SEPTEMBER 2020

Welcome to the September edition of The Eclectic Kasper. This month we’ll discuss some of the unrest in our society and we’ll continue our verse-by-verse study of Romans. We also note how one of our favorite captain from a fictional future is reminiscent of a heroic mariner from the legendary past.

We have two guest authors in this edition. Jesse Hornok presents the first article in a series about the wrath of God, and Michael J. Jogan has an article about the sovereignty of God.

Thanks for your thoughts and feedback. We’re happy to present and publish your feedback, even if it presents another point of view. We love free speech and the ability to dialog about important, and sometimes, not-so-important issues. Feel free to send thoughts, comments, or article ideas to feedback@eclectickasper.com.

Thanks for reading, and stay eclectic!

CULTURE/ SOCIETY: Looting, Hat-Shaming and Other Contradictions of the Left, Part 1

        by Matt Kasper

    I began working on this article back in early June after the protests began. I was going to release a version of it in July, but I thought that the situation in our country was just still too delicate for a sardonic critique.

    One other thing that held me back is that in July we had an article about the value of silence. In that article, I said “Maybe some of us are watching, waiting, allowing the dust to settle, and then considering how we can maximize the impact of our words by saying something concise, of high quality, and deployed at a strategic moment.” I guess that is why I didn’t present this article in July.

    But eventually, we do have to speak, and call out the rampant contradictions in our society, and risk offending those who probably would strive to be offended anyway.

    So, here are some of the contradictions of the left that we have seen this Summer, many of which revolve around issues of race and “justice.”

    The Gap Between Protesting and Looting. Many people protested in late May in response to the death of George Floyd by a white police officer. Many of these protestors looted, as well. Looting, robbing and arson continued for several nights in Minneapolis beginning on May 27, and then spread throughout the country over subsequent days and weeks. Reverberations of these protests continue in light of the deaths of Ahmaud Arbery and Rayshard Brooks.

    Apparently, some people believe that one injustice gives them the right to commit other injustices. We have the Constitutional right to protest; however, the original offense does not justify any crimes that follow, especially when some folks just want to capitalize on a tragedy by plundering stores and getting free stuff. The media coverage also demonstrates the inconsistency; the injustice of manslaughter is highlighted, but the injustice of mass theft is overlooked.

    Our society is so illogical that it cannot recognize that the policemen responsible for George Floyd’s death were wrong, and the looters who took advantage of the situation were wrong, as well. Probably Trayvon Martin was doing something wrong and George Zimmerman handled the situation in a wrong way; not all of these stories have a clear hero and a clear villain. Probably Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri was wrong, and police officer Darren Wilson was wrong; most people lack the discernment to not immediately pick sides. Go ahead, defend one and vilify the other; you are probably still wrong.

    Acting Racist. In other allegedly racist news, Jimmy Fallon came under fire in early June for a video that surfaced of a 2000 Saturday Night Live sketch, in which he used “black face” to portray Chris Rock, an African-American “comedian.” Accusations that this is racist or that Fallon should be taken off The Tonight Show were absurd, but the pervasive nature of these wrongful accusations demonstrates the decline of logic in our society.

    First, racism involves claiming that one race is inherently inferior to another race or to all other races. Many comments, jokes or activities involving someone from another race may be insensitive or inaccurate, but they are rarely asserting the fundamental superiority or inferiority of one race or ethnicity relative to others. It is, therefore, not racist to put on a costume and act like someone else. In fact, isn’t putting on a costume and acting like someone else exactly what the Hollywood industry is all about?

    By these same standards, when will Robert Downey Jr., apologize for playing an African-American individual in Tropic Thunder, and when will Marlon Wayans and Shawn Wayans grovel before the arbiters of political correctness for playing two white chicks in a movie called . . . well . . . White Chicks? Aren’t these people just playing other characters, and not making moral judgments about them? What, then, is wrong with what Jimmy Fallon did? How is this different than any of the dozens of other characters that he has portrayed over the years?

    So much more to say, but so little . . . wait a minute, this is my web journal, I can talk about more examples of these contradictions if I want! And I will in Part 2 below!

