A dear and godly friend at church said to me, "There is one book in the Bible that is impossible to read: Leviticus". That inspired me.
The following is written by AI, specifically by Gemini 2.0 Flash. It is an experiment. I do not intend it to have complete control if I believe its output needs to be improved. I will oversee and shape it. Once there is a first draft, I might ask another AI model to critique it. By the time you read this, it might be a subsequent version. I am not sure what is going to happen, but I want help in providing something that helps make Leviticus accessible , fascinating, and useful for Christians. "All scripture is God-breathed (inspired by God) and is useful..." (2 Timothy 3:16-17). That includes Leviticus, although that is not always our impression.
Let's dive in.
I am not sure this is working as well as I had hoped. You will notice that each chapter has the same basic format. Gemini came up with the first section. That seemed to me a bit abstract and needed further illustration. I therefore asked for two stories that would illustrate the lessons of that chapter. I am not sure they actually do relate tightly to those lessons though. For example, in the chapter about sacrifices that deal with sin and were a gift from God enabling reconciliation, the stories seem to speak more of people who made sacrifices for other. That is inspiring but is it what that chapter is about? I still need to look more carefully at this.
Next I asked Gemini to focus on a passage from Leviticus that illustrated the lessons of that chapter. I wanted the joy to come from discovering things in actual passages. Again, I am not sure they always do illustrate the lessons suggested earlier in the chapter.
I still need to think through how best to help people love discovering relevant truths in Leviticus. What would you find more helpful?
Notes to self...
Should Leviticus be interpreted through the NT quotes? It might also be useful to see where and how Leviticus is quoted in the NT and therefore how it is relevant to things we know more clearly.
Leviticus seems irrelevant to us but how would it have been seen by the Israelites at the time?
Let's be honest. When we think of Leviticus, words like "boring," "irrelevant," and maybe even "bizarre" probably come to mind. It's the book sandwiched between Exodus and Numbers, often bypassed in our rush to get to the more narrative-driven stories of the Old Testament. Many Christians, even seasoned Bible readers, confess to having never really read it, or having given up early on, daunted by its seemingly endless lists of rules, sacrifices, and bodily discharges. We might skim a few verses about burnt offerings and then quickly flip ahead, eager to get back to David and Goliath or the Psalms.
And yet, within the pages of Leviticus lies a treasure trove of spiritual insights, a profound revelation of God's character, and a crucial key to understanding the Gospel itself. It's not an overstatement to say that without Leviticus, our understanding of Jesus, His sacrifice, and the very nature of our relationship with God would be incomplete. This book, often neglected and misunderstood, is absolutely vital to the Christian faith.
So, why do we avoid it? Partly, it's the sheer volume of detail. The meticulous descriptions of rituals, the distinctions between clean and unclean, the seemingly endless lists of regulations – it can all feel overwhelming and disconnected from our modern lives. We might wonder, "What does any of this have to do with me?" It's tempting to dismiss it as an ancient rule book with no bearing on 21st-century Christians.
Another reason we shy away from Leviticus is that some of its content can be, well, a little off-putting. The discussions of skin diseases, bodily fluids, and the sometimes-severe punishments for disobedience can make us uncomfortable. We might struggle to reconcile these seemingly harsh realities with the image of a loving and compassionate God. It's easy to get lost in the details and miss the bigger picture.
But what if I told you that beneath the surface of these seemingly dry and sometimes disturbing passages lies a beautiful and powerful message? What if I told you that Leviticus isn't just a list of arbitrary rules, but a carefully crafted portrait of God's holiness, our desperate need for atonement, and the foreshadowing of the ultimate sacrifice made by Jesus Christ? This is where the concept of typology comes in. Leviticus is rich with types – Old Testament elements that foreshadow aspects of Christ. The sacrifices, the priesthood, the tabernacle itself – all these point forward to Jesus and His work.
Speaking of the tabernacle, it plays a central role in Leviticus. This portable sanctuary was the heart of Israelite worship, the place where God's presence dwelt among His people. Understanding the layout and significance of the tabernacle – the Holy Place, the Holy of Holies, the Ark of the Covenant – is essential to understanding Leviticus. It's within the context of the tabernacle that the sacrifices are offered and the priests minister. The tabernacle itself is a type, a pre-figure of Jesus, who is the true temple of God.
This book, "How to Enjoy Leviticus," is an invitation to embark on a journey of discovery. We're going to unpack the mysteries of Leviticus together, not by getting bogged down in minute details, but by focusing on the overarching themes and connecting them to the core truths of the Christian faith. We'll explore the significance of the tabernacle, the meaning behind the sacrifices, and the vital role of the priesthood. Most importantly, we'll see how all of these elements, through the lens of typology, point forward to Jesus, the fulfillment of everything Leviticus foreshadows.
Think of it as a treasure hunt. The riches are there, waiting to be discovered, but they require a bit of digging. We'll uncover the gems of God's grace hidden within the seemingly dry legal code, and we'll see how these ancient laws have profound relevance for our lives today. Prepare to be surprised, challenged, and ultimately, deeply blessed as we unlock the hidden treasures of Leviticus and discover its central message: the path to a holy God, paved by grace and culminating in the person and work of Jesus Christ.
Imagine standing at the foot of Mount Sinai, the ground trembling beneath your feet, lightning flashing, and a thick cloud enveloping the peak. The sound of a trumpet blast pierces the air, growing louder and louder, and a voice, powerful and awe-inspiring, speaks from the heart of the cloud. This is the God of Israel, revealing Himself in His holiness. This is the God whose presence permeates every page of Leviticus.
The very first word of Leviticus in the Hebrew text is vayikra, meaning "and He called." It's a gentle yet commanding word, hinting at the intimate yet majestic nature of God's interaction with His people. God called to Moses, and through Moses, He calls to us, inviting us to draw near, not in flippancy, but in reverence and awe. Because at the heart of Leviticus, blazing like an eternal flame, is the concept of God's holiness.
Holiness isn't just one of God's attributes; it's the very essence of who He is. It's His otherness, His transcendence, the quality that sets Him apart from all creation. It's His purity, His perfection, His absolute moral integrity. Think of it as the untainted, unadulterated essence of God's being. It's a fire that consumes all that is impure, a light that exposes every shadow.
Now, that might sound intimidating, and it should! The holiness of God is indeed awe-inspiring, even terrifying. The Israelites at Sinai certainly felt that way. They begged Moses to speak to God for them, afraid that they would die if they heard God's voice directly (Exodus 20:18-19). And this sense of awe, this recognition of God's transcendent majesty, is precisely what's often missing in our modern approach to God.
We live in a culture that tends to downplay reverence. We talk about God as our "friend," which is a wonderful and true aspect of our relationship with Him, but we sometimes forget that He is also the King of kings, the Lord of lords, the Creator of the universe. We can become so casual in our approach to God that we lose sight of His holiness, His power, and His glory.
Leviticus serves as a powerful reminder that God is not to be trifled with. He is holy, and He demands reverence. This isn't because He's a cosmic tyrant, but because His very nature requires it. His holiness is the foundation of His justice, His mercy, and His love. It's the reason why sin is so serious, and why atonement is so necessary.
Some people struggle with the idea of God's "harshness" in the Old Testament, particularly in books like Leviticus. They point to the strict laws and the severe punishments and ask, "How can a loving God be so strict?" It's a valid question, and one that deserves careful consideration.
The key is to understand that God's "harshness" is not arbitrary or capricious. It flows from His holiness. He cannot simply overlook sin, because sin is a direct affront to His holy nature. To minimize sin would be to minimize God's holiness. The laws and punishments in Leviticus, while they might seem severe to us, actually reveal the incredible value God places on holiness and the seriousness with which He views sin. They are a stark reminder that sin has consequences, and that it separates us from a holy God.
But here's the amazing paradox: it's precisely because God is holy that He can also be merciful. His holiness demands justice, but His love provides a way for that justice to be satisfied. And that way, foreshadowed throughout Leviticus, is found in the sacrificial system. The sacrifices, though they couldn't ultimately take away sin, pointed forward to the perfect sacrifice that Jesus would make on the cross. They demonstrated the principle of substitution – an innocent life offered in place of the guilty – a principle that finds its ultimate expression in the Gospel.
