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Federal Legislation in 2018 affirmed the Meskwaki Nation's legal jurisdiction over tribal members within "the settlement" boundaries
They operate similar to Vatican City or Principality of Liechtenstein
These "saints" did in fact "Return"
These "saints" did in fact "Return"
and have secured an everlasting
and have secured an everlasting
"inheritance [for their] children forever"
"inheritance [for their] children forever"
...and back to Marblehead, 1831. Served as state representative from Fulton Co. 1832. Fought in war between U. S. and Sac and Fox Indian Nations, 1832
Likely a reference to the Black Hawk War. In April 1832, a group of Sac and Fox Indians including men, women, and children) who had been removed from their homelands in Illinois to the west side of the Mississippi River crossed
Likely a reference to the Black Hawk War. In April 1832, a group of Sac and Fox Indians including men, women, and children) who had been removed from their homelands in Illinois to the west side of the Mississippi River crossed
An 1824 treaty between the United States and the Sac and Fox nation set aside about 119, 000 acres of land between the Mississippi and Des Moines rivers,
...the above tracts are situate in Township Sixty Six North Range Five West of the fifth Principal Meridian, in the Sac and Fox Half Breed reservation in Iowa Territory
---Liberty Jail---
...execute a good and sufficient deed for four hundred and forty eight acres of land Situated lying and being in the Territory of Iowa and being in the Sac and Fox
August 12, 1841 - A tribe of Indians came over the Mississippi with their chief Keokuk at their head; they were in their full dress; also their squaws. They were received by the mayor of Nauvoo with a bank of music, the chief officers of the Nauvoo Legion in their uniform, and a number of the citizens joining in procession.
August 12, 1841 - A tribe of Indians came over the Mississippi with their chief Keokuk at their head; they were in their full dress; also their squaws. They were received by the mayor of Nauvoo with a bank of music, the chief officers of the Nauvoo Legion in their uniform, and a number of the citizens joining in procession.
...and 15 June 1841. Galland may have traveled to Washington DC to meet with politicians regarding government payments to the Sac
...near confluence of Mississippi and Des Moines rivers. First settled, 1820. Fur trading post established, 1828. Named Keokuk, 1829, after Sac Indian chief, who later visited JS in Nauvoo, 1841.
...near confluence of Mississippi and Des Moines rivers. First settled, 1820. Fur trading post established, 1828. Named Keokuk, 1829, after Sac Indian chief, who later visited JS in Nauvoo, 1841.
12 August 1841 - I accordingly went down, and met “Keokuk” “Kish-ku-Kosh,” “Appenoos” and about 100 Chiefs and Braves of those tribes with their families at the landing, introduced my brother Hyrum [Smith] to them...
Description of Keokuk, - History of Boone County, Iowa, pg. 66
...the rivers Des Moines and the Mississippi which was reserved in the Treaty be twixt the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations nations or tribes of Indians A. D. 1824
...the rivers Des Moines and Mississippi for which was reserved in a treaty made between the United States and the Sac and Fox Nations or tribes of Indians in the year A. D. 1834
"Found on the bridge to Woodward. This marker is carved & dated 12/10/1845 by Lt. R.S. Granger (soldier) who Found 200 Native Americans that said "No Go! No go!" but the soldiers took the Native Americans to Fort D. (Either Fort Des Moines or Fort Dodge?) then later to be taken to Tama, Iowa.
Poweshiek, the head chief of the Foxes, backed in semicircles by the prominent chiefs of his tribe. His appearance is not so striking as Keokuk’s
Letter FROM Paicouchaiby and Other Potawatomis, circa 14 August 1843 - "...we Send our Brother Law will understand..."
Manitomenque,
< - * Namowetti - > / Paicouchaiby (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoretti)
Papawisse,
These are great men, not chiefs...
Miamis,
Nahachcewette,
Mesaocobet,
Megesse,
Chaboitocke,
...At home, watching, as the officers from Carthage were after me. At 10 A. M. about 40 Indians of the Sacs and Foxes, came up in front of the Mansion
...< dont > care for any thing only for something something] to eat. c. Fri[ e] ndly visit— 2 days. sac chief sold their land again.
...officials to pay him for building two gristmills for the Sauk and Meskwaki nations designated by Euro- Americans as the Sac and Fox Indians) Jeremiah Smith visited Washington DC in March 1843 to lobby for his claim.
...officials to pay him for building two gristmills for the Sauk and Meskwaki nations designated by Euro- Americans as the Sac and Fox Indians) Jeremiah Smith visited Washington DC in March 1843 to lobby for his claim.
