleues and Malaus may have been watching the return of the Heracleidae to Peloponnesus, led by Aristomachus.

** The Dorian settlement was more than 100 km from the starting point of Penthilus's expedition, but in the immediate vicinity of the starting point of Cleues.

** Cleues and Malaus are the great-grandsons of Agamemnon, and their grandparents appear to have been banished from Mycenae by Aegisthus.

** Many of the members of the expedition appear to have been Aeolis who lived in Mt. Phricium (possibly escaping from Thessaly). [FGrH.Nr4.F80]

1126 BC | Malaus' expedition conquered the Pelasgians living around Larisa and founded the Phryconian Cyme. [Strabo.13.1.3, Strabo.13.3.3]

** The Pelasgians of Larisa were a powerful tribe, but were weakened during the Trojan War. [Strabo.13.3.3]

** The Pelasgians, led by the descendants of Teutamus, were driven from around Larissa and fled to Pisae in Italy, where they lived with the Tyrrhenians. [Estimated from Pliny.3.50]

** The main settlers to Cyme were the Aeolis, who were driven from Thessaly by the Thesprotians. [Estimated from FGrH.Nr4.F80]

** Cyme was the name of the Amazons. [Strabo.11.5.4, 12.3.21]

1125 BC | Agron, son of Ninus, son of Belus, son of Alcaeus, son of Heracles, became king of Sardis. [Herod.1.7]

** This genealogy appears to be a work of fiction.

1120 BC | Penthilus, son of Orestes, led the Boeotians and executed the Aeolian colony. [Strabo.9.2.5]

** This was after the expulsion of the Thracians and Pelasgians from Boeotia in 1126 BC. [Strabo.9.2.5]

< 5th return of Heracleidae >

1115 BC | Temenus, son of Aristomachus, prepared his army after hearing an oracle that said, “The return is the third harvest of offspring.” [Apo.2.8.2]

1115 BC | Temenus guides Oxylus, son of Haemon, son of Thoas. [Apo.2.8.3, Paus.5.3.5, Strabo.8.3.33]

** Oxylus advised them to enter Peloponnesus by boat instead of by land. [Paus.5.3.6]

** Temenus seems to have learned from his past mistakes and planned to cross the strait and invade Peloponnesus, enlisting Oxylus, who was knowledgeable in that area.

** Oxylus was the son of Haemon, the son of Thoas, the son of Gorge, the sister of Deianeira, the mother of Hyllus, the father of Cleodaeus, the father of Aristomachus, the father of Temenus.

** So Oxylus was a third cousin and relative of Temenus' father.

1115 BC | Temenus built the ships at Naupactus in Locris. [Apo.2.8.2, Paus.10.38.10, Strabo.9.4.7]

** The founder of Naupactus was Temenus. [Ps-Scym.475]

1115 BC | Temenus' brother Aristodemus was killed at Delphi by Tisamenus' cousins Medon and Strophius. [Apo.2.8.2, Paus.3.1.6, Paus.2.16.7]

** Medon and Strophius lived in Cirrha, 60 stades (about 11 km) southwest of Delphi. [Pindar.Py.11]

** Aristodemus died of illness after seeing the birth of his child. [Herod.6.52]

** Aristodemus was killed by lightning. [Apo.2.8.2]

1115 BC | Hippotas, son of Phylas, killed the prophet Carnus at Naupactus. [Apo.2.8.3, Paus.3.13.4, Photios.186.26]

** Carnus appears to be a grandson of Alcmaeon, son of Amphiaraus of Argos.

1115 BC | Temenus ordered an oracle to banish Hippotes for 10 years. [Apo.2.8.3]

** Hippotes was a descendant of Antiochus, son of a daughter of Phylas, king of the Dryopes, who was exiled by Heracles.

** Forty years later, Aletes, son of Hippotes, assumed control of Corinth. [Paus.2.4.4]

1115 BC | The Pelasgians were expelled from Athens and migrated to the islands of Lemnos and Imbros. [FGrH.Nr328.F100, Herod.6.137]

1115 BC | The Minyans, who lived on the island of Lemnos, were chased by the Pelasgians and moved to Lacedaemon. [Herod.4.145, Paus.7.2.2, Strabo.8.3.19]

** The Spartans accepted the Minyans because their ancestors were Argonauts like their own. [Herod.4.145]

** Some of the Minyans emigrated from Orchomenus to Iolcus, and thus the warriors of the Argo ships became known as Minyans. [Strabo.9.2.40]

** When Pelias of Iolcus took Phylomache, daughter of Amphion of Orchomenus, as his wife, she was probably accompanied by some Minyans.