So, how does the holiness of God, so powerfully emphasized in Leviticus, translate to our lives today? It means that we should approach God with reverence and awe, recognizing His majesty and His power. It means that we should take sin seriously, confessing it and turning away from it. It means that we should live lives that are pleasing to Him, striving for holiness as He is holy.
But it also means that we can approach God with confidence and boldness, knowing that through Jesus, the perfect sacrifice, we have been cleansed from our sin and reconciled to a holy God. The awe-inspiring holiness of God, which might have once terrified us, now becomes the source of our deepest joy and our greatest hope. It’s in the presence of this holy God that we find forgiveness, grace, and the power to live a life that truly honours Him. And it’s in Leviticus that we begin to understand just how magnificent, and how merciful, that holy God truly is. Let me illustrate this with two stories, one from Scripture and one from more recent history.
First, consider the story of Isaiah’s call in Isaiah chapter 6. The prophet finds himself in the temple, and he sees the Lord, high and exalted, seated on His throne. The seraphim, angelic beings, hover around Him, crying out, “Holy, holy, holy is the Lord Almighty; the whole earth is full of his glory!” Isaiah’s response to this vision of God’s holiness is immediate and visceral: “Woe to me!” he cries. “I am ruined! For I am a man of unclean lips, and I live among a people of unclean lips, and my eyes have seen the King, the Lord Almighty.” Isaiah, confronted with the pure, unadulterated holiness of God, recognizes his own sinfulness and unworthiness. He understands that he cannot stand in the presence of such holiness without being consumed. It’s a powerful reminder that approaching a holy God is not something to be taken lightly. But then, a seraph flies to Isaiah with a burning coal from the altar and touches his lips, declaring, “Your guilt is taken away and your sin atoned for.” The same holy God who inspires such fear and awe also extends His grace and forgiveness. Isaiah’s experience encapsulates the very essence of Leviticus: the encounter with a holy God, the recognition of our sinfulness, and the need for atonement.
Now, let’s fast-forward to a more recent story, the account of A.W. Tozer’s experience with God’s holiness. Tozer, a renowned pastor and writer, was a man deeply acquainted with the presence of God. He described an experience where, while walking down a busy city street, he suddenly became overwhelmingly aware of God’s presence. It wasn't a visual or auditory experience, but a profound and deeply unsettling sense of God’s holiness. Tozer described feeling utterly exposed, as if every hidden corner of his heart was laid bare before the penetrating gaze of divine purity. He felt, he said, like crawling into a hole, wanting to disappear from the sheer weight of God’s holiness. Like Isaiah, Tozer’s first reaction was not one of joy or comfort, but of profound humility and a sense of his own inadequacy. This experience, Tozer explained, transformed his understanding of God. It wasn't that he hadn't believed in God's holiness before, but that he had never truly experienced it in such a visceral and life-altering way. This encounter, he said, instilled in him a deeper reverence for God, a greater understanding of the seriousness of sin, and a renewed appreciation for the grace that makes it possible for us to stand in the presence of such holiness. These stories, one from ancient Scripture and one from modern experience, remind us that the holiness of God is not an abstract theological concept. It's a real, powerful, and transformative reality that should shape every aspect of our lives. It’s the very heart of Leviticus, and the key to understanding our relationship with the God who calls us to draw near.
A specific passage from Leviticus beautifully encapsulates the theme of approaching a holy God: Leviticus 10:1-3. This passage recounts the tragic story of Nadab and Abihu, Aaron's sons, who offered unauthorized fire before the Lord, "and fire came out from the Lord and consumed them; so they died before the Lord." Moses' response is instructive: "This is what the Lord has spoken: ‘Among those who are near me I will be shown holy, and before all the people I will be glorified.’"
This passage, though sobering, is profoundly relevant for Christians today as we consider how to approach a holy God. It reveals several key principles. First, it underscores the absolute holiness of God. God's holiness is not a passive attribute; it's an active, powerful force. It's a consuming fire that cannot tolerate impurity or irreverence. Nadab and Abihu's sin wasn't merely a procedural error; it was a fundamental disrespect for God's holiness, a failure to recognize the awe-inspiring nature of His presence. Their fate serves as a stark reminder that God is not to be trifled with.
Second, this passage emphasizes the importance of approaching God on His terms. Nadab and Abihu offered "unauthorized fire," meaning they didn't follow God's prescribed way of worship. They may have had good intentions, but their actions demonstrated a disregard for God's specific instructions. For Christians today, this means that we cannot approach God however we see fit. We must approach Him according to His Word, following the guidelines He has given us in Scripture. This includes recognizing Jesus as the only way to the Father (John 14:6) and worshiping Him in spirit and in truth (John 4:24).
Third, Leviticus 10:3 reveals God's desire to be glorified. "Before all the people I will be glorified," God declares. This highlights the purpose of worship: it's not primarily about what we get out of it, but about giving glory to God. Our worship should reflect the holiness and majesty of God, causing others to recognize His greatness and bow before Him. This means that our lives, both inside and outside of church, should be lived in a way that honors God and reflects His character.
Finally, while this passage emphasizes the seriousness of approaching a holy God improperly, it also points us to the solution. The very fact that God established a sacrificial system in Leviticus demonstrates His provision for dealing with sin and enabling people to approach Him. And that sacrificial system, as we shall see, points forward to Jesus, whose perfect sacrifice makes it possible for us to stand before a holy God without fear of condemnation. Through Jesus, we can approach God with confidence, knowing that our sins are forgiven and that we are clothed in His righteousness.
Leviticus 10:1-3 calls us to cultivate a deep reverence for God, recognizing His holiness and majesty. It reminds us of the importance of approaching God according to His Word, following the example of Jesus. It challenges us to live lives that glorify God, reflecting His character to the world around us. And it reminds us of the incredible grace we have in Jesus, through whom we can confidently approach a holy God, not in fear of judgment, but in awe and worship.
Imagine the scene: the courtyard of the tabernacle, filled with the sights and sounds of worship. The air is thick with the smell of incense and roasting meat. Priests, dressed in their linen garments, meticulously perform the rituals, offering sacrifices to the Lord. The bleating of sheep, the lowing of cattle, the rhythmic chanting of the Levites – all these elements combine to create an atmosphere of solemnity and reverence. This is the world of Leviticus, a world where sacrifice is at the very heart of worship.
For many of us, the idea of animal sacrifice seems strange, even barbaric. We might wonder, "What could possibly be the point of killing innocent animals as an offering to God?" But within these ancient rituals lies a profound truth, a truth that speaks directly to the core of our Christian faith. The sacrifices described in Leviticus, though they might seem foreign to us today, reveal the very essence of worship, repentance, and the incredible grace of God.
Leviticus outlines several different types of sacrifices, each with its own specific purpose and symbolism. Let's take a brief look at some of the most important ones.
First, there's the burnt offering (Leviticus 1). This was perhaps the most common type of sacrifice, and it was offered every morning and evening. The entire animal was burned on the altar, symbolizing complete devotion and surrender to God. It was an act of consecration, a way of saying, "God, I give myself completely to you." Think of it as the ultimate act of worship, a tangible expression of our desire to be wholly dedicated to God's purposes. While we don't offer burnt offerings today, the principle of complete surrender remains crucial for Christian living. Do we offer our whole selves to God – our time, our talents, our resources – holding nothing back?
Then there's the sin offering (Leviticus 4). This sacrifice was offered when someone had committed a sin, whether intentionally or unintentionally. The animal's blood was a crucial element in the ritual, symbolizing the life that was being offered as atonement for sin. This sacrifice pointed to the seriousness of sin and the need for cleansing and forgiveness. It highlighted the fact that sin has consequences, and that it separates us from a holy God. But it also demonstrated God's provision for dealing with sin, a provision that would ultimately be fulfilled in Jesus.
