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Kings of Israel & Judah
Kings of Israel & Judah
Kings, Emperors etc. of Other Nations
Kings, Emperors etc. of Other Nations
Egypt (Pharaohs)
Egypt (Pharaohs)
Unnamed: (Abram, Genesis 12:10-20)
Unnamed - elevated Joseph to high office, Genesis 41-47)
Unnamed: (oppressed Israelites, Exodus 1)
Unnamed: (Exodus, Exodus 5-12). May have been Ramesses II or Thutmose III or someone else;
Shishak (Shoshenq I): Invaded Judah under Rehoboam (1 Kings 14, 2 Chronicles 12).
So (Osorkon I?): Allied with King Hoshea (2 Kings 17).
Necho II: Fought against King Josiah (2 Kings 23, 2 Chronicles 35).
Hophra (Apries): Supported Judah against Babylon (Jeremiah 44).
Taharqa (Tirhakah): Allied with King Hezekiah against Assyria (2 Kings 19, Isaiah 37).
Assyria
Assyria
Pul (Tiglath‑Pileser III) – Receives tribute from Menahem; later invades and deports Israelites.
2 Kings 15:19–20; 15:29; 16:7–10; 1 Chronicles 5:26.Tiglath‑Pileser III – Same ruler as Pul; expands Assyrian control and deports Gilead and Galilee.
2 Kings 15:29; 16:7–10.Shalmaneser V – Besieges Samaria in Hoshea’s reign. 2 Kings 17:3–6; 18:9–10.
Sargon II – mentioned in connection with the capture of Ashdod. Isaiah 20:1.
Sennacherib – Invades Judah in Hezekiah’s reign and besieges Jerusalem. 2 Kings 18–19; 2 Chronicles 32; Isaiah 36–37.
Esarhaddon – Son of Sennacherib; mentioned in connection with his father’s assassination and later resettling people in Samaria. 2 Kings 19:37; Ezra 4:2.
Babylon
Babylon
Merodach‑Baladan – Sends envoys to Hezekiah after his illness. 2 Kings 20:12–19; Isaiah 39:1–8.
Nebuchadnezzar II – Conquers Jerusalem, deports Judah, destroys the temple; appears in Daniel as well. 2 Kings 24–25; 2 Chronicles 36:5–20; Jeremiah 21–52; Daniel 1–4.
Evil‑merodach (Amel‑Marduk) – Releases Jehoiachin from prison and treats him kindly. 2 Kings 25:27–30; Jeremiah 52:31–34.
Belshazzar – Described as king of Babylon at the time of the writing on the wall; likely a coregent under Nabonidus. Daniel 5.
Nabonidus (indirect) – Not named explicitly but inferred from historical background in Daniel 5 (no direct verse name).; often discussed in connection with Belshazzar.
Persia
Persia
Cyrus – Conqueror of Babylon who issues a decree allowing Jews to return and rebuild the temple. 2 Chronicles 36:22–23; Ezra 1; 3:7; 4:3; Isaiah 44:28; 45:1–4.
Darius I (Darius the Great) – Confirms the decree for temple rebuilding after investigation. Ezra 4:24–6:15; Haggai 1:1, 15; Zechariah 1:1, 7.
Ahasuerus (Xerxes I) – King in the book of Esther who chooses Esther as queen and faces Haman’s plot. Esther 1–10; Ezra 4:6.
Artaxerxes I – Persian king who issues letters relating to opposition and support for Jerusalem’s rebuilding; commissions Ezra and Nehemiah. Ezra 4:7–23; 7:1–28; Nehemiah 2:1–9.
Darius the Mede – Ruler who “receives the kingdom” after the fall of Babylon, in Daniel’s narrative. Daniel 5:30–6:28.
Greece
Greece
Alexander the Great (indirectly “the king of Greece”) – The powerful Greek king symbolized in Daniel’s visions as the notable horn. Daniel 8:5–8, 21–22; 11:3–4 (not named explicitly).