Letter TO Paicouchaiby and Other Potawatomis, 28 August 1843
JS Papers: “When our fathers first came..."
"Black Hawk’s brother, Kis—Kish—Kee..."
https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/history-draft-1-january-21-june-1844/65
...men here with frnshp [friendship] with all men kind— chiefs done wrong— in selling best country Black hawk Brother— Maquishis— Sac nation worshipd on this piece ground,
Council of Fifty, Minutes, March 1844–January 1846; Volume 1, 10 March 1844–1 March 1845 =>"During the time Er Rigdon was speaking, eleven of the Potawottamie..." - Thursday April 4th. 1844 9 o clock A.M. , pg 75
...William W. Phelps says the U. S. report only ab t. 2 or 300, 000— also reported the speechs of Sacs Foxes— who are dissatisfied
...William W. Phelps says the U. S. report only ab t. 2 or 300, 000— also reported the speechs of Sacs Foxes— who are dissatisfied
< 12 th > Thursday. A considerable number of the Sac Fox Indians have been for several days encamped in the neighborhood of Montrose
...went to sleep Wednesday 24 this morning we started at daylight then 10 miles from the old Agency of the Sacs and Fox—
1845, Dec. 10 - Boone County near present –day Madrid. A company of dragoons were sent to capture and escort them to Kansas. A stone tablet was found years later, which reads
1845, Dec. 10 - Boone County near present –day Madrid. A company of dragoons were sent to capture and escort them to Kansas. A stone tablet was found years later, which reads
“Found 200 Indians hid on and around this mound. They cried, No Go! No Go!,
“Found 200 Indians hid on and around this mound. They cried, No Go! No Go!,
But we took them to Fort Dodge.” -Lt. R.S. Granger.
But we took them to Fort Dodge.” -Lt. R.S. Granger.
This tablet can be seen in the Historical Museum, Madrid, Iowa
This tablet can be seen in the Historical Museum, Madrid, Iowa
This marker is carved & dated 12/10/1845 by Lt. R.S. Granger (soldier) who found 200 Native Americans in Tama. Soldiers forcibly removed the Native Americans to Fort D. (Either Fort Des Moines or Fort Dodge?) who cried "No - you go!"
Corydon L. Lucas, the pioneer of Boone County and Madrid Counties...
"...who were to return and buy their land at Tama"
"...who were to return and buy their land at Tama"
Need to work on the citations below...
Need to work on the citations below...
Specifically... where is Keokuk ? => In August 1842, Keokuk and several tribal members (including wives), visited Nauvoo, Illinois...
Specifically... where is Keokuk ? => In August 1842, Keokuk and several tribal members (including wives), visited Nauvoo, Illinois...
1849 - 1850, Spring - “Great excitement prevailed amongst the frontier setters in Johnson, Iowa and Tama Counties owing to the return of a large body of Sac & Fox Indians who under the lead of their Chiefs Pow-a-sheik, Sham-o-nie, Pete-co-tah and Kin-e-saw, who had returned from Kansas and taken possession of the country lying North of Morango on the Iowa river..."
"...to capture the fugitive Sac, Fox and Winnebago Indians, who have wandered back to their old hunting grounds." (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho-Chunk)
1851, March 3 – “Parties of Sac and Fox Indians are again returning upon the settlements ofIowa has been submitted to the general commanding the Department. It is his order that you immediately dispatch Maj. Armstead with a detachment of about forty men [NOT NEARLY enough - CKS] from your command to expel the Indians that have already returned and prevent any further input…adopt energetic measures to accomplish the desired object.” ---Assistant Adjutant General.
“Marion Resolution.” Iowa State Historical Society.1852 -
“To the Honorable The Congress of the United States of America the Undersigned,Your Petitioners, respectfully represent that they are citizens of the State of Iowa and residence on the lands formerly held and owned by that tribe of Indians called Musquaque (Meskwaki.org), composed of the Sacs and Fox Tribes. That, many of the Indians since they were removed by the government have returned to their old hunting grounds among us, that they are fast wasting away, that their children die off rapidly... are particularly anxious to be allowed a grant of land sufficient for that purpose somewhere on the waters of the Red Cedar in respectfully ask that they may be gratified in this behalf, and that the government extend to them all the favor which their necessity demand, and particularly they be allowed to gave on some terms a residence within the limits of the State of Iowa, on the unsold lands of the U.S"
1852, June 23 - Petition to Congress, ISHS.