The peace offering (Leviticus 3), also known as the fellowship offering, was a sacrifice of thanksgiving and celebration. It was offered to express gratitude to God for His blessings and to celebrate fellowship with Him and with one another. Part of the animal was burned on the altar, and part was eaten by the offerer and his family and friends. It was a joyous occasion, a time of feasting and fellowship in the presence of God. This sacrifice reminds us that worship is not just about solemnity and repentance; it's also about joy, gratitude, and celebrating God's goodness in our lives.
Now, here's the crucial point: none of these sacrifices, in and of themselves, could truly take away sin. They were, in a sense, temporary measures, pointing forward to the ultimate sacrifice that would be made by Jesus Christ. The book of Hebrews makes it clear that "it is impossible for the blood of bulls and goats to take away sins" (Hebrews 10:4). The sacrifices of Leviticus were symbolic, foreshadowing the perfect and final sacrifice of Jesus on the cross.
The concept of substitutionary atonement is central to understanding the sacrifices. The innocent animal was offered in place of the guilty person, bearing the penalty for their sin. This is a powerful picture of what Jesus did for us on the cross. He, the innocent Lamb of God, took our place, bearing the full weight of our sin so that we could be forgiven and reconciled to God. As Isaiah prophesied, "He was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was on him, and by his wounds we are healed" (Isaiah 53:5). 1
Think about it: the sacrifices of Leviticus, though they were part of an ancient system of worship, point directly to the heart of the Gospel. They reveal the seriousness of sin, the need for atonement, and the incredible grace of God in providing a way for us to be reconciled to Him. They foreshadow the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus, the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29).
So, how do these ancient sacrifices relate to our worship today? We don't offer animal sacrifices, of course. But the principles behind the sacrifices remain relevant. Worship is still about offering ourselves completely to God, surrendering our will to His. It's about recognizing our sinfulness and seeking His forgiveness. It's about expressing our gratitude for His blessings and celebrating His goodness in our lives.
Just as the Israelites brought their sacrifices to the tabernacle, we bring our offerings to God – not animals, but our lives, our time, our talents, our resources. We offer them as an act of worship, a tangible expression of our love and devotion to Him. And just as the sacrifices pointed forward to Jesus, our worship today should be centred on Him, the Lamb who was slain for our redemption. It's in His sacrifice that we find forgiveness, cleansing, and the power to live a life that is pleasing to God. The heart of worship, then and now, is about recognizing God's holiness, acknowledging our need for His grace, and offering ourselves as living sacrifices, holy and pleasing to God (Romans 12:1). The echoes of those ancient sacrifices in Leviticus still resonate today, reminding us of the profound truth that our redemption was purchased at a great price, the precious blood of Jesus Christ.
The biblical story of the prophet Hosea and his wife Gomer provides a powerful illustration of the principles of sacrifice and redemption. Hosea was commanded by God to marry Gomer, a woman who was unfaithful to him. This marriage served as a living parable of God's relationship with Israel, a nation that had been unfaithful to Him, turning away to other gods. Gomer's infidelity was a painful betrayal for Hosea, yet God instructed him to redeem her, to buy her back from her slavery. This act of redemption, though deeply personal and costly for Hosea, symbolized God's unwavering love for His people and His willingness to redeem them from their sin. Hosea’s willingness to make this sacrifice, to take back his unfaithful wife, mirrors God's sacrificial love for us. Just as Hosea redeemed Gomer, God, through Jesus, has redeemed us from the slavery of sin. This story, though not explicitly about the Levitical sacrifices, powerfully illustrates the same core principles: the pain of broken relationship caused by unfaithfulness, the need for redemption, and the sacrificial love that makes redemption possible.
Maximilian Kolbe was a Catholic priest who was imprisoned in the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II. One day, a prisoner was selected to be executed, and this man cried out in despair, fearing for his family. Kolbe, without hesitation, volunteered to take his place. He offered his own life as a substitute for the condemned man. Kolbe's act of self-sacrifice, though it took place in the horrific context of a concentration camp, echoes the sacrificial system of Leviticus. Just as the animals were offered as substitutes for the sins of the people, Kolbe offered his life as a substitute for the life of another. His act of selfless love, though ultimately pointing to the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus, reminds us of the power of substitutionary atonement and the willingness of some to lay down their lives for others. These two stories, one from Scripture and one from recent history, highlight the enduring relevance of the principles of sacrifice and redemption found in Leviticus. They remind us that true worship involves a willingness to give ourselves completely to God, to acknowledge our need for His grace, and to embrace the sacrificial love that makes our redemption possible.
Leviticus 17:11 beautifully encapsulates these themes. It reads, "For the life of the flesh is in the blood, and I have given it to you on the altar to make atonement for your souls, for it is the blood that makes atonement for a life." This verse, though seemingly simple, is packed with profound theological significance. It highlights the central role of blood in the sacrificial system. The blood, representing life itself, was the key element in the atonement for sin. The shedding of blood was a stark reminder that sin has consequences, that it costs a life.
For Christians today, this verse points directly to the sacrifice of Jesus Christ. Jesus, the Lamb of God, shed His blood for our sins. His life was given as an atonement for our souls. Just as the blood of the animals in the Old Testament sacrifices provided a temporary covering for sin, the blood of Jesus provides the ultimate and eternal atonement for our sins. Hebrews 9:12 explains, "He did not enter by means of the blood of goats and calves; but he entered the Most Holy Place once for all by his own blood, having obtained eternal redemption."
The relevance of Leviticus 17:11 for contemporary worship is multifaceted. First, it reminds us of the immense cost of our redemption. It wasn't something that was achieved lightly or easily. It required the sacrifice of the Son of God Himself. This understanding should fill us with awe and gratitude. Secondly, this verse highlights the centrality of sacrifice in true worship. While we don't offer animal sacrifices today, we are called to offer ourselves as living sacrifices, as Romans 12:1-2 states. This means surrendering our lives to God, offering our time, talents, and resources for His purposes. It means living a life of obedience and devotion to Him. Finally, Leviticus 17:11 reminds us of the power of atonement. Through the blood of Jesus, we are forgiven, cleansed, and reconciled to God. This is the heart of the Gospel, the good news that we are no longer separated from God by our sin, but through Christ, we can have a relationship with Him. So, as we gather for worship, let us remember the profound significance of the blood of Jesus, the Lamb who was slain for our redemption. Let us offer our lives as living sacrifices, grateful for the immeasurable grace that has been extended to us.
Imagine a community where access to God was limited, restricted to a select few. A community where ordinary people couldn't directly approach the divine, but required intermediaries, specially chosen individuals to bridge the gap. This was the reality of ancient Israel, where the priests played a vital role as mediators between God and humanity. Leviticus dedicates a significant portion of its text to outlining the qualifications, responsibilities, and functions of these priests, offering us a fascinating glimpse into the nature of their service and its profound significance for our understanding of Jesus Christ.
The priesthood in Leviticus was not open to just anyone. It was a hereditary calling, restricted to the descendants of Levi, one of the twelve tribes of Israel (Leviticus 8). These men were set apart, consecrated for a special purpose: to represent the people before God and to represent God to the people. They were the custodians of the tabernacle, the ones responsible for maintaining its sanctity and performing the intricate rituals associated with worship. They were teachers of the Law, interpreters of God’s commands, and judges in matters of dispute.
The priests’ primary function was to offer sacrifices. As we discussed in the previous chapter, these sacrifices were a crucial part of Israelite worship, symbolizing repentance, gratitude, and dedication to God. The priests were the ones who actually performed the sacrifices, handling the animals, offering the blood, and ensuring that the rituals were carried out according to God’s instructions (Leviticus 1-7). They acted as intermediaries, bringing the people’s offerings to God and presenting their requests before Him.
But the priests’ role wasn’t limited to offering sacrifices. They were also responsible for maintaining the tabernacle and its furnishings, ensuring that everything was kept clean and in good order (Numbers 3:5-9). They were teachers of the Law, instructing the people in God’s commands and explaining the meaning of the Scriptures (Deuteronomy 33:10). They served as judges, settling disputes and administering justice according to God’s law (Deuteronomy 17:8-13). In essence, the priests were the spiritual leaders of the community, responsible for every aspect of Israel’s relationship with God.