Kings of the north and south (Ptolemies and Seleucids) – Series of Hellenistic rulers depicted symbolically and historically in Daniel 11. Daniel 11:3–35.
Antiochus IV Epiphanes (in deuterocanonical / historical tradition) – Explicitly named in 1–2 Maccabees as the persecutor of the Jews; foreshadowed in Daniel’s “little horn.” Daniel 8:9–14, 23–25; 11:21–35; 1 Maccabees 1–6 (deuterocanonical).
Rome
Rome
Caesars
Caesar – Generic title for the Roman emperor; used for tax questions and political loyalty. Matthew 22:17–21; Mark 12:14–17; Luke 20:22–25.
Caesar Augustus – at the time of Jesus’ birth; issued the decree for a census. Luke 2:1.
Tiberius Caesar – in whose fifteenth year John the Baptist begins his ministry. Luke 3:
Claudius Caesar – orders Jews to leave Rome; mentioned in Acts 11:28; 18:2.
Nero Caesar – Likely emperor before whom Paul expects to stand when he appeals to Caesar. Acts 25:11–12, 21; 27:24.
Other officials
Herod the Great – Roman client king of Judea at Jesus’ birth; orders the massacre of the infants of Bethlehem. Matthew 2:1–19; Luke 1:5.
Herod Archelaus – Son of Herod the Great; ethnarch of Judea and Samaria, leading Joseph to settle in Galilee. Matthew 2:22.
Herod Antipas – Tetrarch of Galilee and Perea; executes John the Baptist and examines Jesus. Matthew 14:1–12; Luke 3:1, 19–20; 23:7–12.
Herod Philip the tetrarch – Rules regions of Ituraea and Trachonitis. Luke 3:1.
Herod Agrippa I – Grandson of Herod the Great; executes James and imprisons Peter; dies suddenly. Acts 12:1–23.
Herod Agrippa II – Great‑grandson of Herod the Great; hears Paul’s defence with Festus. Acts 25:13–27; 26:1–32.
Pontius Pilate (Roman prefect) – Roman governor of Judea who presides over Jesus’ trial and crucifixion. Matthew 27; Mark 15; Luke 23; John 18–19.
Sergius Paulus (proconsul of Cyprus) – converted under Paul’s ministry. Acts 13:7–12.
Gallio (proconsul of Achaia) – dismisses charges against Paul at Corinth. Acts 18:12–17.
Felix (governor of Judea) – Roman procurator before whom Paul testifies and remains confined. Acts 23:23–24:27.
Festus (governor of Judea) – Successor to Felix; hears Paul’s case and sends him to Caesar. Acts 24:27–25:27.
Others, yet to be organised
Others, yet to be organised
Early Genesis rulers
Amraphel king of Shinar – One of four eastern kings who invade Canaan and capture Lot.
References: Genesis 14:1–9.salvationcallArioch king of Ellasar – Ally of Amraphel in the same campaign against the kings of the Jordan plain.
References: Genesis 14:1–9.salvationcallChedorlaomer king of Elam – Overlord of several Canaanite kings; defeated by Abram.
References: Genesis 14:1–17.salvationcallTidal king of Goiim (nations) – Part of the four-king coalition in Genesis 14.
References: Genesis 14:1–9.salvationcallAbimelech king of Gerar (time of Abraham) – Philistine ruler who takes Sarah, then restores her after a divine warning.
References: Genesis 20:1–18; 21:22–34.christiananswersAbimelech king of Gerar (time of Isaac) – Likely a dynastic or titular name; makes a treaty with Isaac.
References: Genesis 26:1–31.christiananswersPhichol (commander under Abimelech) – Military commander serving the Philistine king in treaty scenes with Abraham and Isaac.
References: Genesis 21:22; 26:26.christiananswers
Patriarchal and pre‑Exodus rulers
Hamor ruler of Shechem – Local chieftain whose son Shechem violates Dinah; negotiations lead to conflict with Jacob’s sons.
References: Genesis 34:1–31.christiananswersShechem son of Hamor – Hivite prince of the city of Shechem involved in the Dinah incident.