THEOLOGY: God’s Wrath: Present or Future? Part 1

        by Guest Author Jesse Hornok

    What is divine wrath? Usually one pictures hellfire and damnation, or conjures up Jonathan Edwards’ sermon “Sinners in the hands of an angry God,” or recalls fiery revivalist preaching where the lake of fire scares sinners to repent. John’s depiction that “anyone not found written in the Book of Life was cast into the lake of fire” (Rev 20:15) is a sobering image (it makes a drunk person stop drinking).

    But noticeably absent here is the idea of divine wrath. Revelation uses the term “wrath” 13 times from chapters 6-19, translating two different Greek words (orgē and thymos). One time wrath refers to Satan’s anger that he has such a short time (12:12) and 12 times it refers to Tribulation wrath or Armageddon wrath. Surprisingly the description of the lake of fire and the Great White Throne Judgment lack any terms about God’s wrath or anger. Also, all 12 occurrences picturing eschatological wrath use the definite article: “the wrath,” culminating God’s wrath in history, meaning this may be “the wrath” par excellence which classifies all other wrath (René A. Lopez, “Do Believers Experience God’s Wrath,” p. 11).

    Zane C. Hodges said, “In the Bible all divine anger belongs to time, none of it belongs to eternity. The destiny of the lost is an issue of justice, not an expression of anger” (Romans: Deliverance from Wrath, p. 277). Hodges then quotes Psalm 103:8-9: “The Lord is merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in mercy. He will not always strive with us, nor will He keep His anger forever” and Psalm 30:5, “For His anger is but for a moment.”

    Personally, the idea that hell exhibits God’s wrath is so ingrained in my thinking it’s hard to let it go. God certainly shows anger against sin with resulting punishment throughout the Bible. But as we examine the OT a theme emerges: “God’s wrath is His displeasure against the sin of those who do not have a covenant relationship with Him (pagans), and to a greater extent [His displeasure] against those who do have a covenant relationship with Him [His chosen people], but live in disobedience. Once sin is dealt with, wrath subsides” (Lopez, p. 4).

    Theologically, God’s wrath is usually connected to His character of justice in response to sin. Many theologians say God would be just even if everyone went to hell. While this may be true if we only decipher one attribute of God, the OT description proclaims: “The Lord, the Lord God, merciful and gracious, longsuffering, and abounding in goodness and truth, keeping mercy for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin, by no means clearing the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children and the children’s children to the third and the fourth generation” (Exodus 34:6-7). Biblical descriptions of Yahweh always stress His mercy, lovingkindness, forgiveness as well as His judgment of sin. We should never flatline any one attribute of God; if everyone went to hell, that would be a different God than the One we serve.

    The book of Romans says a lot about wrath; it should guide our view of God’s wrath, not primarily a theological persuasion or system. In the next three parts of this series we will examine how Romans views wrath as primarily a present response of God to sin. Romans 1:16-18 develops this theme.

BROWNCOAT BAY: Firefly and Great Literature – Mal and Aeneas

        *** WARNING: The following article contains spoilers for Firefly, for the film Serenity, and for The Aeneid. ***

    He was on the losing side of a devastating war; he dealt with hideous creatures that had been changed by someone else’s malicious intent, he sailed in his boat to find home.

    It sounds a lot like our very own Captain Mal! Or it could be a fictional mariner that sailed millennia before our favorite crew on Serenity took flight.

    Some amazing parallels exist between Malcolm Reynolds and an ancient Trojan hero named Aeneas. The legendary exploits of Aeneas were penned by first century AD Roman poet Virgil in a work called The Aeneid.

    Here’s some brief background on the literary history of the Trojan war. Centuries before Virgil, the Greek poet Homer had written about the ten-year invasion of the city of Troy by the Greeks. This tale involved the feats of famous personages like Achilles, Agamemnon, Hector and Odysseus. Homer’s epic story was called The Iliad, written probably in the 8th to 6th century BC. It found popular expression in the 2004 move Troy, with Brad Pitt, Eric Bana, and Orlando Bloom. Homer wrote a sequel to the Iliad called the Odyssey, detailing the Greek hero Odysseus’ ten-year quest to get back home to Ithaca, an island just off the east coast of Greece.