Now, it’s crucial to understand that the Levitical priests, despite their important role, were themselves imperfect. They were human, just like the people they represented, and they were also subject to sin. This is why the high priest, before offering sacrifices for the people, had to first offer a sacrifice for his own sins (Leviticus 16). The priesthood, therefore, could not provide a perfect or final solution to the problem of sin. It served as a temporary measure, pointing forward to a greater priesthood, a priesthood that would be characterized by perfection and permanence.
This is where the beauty of the New Testament revelation comes into focus. The New Testament reveals that Jesus Christ is the ultimate High Priest, the one who perfectly fulfills the priestly role. Hebrews, in particular, expounds on this theme, showing how Jesus is superior to the Levitical priests in every way.
Jesus, unlike the Levitical priests, is sinless (Hebrews 4:15). He doesn’t need to offer sacrifices for His own sins, because He has none. He is the perfect Lamb of God, without blemish or spot (1 Peter 1:19). This makes Him uniquely qualified to be our High Priest, because He can truly represent us before God.
Jesus, unlike the Levitical priests, offered a perfect and final sacrifice for sin – Himself (Hebrews 9:11-12). His sacrifice on the cross was not just a temporary covering for sin, but a complete and eternal atonement. Through His blood, we have been cleansed from our sin and reconciled to God.
Jesus, unlike the Levitical priests, is not limited by time or death. He is our High Priest forever (Hebrews 7:24). He continually intercedes for us before the Father, ensuring that our access to God is secure and unbroken.
The Levitical priesthood, therefore, serves as a type, a foreshadowing of the priesthood of Jesus. It helps us understand the nature of Jesus’ ministry and the significance of His role as our High Priest. Just as the priests in the Old Testament mediated between God and the people, Jesus, our ultimate High Priest, has bridged the gap between us and God. He has opened the way for us to approach God, not through imperfect human intermediaries, but through Himself, the perfect mediator.
So, how does this understanding of the priesthood relate to our lives today? It means that we no longer need to rely on human priests to access God. Through Jesus, we have direct access to the Father. We can approach Him with confidence, knowing that we are clothed in the righteousness of our High Priest. It also means that we are called to be a “royal priesthood” (1 Peter 2:9), offering spiritual sacrifices to God – not animal sacrifices, but sacrifices of praise, thanksgiving, and service. Just as the priests in the Old Testament served God and His people, we are called to use our gifts and talents to serve God and others, reflecting the love and grace of our High Priest, Jesus Christ.
The biblical story of Moses provides a powerful example of mediation. Moses served as the mediator between God and the Israelites. He ascended Mount Sinai to receive the Ten Commandments, acting as a bridge between God's holiness and the people's need for guidance. He then brought God's law down to the people, communicating God's will to them. On several occasions, Moses also interceded with God on behalf of the Israelites, pleading for their forgiveness when they rebelled (Exodus 32:30-32). Moses’ role as mediator, though imperfect because he himself was a sinner, points to the ultimate mediator, Jesus Christ. Moses’ willingness to stand in the gap for the people foreshadows Jesus' sacrifice on the cross, where He took the penalty for our sins, bridging the gap between a holy God and sinful humanity.
Now, let’s turn to a story from more recent history, the story of Dietrich Bonhoeffer. Bonhoeffer was a German pastor and theologian who lived during the Nazi regime. He actively resisted the Nazis and was eventually imprisoned and executed for his beliefs. Bonhoeffer’s life is a powerful example of one who stood as a mediator, not in the priestly sense of offering sacrifices, but in the sense of standing for truth and justice, even at great personal cost. He spoke out against the injustices of the Nazi regime, advocating for the oppressed and challenging the prevailing ideology. He became a voice for the voiceless, a bridge between those in power and those who were suffering. While not a priest in the Levitical sense, Bonhoeffer’s actions reflect a similar principle of intercession and representation. He chose to identify with the marginalized and to speak truth to power, reflecting the kind of selfless service exemplified by the priesthood and ultimately perfected by Jesus. These two stories, one from Scripture and one from relatively recent history, highlight the importance of mediation, whether in the priestly context of Leviticus or in the broader sense of standing for others. They both point us to the ultimate mediator, Jesus Christ, who perfectly embodies the role of priest and intercessor, bridging the gap between God and humanity through His perfect sacrifice and ongoing advocacy.
Let's now turn our attention to a passage in Leviticus that sheds light on the role of the priests and its relevance for Christians today: Leviticus 8. This chapter describes the consecration of Aaron and his sons as priests. It details the elaborate rituals, including washing, clothing, and anointing, that were performed to set them apart for their sacred duties. While the specifics of the ritual might seem distant from our modern context, the underlying principles are profoundly relevant for Christian believers.
Leviticus 8 emphasizes the idea of consecration. The priests were not simply chosen; they were set apart for a special purpose. They were dedicated to God's service in a unique way. This principle of consecration resonates deeply with the Christian call to holiness. Just as the priests were consecrated for service in the Old Testament, Christians are called to be consecrated to God in the New Testament. 1 Peter 2:9 describes believers as "a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God’s own people, that you may declare the praises of him who called you out of darkness into his 1 marvelous light." This doesn’t mean we all become ordained ministers. Rather, it means that every Christian is called to a life of dedication to God, a life set apart for His purposes. Like the priests of old, we are called to be holy, reflecting God's character in our thoughts, words, and actions.
The priests in Leviticus were also clothed for their ministry. Their garments were not just functional; they were symbolic, representing the holiness and dignity of their office. For Christians, this has a spiritual parallel. We are clothed, not in linen garments, but in the righteousness of Christ. Just as the priests' clothing symbolized their fitness for ministry, our "clothing" in Christ's righteousness equips us for service. It’s not our own merit or goodness that qualifies us, but the imputed righteousness of Christ that makes us acceptable to God and empowers us to live a life worthy of our calling.
The anointing of the priests with oil in Leviticus 8 is also significant. The oil symbolized the Holy Spirit, empowering them for their ministry. This is a powerful reminder for Christians that we are not equipped for service in our own strength. It is the Holy Spirit who empowers us, guides us, and enables us to fulfill God's purposes in our lives. Just as the priests were anointed for their specific roles, every believer receives the anointing of the Holy Spirit, equipping them for the unique ways God calls them to serve.
Finally, the sacrifices offered during the priests' consecration pointed to the need for atonement. Even those called to mediate between God and the people needed cleansing. This underscores the universal truth that all have sinned and fall short of God's glory (Romans 3:23). For Christians, this reminds us of our constant need for the atoning sacrifice of Jesus Christ. It is through His blood that we are cleansed and made worthy to serve God.
So, Leviticus 8, while describing an ancient ritual, speaks powerfully to the Christian experience. It calls us to consecration, reminds us of our "clothing" in Christ's righteousness, highlights the necessity of the Holy Spirit's anointing, and underscores our constant need for atonement. It helps us understand that, as a royal priesthood, we are called to a life of dedicated service, empowered by the Spirit and grounded in the grace of our ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ.
Imagine a world where everything was neatly categorized: clean and unclean, pure and impure. This was the reality for the Israelites as described in Leviticus. The distinctions between clean and unclean weren't just about physical hygiene; they were deeply symbolic, teaching profound lessons about holiness, separation, and the very nature of God. While these specific laws may not apply to us today, the underlying principles of purity and the longing for a clean heart resonate deeply with the Christian experience.
The categories of clean and unclean in Leviticus encompassed various aspects of life: food (Leviticus 11), childbirth (Leviticus 12), skin diseases (Leviticus 13-14), bodily discharges (Leviticus 15), and even houses (Leviticus 14:33-57). These distinctions weren't arbitrary. They served as a constant reminder of the separation between God's holiness and the defilement caused by sin and death. For instance, contact with a dead body rendered a person unclean (Numbers 19:11), highlighting the association between death and impurity. Similarly, certain skin diseases, considered highly contagious, resulted in isolation and ritual cleansing (Leviticus 13), emphasizing the need to separate from that which is defiling.