** Similar examples can be found in the cases of Neleus and Niobe. [Strabo.8.3.19, Strabo.8.4.4]

** The king of Sparta at that time was probably Tisamenus, son of Orestes, who was descended from Tyndareus.

** Herodotus is said to be a third generation descendant (or children of children) of the Argonauts. [Herod.4.145]

** Pylades, son of Strophius, son of Crisus, son of Phocus (Peleus is an Argonaut), a close friend of Orestes. Tisamenus is the fourth generation from the Argonauts.

** Herodotus calculates 3 generations as 100 years. [Herod.2.142]

1115 BC | The Pelasgians of the island of Lemnos plundered the daughters at Brauron in Attica. [FGrH.Nr328.F100, FGrH.Nr328.F101, Herod.6.138]

** The first inhabitants of the island of Lemnos, the Sinties (or Sinti), were the Pelasgians. [FGrH.Nr328.F101, Thucy.2.98, Home.Il.1.594, Strabo.7.8.3]

1114 BC | Temenus began building ships again at Naupactus.

1113 BC | Temenus completes construction of a fleet for crossing the seas. He communicated the following spring gathering to Naupactus.

1112 BC | Temenus departed from Pindus of Doris and arrived at Naupactus. [Pind.Py.1.70, Strabo.9.4.10]

** Temenus was also accompanied by Hegeleos, a descendant of Heracles and Omphale. [Paus.2.21.3]

** Hegeleos later built a sanctuary of Athena Trumpet at Argos. [Paus.2.21.3]

1112 BC | The Ionians of Tetrapolis in Attica joined Temenus' army at Naupactus. [Estimated from Strabo.8.6.15]

** The Ionians from Tetrapolis in Attica also accompanied them and settled in Epidaurus in Argolis. [Strabo.8.6.15]

1112 BC | Temenus, guided by Oxylus, sailed from Naupactus to Molycrium and prepared for the crossing. [Paus.5.3.6]

** From Cape Antirrhium (Molycrian Rhium) on the border of Aetolia and Locris, they aimed for Cape Rion on the opposite coast. [Estimated from Strabo.8.2.3]

1112 BC | Tisamenus waited for Temenus and others to land near Rion in Achaia. [Polya.1.9]

1112 BC | Tisamenus moves his army to Isthmus, deceived by Temenus's deception. [Polya.1.9]

1112 BC | Temenus landed at Rion in Achaia. [Paus.8.5.6, Polya.1.9]

** The width of the strait is approximately 3 km. They were intercepted by ships on Tisamenus' side. [Apo.2.8.2]

1112 BC | Temenus marched from Aegae in Achaia to Arcadia, guided by Oxylus. [Paus.5.4.1]

** The Heracleidae are presumed to have included many descendants of the Arcadians who participated in Heracles' expeditions from around Pheneus into their expeditions.

1112 BC | Cypselus, king of Arcadia, asked to marry his daughter Merope to Temenus' brother Cresphontes. [Paus.8.5.6, Polya.1.7]

1112 BC | Cresphontes, brother of Temenus, married Merope, daughter of Cypselus, at Trapezus in Arcadia. [Paus.4.3.6]

1111 BC | Temenus incorporated the Arcadians of Trapezus into his army and invaded Pylus.

** From the time of the son of Neleus, the ancestor of Melanthus of Pylus, they had advanced into the land of the Arcadians and were hostile to them. [Home.7.132, Paus.8.11.4, Strabo.8.3.21]

1111 BC | Temenus expelled Neleus' descendants such as Melanthus of Pylus. [Paus.2.18.8]

** There is a tradition that Melanthus was the king of Pylus. [Euseb.Chron.183, JeromeChro.1136, JeromeChro.1129, Paus.7.2.3, Photios.186.39]

** However, Melanthus was not a direct descendant of Nestor, so he was not King Pylus, but was likely King of Messenia as a direct descendant of Neleus's eldest son.