References: Genesis 34:2–26.christiananswersPotiphar (Egyptian official) – Egyptian officer of Pharaoh and captain of the guard who purchases Joseph as a slave.
References: Genesis 37:36; 39:1–20.christiananswersKing of Egypt “who did not know Joseph” – Oppressive Pharaoh who enslaves Israel and orders the killing of Hebrew boys.
References: Exodus 1:8–22.christiananswersPharaoh of the Exodus – Unnamed king who hardens his heart against Moses, experiences the plagues, and pursues Israel to the sea.
References: Exodus 3–15.christiananswers
Wilderness and conquest period
King of Edom – Refuses Israel passage through his land during the wilderness journey.
References: Numbers 20:14–21.Sihon king of the Amorites – Refuses passage and is defeated; his territory east of the Jordan is taken by Israel.
References: Numbers 21:21–31; Deuteronomy 2:26–37.christiananswersOg king of Bashan – Giant king of Bashan defeated by Israel; his land becomes part of Israel’s Transjordan holdings.
References: Numbers 21:33–35; Deuteronomy 3:1–11.christiananswersBalak king of Moab – Hires Balaam to curse Israel, but ends up hearing blessings instead.
References: Numbers 22–24.christiananswersJabin king of Hazor (Canaanite) – Powerful Canaanite king defeated by Joshua; Hazor is burned.
References: Joshua 11:1–11.christiananswersAdoni‑zedek king of Jerusalem – Leads a coalition of five Amorite kings against Gibeon and is defeated by Joshua.
References: Joshua 10:1–27.christiananswersHoham king of Hebron; Piram king of Jarmuth; Japhia king of Lachish; Debir king of Eglon – The other four Amorite kings allied with Adoni‑zedek.
References: Joshua 10:1–27.christiananswersThirty‑one kings of Canaan (various) – A summary list of local kings defeated by Joshua.
References: Joshua 12:7–24.christiananswers
Judges period and early neighbours
Cushan‑Rishathaim king of Aram‑Naharaim – Mesopotamian king who oppresses Israel until Othniel delivers them.
References: Judges 3:7–11.christiananswersEglon king of Moab – Oppresses Israel for eighteen years until Ehud assassinates him.
References: Judges 3:12–30.christiananswersJabin king of Canaan (time of Deborah) – Canaanite king whose commander Sisera is defeated by Barak.
References: Judges 4–5.christiananswersSisera (commander under Jabin) – Military commander of Jabin’s army; killed by Jael.
References: Judges 4–5.christiananswersAbimelech (son of Gideon) king at Shechem – Self‑proclaimed king over Shechem who is eventually killed by a woman’s millstone.
References: Judges 9.christiananswersThe lords of the Philistines – Collective rulers of the five Philistine city‑states involved in the Samson narratives and later conflicts.
References: Judges 3:3; 16:5, 23–30; 1 Samuel 6:4.christiananswersAdoni‑Bezek – Canaanite ruler captured and mutilated by Judah and Simeon.
References: Judges 1:5–7.christiananswers
United monarchy neighbours
Nahash king of the Ammonites – Threatens Jabesh‑Gilead until Saul defeats him.
References: 1 Samuel 11:1–11.christiananswersAchish king of Gath (Philistine) – Philistine king with whom David finds temporary refuge.
References: 1 Samuel 21:10–15; 27:1–12; 29:1–11.christiananswersTalmai king of Geshur – Father‑in‑law of David (father of Maacah); Absalom flees to him.
References: 2 Samuel 3:3; 13:37.christiananswersHadadezer king of Zobah – Aramean king defeated by David in his northern campaigns.
References: 2 Samuel 8:3–10; 10:6–19.christiananswersToi (Tou) king of Hamath – Sends gifts and his son to David after David defeats Hadadezer.
References: 2 Samuel 8:9–10; 1 Chronicles 18:9–10.christiananswersRezon of Damascus – Aramean adversary of Solomon who causes trouble from Damascus.