It’s crucial to understand that "unclean" didn't necessarily mean "sinful" in every instance. For example, childbirth, though a natural and joyous event, resulted in a period of ritual uncleanness (Leviticus 12). This wasn't because childbirth was inherently sinful, but because it involved blood and the processes of the physical body, which were associated with mortality and therefore considered unclean in a ritual sense. The focus wasn't on moral impurity but on ritual purity, a symbolic representation of the need for cleansing and restoration before approaching a holy God.
The laws concerning clean and unclean served several important purposes. First, they taught the Israelites about the holiness of God. By distinguishing between clean and unclean, God demonstrated His separateness and transcendence. He is pure and undefiled, and therefore, those who would approach Him must also be pure. The laws served as a constant reminder of this fundamental truth.
Second, these laws highlighted the seriousness of sin. While not all unclean things were sinful, the concept of uncleanness served as a metaphor for the defiling nature of sin. Just as contact with something unclean could render a person ritually impure, sin defiles our hearts and separates us from God. The cleansing rituals associated with uncleanness pointed to the need for purification from sin.
Third, the laws of clean and unclean emphasized the importance of separation. The Israelites were called to be a holy nation, set apart from the other nations. The distinctions between clean and unclean served as a visible reminder of this calling. They were to be separate from anything that would defile them, both physically and spiritually.
Now, how do these concepts relate to Christians today? While we are no longer bound by the specific dietary laws or the regulations concerning physical uncleanness, the underlying principles remain profoundly relevant. The New Testament shifts the focus from ritual purity to spiritual purity. Jesus declared all foods clean (Mark 7:19), emphasizing that true defilement comes from within, from the heart (Mark 7:20-23).
The concept of spiritual purity is central to the Christian life. We are called to be holy as God is holy (1 Peter 1:16). This means striving for purity in our thoughts, words, and actions. It means separating ourselves from anything that would defile us, including sin, immorality, and worldliness.
Just as the Israelites needed cleansing from ritual uncleanness, we need cleansing from the defilement of sin. But unlike the Old Testament sacrifices, which could only provide temporary cleansing, we have access to the perfect cleansing offered by Jesus Christ. His blood cleanses us from all unrighteousness (1 John 1:7). Through faith in Him, we are not only forgiven of our sins but also empowered by the Holy Spirit to live a life of purity and holiness.
The distinction between clean and unclean in Leviticus, therefore, points us to our need for spiritual cleansing through Christ. It reminds us of the importance of pursuing holiness and separating ourselves from sin. It underscores the transformative power of the Gospel, which not only cleanses us from sin but also empowers us to live a life that is pleasing to God. While the outward rituals of Leviticus may be gone, the inward transformation they symbolized remains the heart of the Christian journey. We are called to be a people who are not just outwardly clean, but inwardly pure, reflecting the holiness of the God we serve.
The story of the Pharisee and the tax collector in Luke 18:9-14 provides a powerful biblical illustration of the difference between outward show and inward purity. The Pharisee, confident in his own righteousness, stood in the temple and prayed, thanking God that he was not like other people – robbers, evildoers, adulterers – or even like the tax collector standing nearby. He focused on his outward adherence to the law, boasting about his fasting and tithing. The tax collector, on the other hand, recognizing his sinfulness, stood at a distance, beating his breast and praying, "God, have mercy on me, a sinner." Jesus concludes the parable by saying that it was the tax collector, not the Pharisee, who went home justified. This story highlights the importance of humility and inward purity before God. The Pharisee, though outwardly observant, was inwardly proud and self-righteous. The tax collector, though outwardly seen as a sinner, demonstrated true humility and repentance, revealing a heart that was open to God's grace. This parable reminds us that true purity is not just about outward appearances but about inward transformation.
Now, let's turn to a more recent story, the story of St. Francis of Assisi. Francis, born into a wealthy family, experienced a profound conversion that led him to embrace a life of poverty and simplicity. He renounced his worldly possessions and dedicated himself to serving the poor and the marginalized. Francis's life is a powerful example of inward purity transforming outward actions. His commitment to poverty wasn't just about giving up material things; it was about purifying his heart from greed and self-interest. His service to the poor wasn't just about acts of charity; it was an expression of his deep love for God and his fellow human beings. Francis's story reminds us that true purity is not just about avoiding outward defilement, but about cultivating an inward purity that overflows into acts of compassion and service. These two stories, one from Scripture and one from later history, highlight the enduring relevance of the principles of purity found in Leviticus. They remind us that true holiness is not just about outward conformity but about inward transformation, a heart made pure by the grace of God.
Let's now turn our attention to a passage in Leviticus that speaks directly to the theme of clean and unclean and its relevance for Christians today: Leviticus 15:31. This verse states, "Thus you shall keep the children of Israel separate from their uncleanness, lest they die in their uncleanness when they defile My tabernacle that is among them." While the specific context here concerns bodily discharges and their impact on ritual purity within the tabernacle, the underlying principle is profoundly relevant for believers in the New Covenant.
This verse emphasizes the importance of separation from uncleanness. The Israelites were called to maintain a distinction between what was clean and unclean, not just for hygienic reasons, but to preserve the sanctity of God's dwelling place. The tabernacle represented God's presence among His people, and anything that defiled it was seen as a direct affront to His holiness. For Christians today, the principle of separation takes on a spiritual dimension. We are called to separate ourselves from sin and anything that defiles our hearts and minds, because we are now the temple of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 6:19). Just as the Israelites were to protect the physical tabernacle from defilement, we are to guard our hearts, the dwelling place of God's Spirit, from spiritual impurity.
This separation isn't about isolating ourselves from the world. Rather, it's about maintaining a distinctness, a holiness of life that reflects the character of God. It's about choosing to abstain from behaviors, thoughts, and influences that compromise our commitment to Christ. It's about recognizing that, as believers, we are called to be different, set apart for God's purposes.
The verse also highlights the consequences of uncleanness. For the Israelites, defiling the tabernacle could lead to death. This underscores the seriousness of sin and its impact on our relationship with God. While we don't face the same physical consequences today, sin still has devastating effects. It separates us from God, hinders our spiritual growth, and robs us of the joy and peace that come from living in close communion with Him.
The phrase "lest they die in their uncleanness" serves as a warning against taking sin lightly. It reminds us that sin is not just a mistake or a slip-up; it's a serious matter that requires a decisive response. It calls us to take sin seriously, to confess it, to repent of it, and to turn away from it.
Finally, while Leviticus 15:31 focuses on separation from uncleanness, it implicitly points to the need for cleansing. The very fact that there were laws and rituals concerning purification highlights the understanding that uncleanness could be dealt with. For Christians, this cleansing comes through Jesus Christ. His blood cleanses us from all sin (1 John 1:7). Through faith in Him, we are not only separated from the defilement of sin, but we are also cleansed and made righteous in God's sight.
So, Leviticus 15:31, though rooted in the Old Testament context of ritual purity, speaks powerfully to the Christian experience. It calls us to maintain a separation from sin, recognizing its defiling nature and its potential consequences. It reminds us of the importance of guarding our hearts, the temple of the Holy Spirit, from spiritual impurity. And it points us to the cleansing power of Jesus Christ, through whom we are made clean and able to live a life that honours God.
Imagine a calendar filled with vibrant celebrations, each marking a significant moment in God’s relationship with His people. A calendar that wasn’t just about marking time, but about remembering, rejoicing, and reaffirming their covenant with God. This was the rhythm of life for the Israelites, punctuated by the feasts and festivals outlined in Leviticus 23. These were not just ancient holidays; they were living reminders of God’s faithfulness, His provision, and His plan of redemption. And, remarkably, they continue to speak to us today, revealing deeper truths about our own relationship with God and the person and work of Jesus Christ.
The feasts of Leviticus 23 were more than just annual observances; they were a narrative, a retelling of God’s saving acts. They were a way for the Israelites to connect with their history, to remember God’s deliverance, and to anticipate His future promises. Let’s take a look at some of these key feasts and their significance.
First, there was Passover (Leviticus 23:5). This feast commemorated God’s deliverance of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. The lamb sacrificed, the blood applied to the doorposts, the hurried meal – all these elements recalled the night when God “passed over” the houses of the Israelites, sparing them from the plague that struck the Egyptians. For Christians, Passover finds its ultimate fulfilment in Jesus Christ, the Passover Lamb, whose blood was shed to deliver us from the slavery of sin (1 Corinthians 5:7). Just as the blood of the lamb protected the Israelites from physical death, the blood of Jesus protects us from eternal death.