1111 BC | Melanthus migrated to Athens and exiled Thymoetes, son of Oxyntes. [Paus.2.18.9]

** Melanthus asked the gods where he should live in Delphi and ended up going to Athens, where Eleusis was located. [Athen.3.96e]

** The rituals of the Great Goddess, which were brought to Messene in Andania by Caucon, the priest of Eleusis, were passed down from generation to generation. [Paus.4.1.5]

** Both Melanthus' mother and his wife were Athenians. Melanthus appears to have been the son-in-law of Thymoetes. [Paus.7.2.3, Tzetzes.1.180]

** Among Melanthus's migrating party were the Caucones. [Herod.1.147]

1111 BC | Melanthus dueled with Xanthus of Thebes and killed him by deceit. [Polya.1.19, Strabo.9.1.7]

** Some legends say that Thymoetes avoided single combat and gave it to Melanthus. [Photoios.186.39]

** It was a dispute over the territorial rights of Melaenae (or Melania). [FGrH.Nr70.F22, Polya.1.19, Harp10Orat.a173]

** It was a dispute over the territorial rights of Oinoe. [Photoios.186.39]

1111 BC | Melanthus became king of Athens. [Herod.5.65]

1111 BC | Alcmaeon, a descendant of Nestor, migrated to Athens with Melanthus and became the founder of the Alcmaeonidae. [Paus.2.18.9]

1111 BC | Nestor's descendants Paeon's children migrated to Athens with Melanthus and became the founders of the Paeonidae. [Paus.2.18.9]

1111 BC | Peisistratus, a descendant of Nestor, migrated to Athens. [Herod.5.65]

** Peisistratus, son of Hippocrates, tyrant of Athens in the 6th century BC, was a descendant of Nestor. [Herod.5.65]

1110 BC | Temenus, son of Aristomachus, fought against Tisamenus, who was waiting for him. [Apo.2.8.3]

1110 BC | Pamphylus and Dymas, sons of Aegimius, who sided with Tisamenus, were killed in battle with Temenus. [Apo.2.8.3]

** Pamphylus did not die in this battle, as he later married Orsobia, daughter of Temenus' daughter Hyrnetho. [Paus.2.28.6]

1110 BC | Tisamenus was confined to Argos. [Apo.2.8.3]

1110 BC | Temenus built a fort in Temenium south of Argos and fought against Tisamenus. [Paus.2.38.1]

** The Heracleidae appear to have captured the towns of Argolis Primorye with their fleets. Temenium also seems to have been convenient for logistics from the sea. [Polya.2.12]

1110 BC | Erginus, son of Amphinomus, son of Diomedes, helped Temenus by stealing the statue of Palladium, the patron god of Argos. [August.City.3.7, Plut.GreekQuest.48]

** After Diomedes' death, his son Amphinomus migrated from Italy to Aetolia, and his son Erginus seems to have lived in Argos. [Antoninus.37]

** Erginus and Temenus were related, with a common ancestor being Oeneus of Calydon.

1109 BC | Phalces, son of Temenus, made a night attack on Sicyon, but did not fight and took over the throne jointly with Lacestades. [Paus.2.6.7]

** Sicyon lasted 981 years from its first king Aegialeus (enthroned 2090 BC). [Suda.sigma,402]

** In reality, the royal line of Sicyon, founded by Aegialeus, son of Inachus, lasted for 641 years from 1750 BC.

1109 BC | Agamedidas, great-grandson of Ctesippus, son of Heracles, captured Cleonae. [Paus.3.16.6]

1107 BC | Temenus claimed and acquired Argos from Tisamenus. [Apo.2.8.4, Paus.2.18.7, Paus.4.3.3, Polya.1.6]

1107 BC | Tisamenus moved from Argos to Sparta.

1107 BC | Temenus entered Argos.

1106 BC | Temenus departs from Argos to conquer Sparta. [Polya.1.10]

** When Sparta was captured, not only Eurysthenes and Procles were there, but Temenus was also there, and it seems that the entire army was there. [Polya.1.10]

1106 BC | Temenus besieged Tisamenus, who was holed up in Sparta.

1106 BC | After completing his guide, Oxylus departs Sparta for Aetolia.

** If Oxylus remained with Temenus until Tisamenus' departure from Sparta, Tisamenus' migration destination may not have been Achaia but Pisa, where his ancestor Pelops lived.