References: 1 Kings 11:23–25.christiananswersHadad the Edomite – Adversary raised up against Solomon who finds refuge in Egypt.
References: 1 Kings 11:14–22.christiananswersPharaoh (Solomon’s father‑in‑law) – Egyptian king who gives his daughter in marriage to Solomon and captures Gezer.
References: 1 Kings 3:1; 9:16.christiananswersQueen of Sheba – South Arabian (or related region) queen who visits Solomon to test his wisdom.
References: 1 Kings 10:1–13; 2 Chronicles 9:1–12.christiananswers
Divided kingdom: Egypt and Aram
Shishak (Sheshonq I) king of Egypt – Invades Judah in Rehoboam’s reign and takes temple treasures.
References: 1 Kings 14:25–28; 2 Chronicles 12:2–9.christiananswersBen‑Hadad I king of Aram (Damascus) – Aramean king bribed by Asa against Israel; fights against Ahab.
References: 1 Kings 15:18–20; 20:1–34.christiananswersBen‑Hadad II (or later Ben‑Hadad) – Aramean king in Elisha’s time, including the siege of Samaria.
References: 2 Kings 6:24; 8:7–15; 13:3, 24–25.christiananswersHazael king of Aram – Court official who murders Ben‑Hadad and becomes king; afflicts Israel and Judah.
References: 2 Kings 8:7–15, 28–29; 10:32–33; 13:22.christiananswersRezin king of Aram – Allies with Pekah of Israel against Judah in the Syro‑Ephraimite war.
References: 2 Kings 15:37; 16:5–9; Isaiah 7:1–8.biblicalarchaeologyMesha king of Moab – Rebels against Israel after Ahab’s death; known also from the Moabite Stone.
References: 2 Kings 3:4–27.christiananswersZerah the Ethiopian (Cushite) – Military leader (likely under an Egyptian or Kushite king) who invades Judah during Asa’s reign.
References: 2 Chronicles 14:9–15.christiananswersSo (or Sewe) king of Egypt – Foreign ruler with whom Hoshea conspires against Assyria.
References: 2 Kings 17:4.christiananswers
Others
Others
Pharaoh Neco (Neco II) king of Egypt – Kills Josiah at Megiddo; deposes Jehoahaz and sets up Jehoiakim.
References: 2 Kings 23:29–35; 2 Chronicles 35:20–24.biblicalarchaeology+1Tirhakah king of Cush – Ethiopian king mentioned as coming to fight Sennacherib.
References: 2 Kings 19:9; Isaiah 37:9.christiananswersPharaoh Hophra (Apries) – Egyptian king in Jeremiah’s time, in whom Judah wrongly trusts.
References: Jeremiah 44:30.christiananswersHiram king of Tyre – Phoenician king who supplies materials and craftsmen to David and Solomon.
References: 2 Samuel 5:11; 1 Kings 5:1–12; 9:10–14.christiananswersEthbaal (Ethbaal I) king of the Sidonians – Father of Jezebel, king of Sidon.
References: 1 Kings 16:31.christiananswersAhasuerus and Artaxerxes (generic kings in Ezra 4) – Names used to describe opposition letters sent “to” Persian kings; at least one is the same as known historical rulers noted above.
References: Ezra 4:6–7.biblicalarchaeology+1“King of Nineveh” – Ruler who responds to Jonah’s preaching by calling for repentance.
References: Jonah 3:6–9.christiananswersPharaoh (time of Jeroboam) – Egyptian king who receives Jeroboam when he flees from Solomon.
References: 1 Kings 11:40.christiananswers
Web Pages
Web Pages
Kings of Israel & Judah - (Conforming To Jesus Ministries). N.B. the people behind this website believe no one else can now be saved. Use this site with discernment. The page on the kings does contain some useful information.
Charts, Diagrams
Charts, Diagrams
The Kings Of Israel & Judah - (Providence Academy) - pdf - includes links to information about the individual kings.
Kings of Israel & Judah - (Walk Through The Bible) - pdf
Google Sites
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