Following Passover was the Feast of Unleavened Bread (Leviticus 23:6-8). This seven-day feast symbolized the haste with which the Israelites left Egypt, without time for their bread to rise. It also represented the need for purification, a purging of the “leaven” of sin from their lives. For Christians, this feast reminds us of our need to live a life free from the leaven of malice and wickedness, embracing the unleavened bread of sincerity and truth (1 Corinthians 5:8).
Next came the Feast of Firstfruits (Leviticus 23:9-14). This feast celebrated the beginning of the harvest, offering the firstfruits of the crops to God as an act of gratitude. It acknowledged God’s provision and His blessing on the land. For Christians, this feast foreshadows the resurrection of Jesus Christ, the firstfruits of those who have fallen asleep (1 Corinthians 15:20). Just as the firstfruits signalled the beginning of the harvest, Jesus’ resurrection signals the beginning of the resurrection of all believers.
Fifty days after the Feast of Firstfruits came Pentecost (Leviticus 23:15-22). This feast celebrated the completion of the harvest and commemorated the giving of the Law at Mount Sinai. For Christians, Pentecost marks the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the disciples, empowering them to preach the Gospel to the world (Acts 2). Just as the giving of the Law established the Old Covenant, the outpouring of the Spirit established the New Covenant.
In the seventh month, the Israelites observed the Feast of Trumpets (Leviticus 23:23-25), a day of rest and remembrance, marked by the blowing of trumpets. This feast served as a call to repentance and preparation for the solemn Day of Atonement. For Christians, it reminds us of the need for spiritual vigilance and readiness for the return of Christ.
The Day of Atonement (Leviticus 23:26-32), as we discussed in a previous chapter, was the most solemn day of the year, a day of fasting and repentance, when the high priest made atonement for the sins of the nation. This feast pointed forward to the ultimate atonement made by Jesus Christ, our High Priest, who offered Himself as the perfect sacrifice for sin (Hebrews 9).
Finally, there was the Feast of Tabernacles (Leviticus 23:33-44), also known as the Feast of Booths. This feast celebrated God’s provision during the Israelites’ wilderness wanderings, when they lived in temporary shelters. It was a time of rejoicing and thanksgiving, a reminder of God’s faithfulness and provision. For Christians, this feast foreshadows the dwelling of God among His people in Christ (John 1:14) and the future dwelling of God with His people in the new heavens and the new earth (Revelation 21:3).
These feasts, though rooted in the Old Testament, continue to speak to us today, reminding us of God’s faithfulness, His provision, and His plan of redemption. They point us to Jesus Christ, the fulfilment of all that the feasts foreshadowed. They call us to remember God’s saving acts, to rejoice in His goodness, and to anticipate His future promises. By understanding the significance of these feasts, we gain a deeper appreciation for the rich tapestry of God’s redemptive plan and the enduring relevance of His Word. They are feasts of faith, celebrations of God’s story, a story that continues to unfold in our lives today.
The biblical story of the disciples on the road to Emmaus, found in Luke 24:13-35, provides a powerful illustration of how the Old Testament feasts, particularly Passover, foreshadowed Jesus. Two disciples, disheartened by Jesus’ crucifixion, were walking to Emmaus when a stranger joined them. Unbeknownst to them, this stranger was the resurrected Jesus. He walked with them and began to explain how the Scriptures, beginning with Moses and all the Prophets, spoke about the Christ and His suffering and glory. Then, as they reached Emmaus, they invited the stranger to stay with them. As He sat at the table with them, He took bread, blessed it, broke it, and gave it to them – a clear echo of the Passover meal. At that moment, their eyes were opened, and they recognized Jesus. This story shows how the Old Testament feasts, and especially Passover, provided a framework for understanding Jesus’ sacrifice and resurrection. The breaking of bread, a central element of the Passover meal, became a powerful symbol of Jesus’ body broken for us. The disciples’ experience on the road to Emmaus demonstrates how the feasts, when understood in light of Christ, become a living testament to His presence and power.
Corrie ten Boom and her family, devout Christians, lived in Haarlem, Netherlands, and risked their lives to hide Jewish people from the Nazis during World War II. They held regular Bible studies and prayer meetings, even in the midst of great danger. During their time in hiding, they found strength and hope in the Scriptures, particularly in the stories of God's deliverance of the Israelites. For Corrie and her family, the feasts of the Old Testament became a source of comfort and inspiration. They saw parallels between the Israelites' experience of oppression and their own situation. They clung to the promise of God's deliverance, just as the Israelites had clung to it during their time of slavery in Egypt. Even when Corrie and her sister Betsie were imprisoned in the Ravensbrück concentration camp, they continued to find strength in their faith. Betsie, in particular, saw glimpses of God’s glory even in the midst of suffering, and spoke of a future where God’s love would prevail. Corrie’s experiences, and the faith that sustained her, illustrate how the themes of deliverance, hope, and God’s faithfulness, so vividly portrayed in the Old Testament feasts, can provide strength and encouragement in the face of immense hardship. These two stories, one from Scripture and one from a time of great modern struggle, show how the feasts of Leviticus, and the powerful truths they embody, continue to resonate across time, offering hope and understanding to those who seek God.
Leviticus 23:39-43 describes the Feast of Tabernacles (Sukkot). This passage instructs the Israelites to dwell in temporary shelters (booths) for seven days, remembering how God made them dwell in booths when He brought them out of Egypt. While the physical act of building booths might not be a practice for most Christians today, the spiritual lessons embedded within this feast are profoundly relevant.
Firstly, the Feast of Tabernacles is a powerful reminder of God's provision in times of hardship. The Israelites, during their wilderness wanderings, relied entirely on God for their sustenance and protection. Dwelling in booths served as a tangible reminder of their dependence on God's grace. For Christians today, this feast encourages us to acknowledge God's provision in our own lives, especially during times of uncertainty or difficulty. We are reminded that God is our provider, our sustainer, and our refuge. Just as He cared for the Israelites in the wilderness, He cares for us today.
Secondly, the Feast of Tabernacles highlights the theme of temporary dwelling. The booths were temporary structures, reminding the Israelites that their true home was not in this world, but in the promised land. For Christians, this feast points to our own temporary sojourn on earth. We are called to live as pilgrims, remembering that our ultimate home is in heaven, with God. Hebrews 11:13-16 speaks of the patriarchs who "died in faith, not having received the things promised, but having seen them and greeted them from afar, and having acknowledged that they were strangers and exiles on the earth." 1 The Feast of Tabernacles reminds us to keep our eyes fixed on our eternal home and to live with an eternal perspective.
Thirdly, the Feast of Tabernacles anticipates the future dwelling of God with His people. In the Old Testament, God's presence dwelt in the tabernacle, a temporary structure. In the New Testament, God's presence dwells in Jesus Christ, the ultimate tabernacle (John 1:14). And in the future, God will dwell with His people in the new heavens and the new earth (Revelation 21:3). The Feast of Tabernacles, therefore, points to the ultimate fulfillment of God's promise to dwell with His people forever. It's a celebration of God's presence, both past, present, and future.
For Christians today, the Feast of Tabernacles invites us to reflect on God's provision, to remember our temporary dwelling on earth, and to anticipate the future dwelling of God with His people. It's a call to gratitude, to humility, and to hope. Even though we might not build physical booths, we can embrace the spiritual lessons of this feast by cultivating a heart of gratitude for God's provision, by living with an eternal perspective, and by longing for the day when we will dwell with Him forever. The Feast of Tabernacles, like all the feasts of Leviticus, is a window into God’s heart and a reminder of His enduring faithfulness to His people.
Imagine a day of profound solemnity, a day when the entire nation of Israel paused, fasted, and reflected on their sins. A day when the high priest, the only one permitted, entered the innermost sanctuary of the tabernacle, the Holy of Holies, to make atonement for the sins of the people. This was the Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur, the most sacred day in the Israelite calendar, described in detail in Leviticus 16. It wasn't just a ritual; it was a dramatic portrayal of God's holiness, the seriousness of sin, and the incredible grace offered through atonement. And, like so much of Leviticus, it points us directly to the heart of the Gospel.