1105 BC | The Heracleidae besieged and surrendered Helos on the Gulf of Laconia, founded by Perseus' youngest son Helius. [Paus.3.20.6]

1105 BC | Oxylus led the Aetolians against Elis. [Paus.6.23.8, Strabo.8.3.33]

1105 BC | Oxylus fought Dius of Elis and took over the throne of Elis. [Paus.5.4.2, Strabo.8.3.33]

** This was the return of Aetolus 215 years after he was chased by Salmoneus in 1320 BC.

1104 BC | Philonomus made a secret deal with the Heracleidae to persuade Tisamenus to migrate to Achaia. [Strabo.8.5.4-5]

** Philonomus came to Sparta from the islands of Imbros and Lemnos. [Photoios.186.36]

** Philonomus may have been one of the Minyans who migrated from Lemnos to Lacedaemon in 1115 BC, chased by the Pelasgians.

1104 BC | Tisamenus migrated from Sparta to Achaia. [Paus.2.18.8, Strabo.8.7.1, 8.8.5]

1104 BC | Eurysthenes and Procles' guardian Theras proposed that the territories be decided by lots. [Apo.2.8.4, Paus.4.3.4-5, Strabo.8.1.2, Strabo.8.5.6]

** The Heracleidae drew lots after conquering Peloponnesus. [Apo.2.8.4]

1104 BC | Cresphontes gained possession of Messenia. [Apo.2.8.4, Paus.4.3.5, Polya.1.6, Strabo.8.8.5]

** Distributed among the orphans of Temenus, Cresphontes, and Aristodemus, direct descendants of Hyllus, the eldest son of Heracles' lawful wife Deianeira. [Diod.4.34.1, Strabo.9.4.10]

1104 BC | Eurysthenes and Procles took possession of Lacedaemon. [Apo.2.8.4, Polya.1.6]

** Lacedaemon was inhabited by the tribe of Hyllus, one of the three Dorians. [FGrH.Nr70.F173]

1104 BC | Aristodemus' twin sons Eurysthenes and Procles were crowned kings of Sparta.

** This was 80 years after the fall of Troy. [Thucy.1.12]

1104 BC | Philonomus was entrusted with Amyclae by Eurysthenes and Procles. [Photoios.186.36, Strabo.8.5.4]

1104 BC | Tisamenus offered to live with the Ionians living in Achaia, but was refused. [Paus.7.1.8]

1103 BC | Tisamenus was killed in battle against the Ionians. [Paus.7.1.8]

** The anecdote that Tisamenus learned about ambushes from the way birds flew seems to have taken place during this battle. [Polya.2.37]

1103 BC | Ionians gathered at Helice seeking divine protection, and the Achaeans besieged it. [Herod.1.145, Paus.7.1.8]

1103 BC | Cresphontes established Stenyclerus as the capital of Messenia. [Paus.4.3.7, Strabo.8.4.7]

1102 BC | The Ionians signed a truce with the Achaeans and moved to Athens. [Paus.7.1.5, Strabo.8.7.1, Strabo.8.7.4]

1102 BC | Melanthus, king of Athens, cohabited with Ionians exiled from Achaia. [Paus.7.1.9]

1102 BC | Deiphontes, son of Antimachus, led the Argives to seize the throne from Pityreus, king of Epidaurus. [Paus.2.26.1]

1102 BC | Deiphontes settled Epidaurus with Ionians who had accompanied him from Tetrapolis in Attica. [Strabo.8.6.15]

1102 BC | Pityreus, a descendant of Ion, son of Xuthus, led the inhabitants of Epidaurus to migrate to Athens. [Paus.2.26.1]

1101 BC | Oxylus, by an oracle, took Orestes' great-grandson Agorius from Helice of Achaia and made him co-ruler of Elis. [Paus.5.4.3]

** The powers of Messenia and Eleia have been reversed. [Strabo.8.3.30]

1100 BC | Temenus was killed by his sons because he favored Deiphontes and Hyrnetho. [Apo.2.8.5]

1100 BC | A conflict arose between the sons of Temenus and Deiphontes, the husband of his daughter Hyrnetho. [Paus.2.26.2]

1100 BC | Ceisus became king of Argos. [Paus.2.19.1]

1100 BC | Ceisus gathered the inhabitants and founded Argos. [Strabo.10.4.18]

1100 BC | Procles gathered the inhabitants and founded Sparta at the same time as Argos. [Strabo.10.4.18]

1100 BC | Theras, son of Autesion, ended his guardianship. [Herod.4.147]

1100 BC | Archelaus, son of Penthilus, led an Aeolis expedition to the area of Dascylium and the Cyzicene. [Strabo.13.1.3]