    Virgil, writing in the 1st century BC, crafts what seems like a third installment to the Trojan saga, but one which parallels the Odyssey. Specifically, Virgil’s Aeneid follows Aeneas, one of the heroes on the Trojan, or losing, side of the war. The unusual decision to track the adventures and exploits of someone who was on the losing side of a big battle is what links Aeneas with Captain Mal. While we are naturally drawn to “winners,” the sense that people are molded by their defeat makes Aeneas and Mal that much more interesting.

    So, here is a short summary of the Aeneid: Aeneas and several shiploads of Trojans flee from their Greek sackers and set sail to find a new home in Italy. During a stopover in Carthage, Aeneas recounts the fall of Troy, including the infamous Trojan Horse incident, and describes some of his own personal losses as a result of this war. Aeneas and his crew face several other natural and supernatural perils as they voyage toward Italy. At one point, Aeneas descends into the abode of the dead to gain information from his deceased father. Here it is revealed that these Trojans will be the founders of the Roman people, and thus, the Roman empire. After returning from the underworld, Aeneas leads the Trojans to Latium, where he courts King Latinus’ daughter, Lavinia, and defeats Turnus, the king of the local Rutuli tribe, who was also hoping to wed Lavinia. The face-offs between Aeneas and Turnus, as well as a few of the other rivalries during the final chapters of the Aeneid, are some of the most dramatic moments of the story.

    The list of similarities between the Aeneas and Malcolm Reynolds is striking. Both are on the losing side of a titanic war, and both have leadership positions in that war. Aeneas watched in horror as his glorious city of Troy fell before his eyes. This is reminiscent of a scene at the beginning of “Serenity” (the pilot); from the rocky crags of Serenity Valley, Mal looks up, hoping to see “angel” evacuation vehicles, only to discover an enormous fleet of enemy Alliance drones instead. The Trojan Horse is like the Griswold grenades tossed to Browncoats by alliance troops, masquerading as apples as described by Zoe in the episode, “War Stories.” Both are disguised as a respectful gift, and both reveal the lethality of the enemies’ venom.

    An array of fascinating parallels exist between Aeneas’ descent into the underworld in Book VI of the Aeneid, and Mal’s voyage to Miranda in the movie Serenity. Both pass by horrible creatures inconspicuously as they descend into a realm of the dead. While Aeneas sees shades, remnants of those who were once alive, Mal and his crew see corpses, some of which were well-preserved and look only recently-deceased. Both receive a meaningful message from a shade. For Aeneas, that shade is the spirit of his father, who encourages him to continue on to Italy. For Mal, that shade is the horrified hologram of Dr. Carson, who desperately warns about the negative effects of the Pax, which was intended to calm the population of Miranda, but killed most of them instead.

    After these harrowing episodes in the abode of the dead, both have missions to fulfill and enemies to fight. Aeneas travels to Italy to conquer natives on the Italian peninsula and defeats Turnus in combat. Though the narration ends abruptly, it has already hinted that these Trojans will serve as founders of the Roman empire.

    Similarly, Mal antagonizes the Reavers, travels to Mr. Universe’s planet and finds himself in hand-to-hand combat with the Operative. Eventually, Mal broadcasts the message about the Alliances’ cover-up of Miranda. Serenity similarly ends abruptly, and though we don’t see much of this, we can only imagine (and we see this in the follow-up comics) how Mal’s heroic actions renew the Browncoat cause of distrust and antagonism against an oppressive Alliance government.

    I’m not suggesting that Joss Whedon intentionally modeled Mal after Aeneas, but the parallels are striking and fun to consider. It is intriguing how the struggles and exploits of both figures make for excellent fiction, either for ancient readers or for modern viewers.

    In the end, both find home, and in that discovery, they find peace and serenity. Aeneas’s home is the land of Italy where the defeated warriors from the Trojan war settled, and (allegedly) formed the Roman empire. For Mal, home is the capacity to continue to fly in his ship called Serenity. Through love and loss, harm and happiness, defeat and triumph, both Aeneas and Mal find their own kind of real serenity on the other side of defeat.

THE AGE OF THE EARTH: Why Genesis 1 and Psalm 90:4 Are Bad Bedfellows

    We have written several articles about why we take Genesis 1 literally, and you can see those articles in our “Eclectic Archive” here.