Leviticus 16 is a chapter filled with intricate details, each element carrying profound symbolic weight. The day began with the high priest preparing himself, washing and donning special linen garments, symbolizing purity and humility. He then offered a bull as a sin offering for himself and his household, acknowledging that even the one chosen to mediate between God and the people was a sinner in need of atonement (Leviticus 16:3-6).
The heart of the Day of Atonement involved two goats. One goat was sacrificed as a sin offering for the people, its blood brought into the Holy of Holies and sprinkled on the mercy seat, the cover of the Ark of the Covenant. This symbolized the cleansing of the sanctuary and the people's sins, a powerful image of God's mercy covering their transgressions (Leviticus 16:15-19).
But the second goat, the scapegoat, is perhaps the most striking symbol of the Day of Atonement. The high priest laid his hands on the goat's head and confessed the sins of the people, symbolically transferring their guilt onto the animal. The goat was then led into the wilderness and released, carrying the people's sins away (Leviticus 16:20-22). This act vividly portrayed the removal of sin, the burden being taken away from the people and carried into oblivion.
The Day of Atonement wasn't just about ritual; it was about repentance. It was a day of fasting and self-examination, a time for the Israelites to acknowledge their sins and seek God's forgiveness. The sacrifices and rituals symbolized the need for cleansing and reconciliation, but they also called for a genuine heart of repentance.
The Day of Atonement is a powerful glimpse of God's grace. It demonstrated that even though sin separates us from God, He provides a way for us to be reconciled. The sacrifices and rituals were a testament to God's mercy, His willingness to forgive, and His desire to restore fellowship with His people.
However, the Day of Atonement, like all the Old Testament sacrifices, could only provide a temporary covering for sin. It had to be repeated annually, highlighting the ongoing struggle with sin and the need for a permanent solution. This is where the New Testament revelation comes into focus.
The writer of Hebrews draws heavily on the imagery of the Day of Atonement to explain the significance of Jesus Christ's sacrifice. Jesus is our ultimate High Priest, who entered the true Holy of Holies, heaven itself, not with the blood of goats and calves, but with His own blood (Hebrews 9:11-12). He offered Himself as the perfect and final sacrifice for sin, once for all (Hebrews 10:10).
Jesus is also our scapegoat. He bore our sins on the cross, taking the penalty that we deserved. As Isaiah prophesied, "He was pierced for our transgressions, he was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was on him, and by his wounds we are healed" (Isaiah 53:5). Just as the scapegoat carried the sins of the people away, Jesus carried our sins away, removing them as far as the east is from the west (Psalm 103:12).
The Day of Atonement, therefore, points us to the incredible grace of God, revealed in the person and work of Jesus Christ. It reminds us of the seriousness of sin, the need for repentance, and the transformative power of forgiveness. It underscores the truth that God is both just and merciful, and that in Christ, mercy and justice meet.
For Christians today, the Day of Atonement is a reminder of the depth of God's love and the extent of His forgiveness. It calls us to examine our hearts, to confess our sins, and to embrace the cleansing power of Christ's blood. It encourages us to live lives of gratitude, knowing that we have been forgiven much. And it fills us with hope, knowing that through Christ, we have access to God's presence, not just once a year, but every day. The Day of Atonement, though an ancient ritual, speaks to the eternal truth of God's grace, a grace that continues to transform lives today.
Let me illustrate the power of this grace, particularly as it relates to repentance and forgiveness.
The biblical story of the apostle Paul’s conversion, recounted in Acts 9, provides a powerful illustration of the transformative power of God’s grace. Paul, then known as Saul, was a zealous persecutor of the early church. He was driven by a self-righteous zeal, believing he was serving God by eradicating what he saw as heresy. Yet, on the road to Damascus, Saul encountered the risen Christ. This encounter shattered his preconceived notions and revealed the depth of his own sin. He, the persecutor, became the persecuted. He, the enemy of the church, became its most ardent advocate. This radical transformation was not the result of Saul’s own efforts, but a direct act of God’s grace. Saul’s story is a testament to the fact that no one is beyond the reach of God’s forgiveness. Even those who have actively opposed God can find redemption through Christ. His conversion mirrors the essence of the Day of Atonement, where repentance and forgiveness lead to a complete reversal of one’s spiritual trajectory. Like the sins carried away by the scapegoat, Paul’s past was washed clean, and he was given a new identity and purpose.
Now, let's turn to a story from more recent history, the story of Jean Valjean from Victor Hugo’s novel, Les Misérables. Jean Valjean, a convict who had spent years in prison for stealing a loaf of bread, is released into a world that treats him as an outcast. He is filled with bitterness and resentment, and his heart is hardened by years of injustice. One night, he finds shelter in the home of Bishop Myriel, a kind and compassionate man. Valjean repays the bishop’s kindness by stealing his silver. When Valjean is apprehended by the authorities, the bishop, to Valjean’s astonishment, claims that the silver was a gift. This act of undeserved grace profoundly impacts Valjean. He is overwhelmed by the bishop’s mercy and begins to question his own life. This moment marks a turning point for Valjean, a moment of deep repentance and transformation. He dedicates the rest of his life to acts of kindness and justice, seeking to live up to the example set by the bishop. Jean Valjean’s story, though fictional, powerfully illustrates the transformative power of grace. Like the Day of Atonement, where sins are carried away and forgiveness is offered, Valjean’s experience shows how a single act of mercy can lead to a radical change of heart and a life dedicated to good. These two stories, one from Scripture and one from literature, highlight the enduring truth that God’s grace, whether encountered on the road to Damascus or in the quiet compassion of a bishop, has the power to transform lives and bring about lasting change.
Let's turn our focus to a specific passage from Leviticus 16, the heart of the Day of Atonement, that resonates profoundly with Christians today: Leviticus 16:30. It reads, "For on this day shall atonement be made for you to cleanse you; you shall be clean from all your sins before the Lord." This verse, though spoken to the Israelites in the context of their annual ritual, speaks directly to the core of our Christian experience.
Firstly, this verse emphasizes the certainty of atonement. "On this day shall atonement be made for you." This is not a suggestion or a possibility; it's a declaration of God's promise. For Christians, this certainty is found in Jesus Christ. His sacrifice on the cross is the definitive and final atonement for our sins. Hebrews 10:10 states, "And by that will we have been sanctified through the offering of the body of Jesus Christ once for all." We don't rely on an annual ritual or a temporary covering; we rely on the finished work of Christ, which provides eternal atonement.
Secondly, the verse highlights the purpose of atonement: "to cleanse you." Atonement is not merely about covering over sin; it's about removing it, purifying us from its defiling influence. This cleansing is not just external; it's internal, reaching to the depths of our hearts and minds. For Christians, this cleansing comes through the blood of Jesus. 1 John 1:9 assures us, "If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just and will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness." This 1 speaks to the ongoing work of sanctification, where the Holy Spirit continues to cleanse us from sin's residue.
Thirdly, the verse emphasizes the scope of atonement: "you shall be clean from all your sins." This is a comprehensive cleansing, covering every transgression, every failure, every shortcoming. There is no sin too great, no stain too deep, that cannot be cleansed by the blood of Jesus. This is the good news of the Gospel: complete and total forgiveness is available to all who believe.
Finally, the verse highlights the result of atonement: "before the Lord." The goal of atonement is to restore our relationship with God, to bring us back into His presence. Through Christ, we are made clean before God, no longer alienated by our sin, but reconciled to Him as His children. This is the essence of salvation: to be brought into fellowship with God, to walk in His light, and to experience His love.
For Christians today, Leviticus 16:30 is a powerful reminder of the grace we have received in Christ. It calls us to embrace the certainty of our atonement, to rejoice in the cleansing power of Jesus' blood, to trust in the complete forgiveness He offers, and to live in the joy of restored fellowship with God. It's a verse that speaks of hope, of redemption, and of the transformative power of God's love. Though the rituals of the Day of Atonement have passed away, the spiritual realities they represented remain eternally true, found in the person and work of Jesus Christ, our ultimate atonement.