1099 BC | Oxylus held the Olympia competitions. [Paus.5.8.5]

** After Oxylus, the Olympia competitions were suspended until Iphitus revived it. [Paus.5.8.5]

1099 BC | Theras dedicated the shrine of Athena in Sparta. [Paus.3.15.6]

1099 BC | The Minyans, who settled in Lacedaemon, were scheduled to be executed for many illegal acts, but they escaped from prison and barricaded themselves there. [Herod.4.146]

1099 BC | Theras set sail with the Minyans who had been pardoned to colonize the island of Calliste. [Herod.4.148, Paus.7.2.2]

1099 BC | Theras immigrated to the island of Calliste, became king there and renamed the island Thera. [Paus.3.15.6, Strabo.8.3.19]

** The immigrants consisted of the Lacedaemonians and some of the Minyans who had fled from the island of Lemnos to Laconia after being chased by the Pelasgians. [Paus.7.2.2]

** At the time, the island was inhabited by descendants of settlers led by Membliarus, son of Poeciles, who had split from Cadmus in 1425 BC. [Herod.4.147]

1099 BC | Eurysthenes and Procles help found the colony of Theras. [Paus.3.1.7]

1098 BC | The town of Scillus in Triphylia erected a temple of Hera in Doric style at Olympia. [Paus.5.16.1]

** It was about eight years after Oxylus had acquired Elis. [Paus.5.16.1]

** Later, Scillus and Pisa rebelled against Elis, so the builder of Scillus appears to be Pelops' son. [Paus.5.6.4]

1098 BC | The Minyans who fled Sparta founded Lepreum, Macistus, Phryxae, Pyrgus, Epium, and Nudium in southern Eleia. [Herod.4.148]

1095 BC | Melanthus, king of Athens, died. Codrus was crowned King of Athens. [Euseb.185]

1095 BC | Procles, son of Pityreus, led the former inhabitants of Epidaurus from Athens to settle the island of Samos and found Samos. [Paus.2.26.1, Paus.7.4.2, Strabo.14.1.3]

1087 BC | Rhegnidas, son of Phalces, son of Temenus, led an army from Argos and Sicyon against Phlius. [Paus.2.13.1]

1087 BC | Rhegnidas, son of Phalces, became king of Phlius. [Paus.2.13.2]

1087 BC | Hippasus of Phlius emigrated to Samos. [Paus.2.13.2]

1085 BC | Cresphontes, along with his two sons, was killed by Polyphontes, a descendant of the "true" Heracles, and usurped the throne of Messenia. [Apo.2.8.5, Paus.4.3.7]

** Polyphontes appears to be the grandson of the eldest son of Cleodaeus, son of Hyllus, son of Heracles.

1085 BC|The Ionians, led by the three sons of Xuthus, Cothus, Aeclus, and Ellops, founded the cities of Chalcis, Eretria, and Ellopia, respectively, in Euboea. Ellops also captured surrounding towns such as Histiaea. [Plut.QuestGr.22, Strabo.10.1.3, Herod.5.57]

1085 BC | The Gephyraeans of the Eretria district of Athens migrated to Euboea and founded Eretria. [Herod.5.57, Strabo.10.1.3]

1082 BC | Cresphontes' youngest son Aepytus became king of Messenia. [Apo.2.8.5, Paus4.3.8, Paus.8.5.7]

** Aepytus was supported by his uncle Holaeas in Arcadia, Isthmius son of Temenus in Argos, Eurysthenes and Procles in Sparta.

1075 BC | Amphiclus, probably a son of Xuthus, settled on the island of Chios from Histiaea in Euboea. [Paus.7.4.8]

1075 BC | Aletes added Melas, son of Antasus, to his expedition from Gonussa and set out to conquer Corinth. [Paus.2.4.4, Paus.7.26.13, Photios.186.26]

** Aletes was the son of Hippotas, the son of Phylas, the son of Antiochus, the son of Heracles, and was a contemporary of Temenus.