    Many Christians believe that the opening chapters of Genesis are metaphorical or poetic. Many believers adhere to theistic evolution or affirm with modern secular science that the earth is millions of years old.

    But the more we dive into the opening chapters of Scripture, the more we believe that they are intended to be taken as literal and historical. Many believers still affirm that all things were created by God in six 24-hour days, despite how increasingly naïve some people believe that view to be. He created all things with the appearance of age so that He could have immediate interaction with His creatures, and we don’t believe that this makes God deceptive in any way (see our article about this called “Science, God and Deceit” from the May 2020 edition).

    Some who believe that the days in Genesis 1 really represent eons or ages appeal to verses like Psalm 90:4. This verse notes that God perceives or understands time differently than we do: “For a thousand years in Your sight are like yesterday when it passes by, or as a watch in the night.” They then leap to 2 Peter 3:8, which seems to be borrowing this concept about time from Psalm 90:4. Since Psalm 90:4 and 2 Peter 3:8 discuss time and days, why shouldn’t we use Psalm 90:4 to interpret Genesis 1?

    This kind of “leap” from Genesis 1 to Psalm 90:4 and 2 Peter 3:8 may make someone feel like they have an iron-clad argument that the world is actually millions of years old. However, they are also “leaping” over several important layers of interpretation.    Context is extremely important in the interpretation of any verse or passage. When looking at a verse, one must consider where that verse is situated in the chapter, in the book of the Bible that it is in, and in the area of Scripture (such as early narrative literature, minor prophets, or epistles). One must consider the genre of the book that it is in (such as poetry, prophecy, or story) and the point that is being made in the original context where the verse is found.

    For instance, Psalm 90:4 is in a poetic passage and in a book of poetry. Of course, not all poetry is figurative, but there certainly tends to be more figurative and metaphorical language in poetic sections than in narrative sections. The passage of a millennium is compared in this verse to a night watch, and it is likened to a flood, sleep, and new grass in v. 5. These are similes and comparisons in the immediate context; they are not intended to suggest that the word “day” in other parts of Scripture should not be taken as actual 24-hour periods.

    The book of Psalms is a book that employs metaphors and similes frequently. In these cases, it is not trying to portray scientific accuracy. However, Genesis 1-3, and really the entire book of Genesis, is history. It still uses metaphors occasionally, just like we all do in normal life and speech. However, it is narrating actual history, using days, weeks and years in literal ways. We dealt with the literary genre of these early chapters of Genesis in our article, “Is Genesis 1-3 Poetry or History?” from the September 2018 edition. However, it is worth revisiting the question, if Genesis 1 is poetry and symbolic but Genesis 7-8 about Noah or Genesis 12 about Abraham are literal, then when does Genesis stop being figurative and become literal and historic?

    Some don’t think that Genesis 1-3 is poetry, but that it describes the literal creation of all things. Their only caveat is that the “days” are figurative, representing ages or eons, rather than actual days. Obviously, we disagree with their assessment of the word “days.”

    But this points to an odd interpretive inconsistency: why take the references to time (“day,” “evening,” and “morning”) figuratively, but take everything else literally? They want to take day figuratively, but they don’t take “sun” figuratively; they believe that Genesis 1 refers to the creation of our literal sun. Is “water” figurative, too? Does it stand for the Holy Spirit? Or the flowing blessings of God? Or are the references to “water” referring literally to water even though references to “day” are not about literal 24-hour days? We take everything else literally in Genesis 1, that God made a literal sun, literal stars, literal animals, and eventually made literal people, and yet the multiple time markers, like “day,” “evening,” and “morning” are somehow figurative. This doesn’t seem like consistent interpretative methodology.

    Also, we need to consider that Psalm 90:4 and 2 Peter 3:8 portray how God perceives time, not how He communicates it. It is not necessarily that time moves faster or slower for God or for us, but that we as finite creatures perceive time differently than He does. For an eternal God, centuries and millennia are perceived as brief relative to the way temporally-locked creatures like us understand the passage of time. And, while this may be an interesting theological discussion, that doesn’t mean that these verses should be used to argue that the “days” in Genesis 1 are eons or ages rather than 24-hour days.