“We take pleasure in saying to the Public that these Indians have been in this County for some time and we can recommend them as Good Civil Indians, and the majority of the citizens of this County have no objection to their remaining in this country and are willing to assist them all they can.” --- Judge, James M. Berry
Math-a-Nuh, Wau-ka-no, Chalk-kal-a-Mah, Mat au-a-quah , Pat-a-ca-to & one other...
"Mesquakie Indians responsible for the establishment of the Mesquakie Settlement," 1857 photograph. Math a Nuh, Wau ka no, Chalk kal a Mah, Mat au a quah , Pat a ca to & two others... (see Land Deed & History)
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https://www.mpm.edu/educators/wirp/nations/ojibwe/history
The Ojibwe are an Algonkian-speaking tribe and constitute the largest Indian group north of Mexico.
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1855 - Unpublished Letter by Gov. James W. Grimes. Annals of Iowa.
“Pa-ta-ko-to came from Kansas. He bought the lands in Tama County. He brought One Hundred and Eight-eight (188) Indians after him.” Notes on Me-Skwa-ki History.” From Young Bear’s Notes, Aug. 1905. ISHS
1856, July 15 - “Section 1. Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Iowa. That the consent of the State is hereby given that the Indians now residing in Tama County known as a portion of the Sacs and Foxes, be permitted to remain and reside in said State, and that the Governor be requested to inform the Secretary of war thereof, and urge on said department, the propriety of paying said Indians their portion of the annuities due or to become due to said Tribe of Sacs and Fox Indians.”-State of Iowa. “An Act permitting certain Indians to reside within the State.”
1857 = “An Act permitting certain Indians to reside within the State.” - Chapter 30 Laws of Iowa,
After the passage of the Act, the Meskwaki were free to buy some land...
Feb. 18. 1857. - “The Plaint of the Savage,” New York Times.
Meskwaki oral history says that Governor Grimes told them during their Feb. meeting that as governor he could not force any Iowa citizen to sell them land, but if they could find such citizen willing to sell them land, then the governor would support and accept it as a legal transaction. By the spring of 1857, the Butler family made an agreement with the Meskwaki to purchase 80 acres of land. NE ¼ of Sec. 17of what is now Indian Village township. The region was known as Butlerville, because ofits being the location of the several Butler Families from whom these Indians first bought land. The Musquakies had lodged here before the Butlers came. At the time, the Butlers settled here the Musquakies had gone. In the spring of 1857, an Indian came on horseback and talked with Isaac Butler about the purchase of some land. Isaac Butler and his sons Philip and David went to Toledo and made out the deed on July 13, 1857. The consideration paid was $1,000 in cash ($12.50 per acre). The money was taken to Iowa City by the Indians and paid to Gov. Jas. W. Grimes. It was brought back to the Butlers by Ebenezer Coffin, a farmer in Tama Co. The money was in the form of gold."
Going rate was ~$1.25 per acre
https://www.mnopedia.org/land-speculation-1854-1857
Which lead to the Panic of 1857 => https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1857
The Panic of 1857 the first worldwide economic crisis...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic_of_1857
The Palmerston government {great Britain} circumvented the requirements of the Bank Charter Act 1844, which required gold and silver reserves to back up the amount of money in circulation. The sinking of SS Central America contributed to the panic of 1857, as New York banks were awaiting a much-needed shipment of gold. American banks did not recover until after the Civil War.
Balance of Payments: 1820–1870 The gold standard enjoyed wide international participation... global trade increased 10x
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_payments
1880 to 1914, there were approximately eight BoP crises and eight twin crises – a twin crisis being a BoP crisis that coincides with a banking crisis. 1914 WWII. 1929-39 The Great Depression
AI Overview
In 1857, the price of land in Iowa was volatile due to speculative investment - Before the economic downturn in mid-1857, land prices were inflated by heavy speculation:
Rapid sales: In the mid-1850s, land sales were rapid, with 40% of Iowa's land being sold by the federal government between July 1853 and June 1856.
Government minimum: The federal government's minimum price for public land was $1.25 per acre. This price was often enforced by "claim associations" that prevented outside bidders from driving up prices on land that settlers had already improved.
Speculative prices: Land speculators and railroads often sold parcels for higher prices to settlers. One account described how lots in Western cities could be flipped multiple times in a short period for significant profit.
July 13, 1857. The Six Meskwaki Elders paid $1,000 in gold for 80 acres ($12.50 per acre)
Now know as "the Panic of 1857", Iowa land values collapsed. Before the crash, land prices had been driven up by speculators buying up large tracts, but after the panic hit in August, values plummeted.
"It has been estimated that the average price per acre which the Indians received for their Iowa lands was 14 cents..." - History of Boone County, Iowa, pg. 66
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