** Melas was a descendant of Gonussa, daughter of Sicyon son of Marathon. [Newton.Chro.62]

1075 BC | Aletes encamped on the hill of Solygia and fought against the resisting inhabitants (Aeolis), driving them out of Corinth. [Paus.2.4.3, Thucy.4.42]

1075 BC | Aletes became king of Corinth, abdicated by Propodas' two sons Doridas and Hyantidas, and made Melas a co-resident. [Paus.2.4.4]

** Melas was an ancestor of Cypselus, son of Eetion, who became tyrant of Corinth in 657 BC. [Paus.2.4.4]

** Aletes went into exile from Corinth and returned again. [FGrH.Nr76.F80]

1074 BC | Codrus, son of Melanthus, was killed in battle against the Dorians of Peloponnesus who attacked Athens. [Paus.7.25.2, Polya.1.18]

** Aletes (vagabond) attacked Athens. [Photos.186.26]

** However, it is doubtful that Aletes' ancestor, Antiochus, son of Heracles, was the progenitor of the Antiochis, one of the ten tribes of Athens. [Paus.1.5.1]

1074 BC | The Dorians drove out the Ionians from Megara, Athens and founded the city of Megara. [Paus.1.39.4, Strabo.9.1.7]

** Later, when Megara gained strength, Megarians fought against their mother city Corinth. [FGrH.Nr327.F9]

< the migration of the Ionians (BC1073-43) >

1073 BC | Neileus, son of Codrus, led the first group of immigrants from Prytaneum in Athens to settle in Miletus. [Herod.1.146, Paus.7.2.6]

** Neileus's emigrant party was the official emigrant party that started from the City Hall of Athens. [Herod.1.146]

** Neileus' colony was the second independent expedition by Athens, after Iolaus' colony. [Paus.1.29.5]

** Philistus, son of Pasicles, who accompanied Neileus, erected a temple of Eleusinian Ceres near the northwest coast of Miletus. [Herod.9.97]

1073 BC | Euctemon's sons, Philogenes and Damon, founded Phocaea. [Paus.7.2.4, Strabo.14.1.3]

1070 BC | Cydrelus (or Cyaretus), the illegitimate son of Codrus, founded Myus, a short distance from Miletus. [Paus.7.2.10, Plut.Mor.253a, Strabo.14.1.3]

1070 BC | Achaeans, in Pharis and Geranthrae, were attacked by the Dorians and evicted Peloponnesus. [Paus.3.2.6, Paus.3.22.6]

1070 BC|Amyclae fought stubbornly against the Dorians before retreating. [Paus.3.2.6]

** The departure of Amyclae was in 1104 BC, the third generation since Philonomus obtained Amyclae as a reward and Temenos. [Photoios.186.36]

** Pausanias records the departure of Amyclae as the time of Teleclus, son of Archelaus, but it was the time of Procles. [Photoios.186.36, 47, Strabo.10.4.18]

** Amyclae was the most productive land in Laconia. [Polyb.5.19.1]

** It is doubtful whether they will be able to stay on the land just 4km south of Sparta for 300 years.

1070 BC | Philonomos (Minyans) led by Polis and Delphos migrated to Crete, captured Gortyn, and cohabited with the natives. [Photoios.186.36, 47]

1070 BC | A group led by Apodasmos did not go to Crete, but settled on the island of Melos. [Photoios.186.36]

** Apodasmos appears to be the son of Philonomus. [Commentary on Thucydides Book 5]

** The Melos Islanders were settlers from Lacedaemon. [Herod.8.48, Thucydides.5.84]

** The Dorians invited Timomachus from Thebes to give them military leadership in the battle against Amyclae. [FGrH.Nr70.F16, Pind.Is.7.1]

1070 BC | Althaemenes, son of Ceisus, son of Temenos, led Dorians and Pelasgians from Argos to colonize Crete. [Photoios.186.47, Strabo.10.4.18]

1070 BC | The Althaemenes migrated to Rhodes and founded Lindos, Ialysos, and Kameiros. [Photoios.186.36, 47]

** In 1213 BC, Tlepolemus migrated from Argos to Rhodes and founded the same three towns, so it seems likely that he lived there with his people. [Diod.4.58.8]

** Among the Althaemene settlers were the Dorians who lived in Megara, which was founded by the Dorians on their return from attacking Athens. [Strabo.14.2.6]

** The rulers of the Rhodes had gone from the Heliadae to the Phoenicians, then to the Carians, but were replaced by the Dorians. [Photos.186.47]

** In 1213 BC, Tlepolemus migrated from Argos to Rhodes [Apo.2.8.2, Diod.4.58.7, Diod.7.7.1, Home.Il.2.662, Paus.2.22.8, Strabo.14.2 .6]

** Cleobulus of Lindos of Rhodes, one of the seven wise men of Greece, appears to be a descendant of Althaemenes. [Diogenes.1.89, Paus.10.24.1]