How To Stop Giving Up In Leviticus - Phylicia Masonheimer (Every Woman A Theologian)
The Laws of Leviticus: A Reflection On The Most Boring Book In The Bible - Joshua Gray (Christianity Today)
Phylicia Masonheimer (see above) has also written...
Dear friend,
I will walk among you and be your God, and you will be my people. I am the Lord your God, who brought you out of Egypt so that you would no longer be slaves to the Egyptians;
I broke the bars of your yoke and enabled you to walk with heads held high.
- Leviticus 26:12-13 -
In Bible in a Year Club we are about to start reading Leviticus, and if you're doing another Bible in a year plan – Bible Recap or a plan through your church – you're approaching Leviticus as well! Tis the season. Partially due to loss of momentum that inevitably happens when people get out of January, coupled with the difficulty of reading Old Testament law, Leviticus is a popular time to just… quit.
But here's why you don't need to do that this year, and what you can do instead.
When you read Leviticus with modern eyes, it looks like a boring, long, intense list of rules from a God more interested in judgment than love. There are a lot of assumptions (and presumptions) in that sentence, but this is where many of us begin. Due to our inherent cultural bias, we struggle to see Leviticus the way the early Israelites would have seen it. Worse – we fail to see Leviticus the way God intended it, and therefore miss the grace laced through its pages.
Following are a few tips for beginning Leviticus and – if not learning to love it – learning to see the significance of it as you read through the Bible this year.
Check your bias at the door. Don't read Leviticus with the assumption that God is mean, unrealistic, or judgmental. Read it with the assumption that God is gracious and desires to walk with His people – as He directly states in Leviticus 26, quoted at the top of this newsletter. Don't make God prove Himself to you and overcome your personal assumptions. Check the assumptions and let God be who He actually is in Leviticus. Look for the grace and you'll find it.
Remember God's “why”. Why is God giving the law in the first place? If you just finished Exodus, you have the important backstory and answer to this question. God has delivered Israel from bondage (as prophesied 400 years prior). But He didn't deliver them to send them into chaos. He delivered them to begin rebuilding the Edenic relationship marred by sin in Genesis 3. God is literally dwelling with Israel, walking among them – just like He did with Adam and Eve! But for this to happen in a fallen world, Israel must be holy as God is holy. God could have stood far off from Israel; they were imperfect and unable to make themselves holy. Instead, God does something incredibly gracious. He gives them the Law. The Law enables them to live in the presence of a holy God without judgment. This is grace.
Look for the love in the Law. The first half of Leviticus deals with vertical relationship: laws about Israel's relationship with God, achieved at that time through a careful sacrificial system. The second half deals with horizontal relationship: laws about Israel's relationship to one another, in community. As Jesus later affirms in the gospels, this sums up the greatest commandment: Love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul, and strength (the first and greatest commandment - vertical) and love your neighbor as yourself (second, like the first – horizontal). All the law and prophets, Jesus said, hang on these two commands. This means the entire Law is predicated on love for God and love for others. Anyone who says Leviticus is “unloving” is denying the very words of Christ!
Take note of cultural laws. Laws that surprise or confuse us, such as “don't boil a young goat in its mother's milk”, “mixing fibers”, or “cutting the sides of your beard”, often reflect the demonic Canaanite practices of the day. Israel was to live as a city on a hill; a nation of priests. They were to act as the spiritual leaders within the nations of the world, leading them to the One True God. Their holiness was of immense importance due to this responsibility. Abstaining from objective sinful practices was part of this, but so was separating from the cultural practices of the day that were part of pagan Canaanite worship.
Perhaps most importantly, remember that Leviticus is an image of a greater reality. The sacrificial system, the tabernacles structure, and the moral law for God's people point to the coming Messiah would fulfill and elevate all three. He would become the perfect Lamb. He would become the Temple built without hands. He would fulfill the Law and the Prophets, rearticulating the moral truths with an even greater authority than Moses. And He would give His Spirit to His people so they could obey the law with joy.
Leviticus lays the groundwork for the gospels. Leviticus is paralleled in the Book of Hebrews! Leviticus is immensely important, and even though it feels difficult and even dry, remember: no portion of God's Word returns void.
If you're in Bible in a Year Club, keep going! You can do it! We are all in it together. And if you want to go deeper in Leviticus, and learn to love it verse by verse, check out our study here.
Leviticus. The very name can evoke feelings of dread, images of endless lists of rules and rituals, and a sense of utter disconnect from our modern Christian experience. It’s easy to dismiss it as an irrelevant relic of the Old Testament, a book best left untouched. But to do so would be a tragic loss, for within its pages lies a hidden treasure, a key to unlocking the very heart of the Gospel. That key is typology.
Typology, simply put, is the study of how Old Testament people, events, institutions, and objects foreshadow or prefigure aspects of Jesus Christ, His work, and the New Testament realities. It’s like God painting a beautiful picture in the Old Testament, a picture that finds its full expression and meaning in Jesus. Leviticus, with its intricate system of sacrifices, priesthood, and tabernacle, is a masterpiece of typological symbolism.
Why is typology so crucial for understanding Leviticus, and indeed, the entire Old Testament? Because it reveals the underlying unity of Scripture. It demonstrates that the Bible isn’t just a collection of disconnected stories and laws, but a single, coherent narrative centered on God’s plan of redemption through Jesus Christ. Without understanding typology, we’re left with a fragmented view of Scripture, unable to see the grand narrative that connects the Old and New Testaments.
Think of it this way: Leviticus, on its surface, seems to be about ancient rituals and regulations. But through the lens of typology, we begin to see that these rituals and regulations are actually pointing forward to something greater, something more profound. They are shadows, pre-images, of the realities that would be fully revealed in Jesus.
For example, the sacrificial system in Leviticus, with its various offerings for sin, might seem strange and even disturbing to us. But when we understand the concept of typology, we realize that these sacrifices are foreshadowing the ultimate sacrifice of Jesus on the cross. The innocent animals offered as atonement for sin point to Jesus, the Lamb of God who takes away the sin of the world (John 1:29). The shedding of blood, so central to the sacrificial rituals, prefigures the shedding of Jesus’ blood for our redemption (Hebrews 9:12).
Similarly, the priesthood in Leviticus, with its elaborate rules and responsibilities, foreshadows the priesthood of Jesus. The Old Testament priests served as mediators between God and the people, offering sacrifices and interceding on their behalf. But Jesus is the ultimate High Priest, who offered Himself as the perfect sacrifice and now intercedes for us before the Father (Hebrews 4:14-16).
Even the tabernacle itself, the portable sanctuary where God’s presence dwelt among His people, is a type of Christ. The tabernacle was a place of meeting, a place where God and humanity could come together. Jesus is the true tabernacle, the place where God’s presence is fully revealed and where we can have access to Him (John 1:14).
By understanding these typological connections, we move beyond simply reading Leviticus as a book of ancient laws. We begin to see it as a book that testifies to Jesus, a book that reveals the depth and beauty of God’s plan of salvation. The seemingly dry and irrelevant details of Leviticus suddenly come alive, revealing profound spiritual truths about God’s holiness, our sinfulness, and the incredible grace offered to us through Jesus Christ.
Typology isn’t just about finding isolated verses that seem to connect to Jesus. It’s about understanding the overarching themes and patterns of Scripture, recognizing how the Old Testament lays the foundation for the New. It’s about seeing the big picture of God’s redemptive plan, a plan that culminates in the person and work of Jesus Christ.
So, as you delve into Leviticus, embrace the concept of typology. Look for the ways in which the sacrifices, the priesthood, and the tabernacle point forward to Jesus. See how the laws and rituals reveal God’s holiness and our need for redemption. Discover the hidden treasure within these ancient pages, a treasure that will deepen your understanding of the Gospel and strengthen your faith in the Savior who fulfilled all that Leviticus foreshadowed. Through the lens of typology, Leviticus becomes not a book to be avoided, but a book to be cherished, a book that reveals the very heart of God’s love for us.