1070 BC | Anthes led a colony from Troezen, migrated to Caria, and founded Halicarnassus and Myndus. [Paus.2.30.9, StephByz.A74.6, Strabo.14.2.16]

** Anthes was a descendant of Aetius, son of Anthas. [Paus.2.30.9]

** After the Althaemenes settled in Rhodes, they dispersed their colonies to Halicarnassus, Cnidus, and Cos. [Strabo.14.2.6]

1068 BC | Androclus, son of Codrus, drives out the Carians and Leleges and founds Ephesus. [Strabo.14.1.3]

1068 BC | Andraemon, son of Codrus, drove out the Carians and founded Lebedus. [Paus.7.3.5, Strabo.14.1.3]

1065 BC | The Ionians, led by Nauclus, illegitimate son of Codrus, settled Teos. [Paus.7.3.6, Strabo.14.1.3]

1065 BC | The Ephesians led by Androclus invaded the island of Samos and expelled the island's inhabitants. [FGrH.Nr70.F166, Paus.7.4.3, Plut.GreekQuest.55]

** The reason was that Leogorus, son of Procles, of the island of Samos, was in communication with the Carians and was plotting against the Ionians.

** Some of the island's inhabitants migrated to Samothrace.

** The rest went to the mainland with Leogorus and settled on the other side of the island, in the Amazons at the burial site of Anaea and Mycale.

** The Samians recaptured the island of Samos ten years after being expelled. [Paus.7.4.3]

1060 BC | Nauclus, illegitimate son of Codrus, his brother Damasus, Melanthus' great-grandson Apoecus, and Geres settled in Teos. [Paus.7.3.6, Strabo.14.1.3]

** Geres the Boeotian led the Boeotians. [Paus.7.3.6]

1060 BC | Some of the Samians of Samothrace founded Perinthus on the northern coast of the Sea of Propontis. [Plut.GreekQuest.57]

** Between its founding and the time of Darius I, the Paeonians living in the Strymon basin captured Perinthus. [Herod.5.1]

1060 BC | Aepytus, son of Neileus, son of Codrus, led the Ionians and founded Priene in the region of Ionia. [Paus.7.2.10, Strabo.14.1.3]

1060 BC | Cnopus, the illegitimate son of Codrus, migrated to Erythrae, gathering people from all parts of Ionia. [FGrH.Nr1.F228, Paus.7.3.7, Polya.8.43, Strabo.14.1.3]

** Erythrae was called Cnopopolis.

1055 BC | Gras, son of Echelas (or Archelaus), son of Penthilus, captured Lesbos with the support of Lacedaemon. [Paus.3.2.1, Strabo.13.1.3]

1055 BC | Gras held the region of Aeolis between Ionia and Mysia. [Paus.3.2.1]

** Gras advanced as far as the Granicus River. [Strabo.13.1.3]

** Penthilus had occupied Lesbos before this, so it was a re-occupation. [Paus.3.2.1]

** The colonization of Aeolis began four generations earlier than that of Ionia, and was longer than the latter. [Strabo.13.1.3]

1055 BC | The Samians, who had been driven from the island, drove the Ephesians from the island of Samos and reclaimed the island. [Paus.7.4.3, Plut.QuestGr.55]

1053 BC | Androclus of Ephesus was killed while rescuing Priene from the Carians. [Paus.7.2.9, FGrH.Nr70.F126, StephByz.A1.1]

1050 BC | The Ionians, led by Paralus (or Parphorus) of Colophon, founded the Clazomenae. [Paus.7.3.8-9, Strabo.14.1.3]

** Paralus appears to be a descendant of Codrus, as most of the Ionians were Achaeans of Cleonae and Phlius who were chased by the Heracleidae. [Paus.7.3.9]

1043 BC | Philotas, a descendant of Peneleus, son of Hippalcimus, emigrated from Thebes to Priene in Ionia and rebuilt the town. [Paus.7.2.10, Strabo.14.1.3]

** The founder of Priene was Aepytus, son of Neileus, son of Codrus. [Paus.7.2.10, Strabo.14.1.3]

** Apollodorus of Athens tells us that there were 267 years between the Ionian migration and the first Olympiad (776 BC), with 1043 BC being the year in which the Ionian migration was completed. [Euseb.Chron.179]

1020 BC | The Samians joined the Ionian League. [Paus.7.4.3]

** Probably at least one generation after Samos was recaptured from the Ephesians.

End