    Since we’re on the subject, I will add that Psalm 90:4 and Revelation 20:1-7 are bad bedfellows, too. Revelation 20 also mentions the term one thousand years pointing to the millennial reign of Christ after the Great tribulation and before the eternal state. Some point to 2 Peter 3:8 since it also refers to end time events, and suggests that the thousand years in Revelation 20 should be taken figuratively. However, Revelation 20 is portraying a literal future condition in a genre that takes numbers pretty seriously (like detailing the 140,000 in Rev 7:4-8, or the listing of seven churches in Rev 2-3, seven seals in Rev 5, seven trumpets in Rev 8-9, and seven bowls in Rev 16). Also, the term “thousand” is repeated in six consecutive verses in Revelation 20:2-7, signaling that this was not a throw-away metaphor, but the author intended for us to take this time-span literally.

    Psalm 90:4 and similar verses like 2 Peter 3:8 present fascinating theological truths, but should not be used to impose an interpretation on a different genre, such as historical narrative in Genesis 1-3.

THEOLOGY: How Can a Benevolent God Allow Various Atrocities to Happen?

        by Guest Author Michael J. Jogan

    I am sure all Christians have wondered about this puzzling question. Why do atrocities occur? From wars to pandemics, needless deaths occur. But God didn’t start them. All are man-made.

    Here are some examples: Something happens to cause ire between one country and another; before you know it a war breaks out between respective parties following the orders of a leader.

    Another example: our bodies succumb to various diseases when vectors, like mosquitoes or needles, introduce them. Knowingly or unknowingly people always have a role in allowing the disease to proliferate, from breeding places for mosquitoes, such as pools of standing water, to reusing “dirty” needles. God did not cause this. We did!

    Plus, we have not noticed or realized the stories, parables and letters in the Bible are about what happens in human life. These stories teach good things for us to do but also provide examples of human failures. God is telling us straight forward “there is time for war and time for peace.” “A time to kill (it doesn’t say how) and a time to heal.” Ecclesiastes started an answer to the above question: Things will happen no matter what, unless you heed additional warnings, once mankind becomes smarter, 3000 years later.

    The second answer has only recently been discovered that the Bible also specified catastrophic events, again, showing us what will happen in the future. As doubtful as it sounds, how can anyone write 3000 years ago about something that will happen throughout the life on earth in enough detail to make the event accurately predicted? How else but with names and dates: How could the writer know? Well, this is because God is not a human being, but rather an omnipresent being. He possesses an intelligence outside our own, and He accurately foretells the future.

    That information could only be uncovered after the computer was invented. Here briefly is how this unfolded. Some theologians always suspected that there were hidden messages in the original Hebrew manuscript the Old Testament. And according to legend Moses received the Bible from God “in one contiguous, without break of Hebrew words.” Ironically, to find the code, spaces between words were eliminated yielding one continuous letter strand of 304,805 Hebrew letters long.    The computer divided the Bible into 64 rows of 4772 letters. Characters are formed either horizontally, vertically or diagonally following a consistent, sophisticated mathematical skip pattern finding names, words, and short phrases. Dr. Eliyahu Rips is the one who developed the mathematical computer program of equidistant letter sequences in the book of Genesis in 1994 confirming that the Bible was indeed encoded as a mosaic crossword puzzle (see Michael Drosnin’s 1997 book The Bible Code). The program was scientifically peered reviewed, data tested, and accepted.

    An example uncovered in Genesis chapter 14 within the script of Abraham’s wars were the following encoded clues: “Hussein, picked a day,” “Saddam,” “War,” “Enemy,” “Scuds,” “Russian missile,” “Fire on 3rd Shevat,” which, according to the Hebrew calendar, occurred on January 18, 1991, which is the day Iraq launched the first scud missile against Israel. We are talking about the beginning of the Gulf war. Similar descriptive words unveiled the Holocaust. And there are other examples, as well.

    I use the “encoded Bible” with its hidden facts as supportive evidence that God cannot be responsible for atrocities; though He knew about them, He was instead warning mankind. No way was He causing any of them.

    The most supportive answer -- explicit details of what and when -- had not been discovered, until now! And that’s why He couldn’t have prevented them either. Maybe instead mankind could have. However, mankind was just not “listening” to the future. Now if only a computer program could be derived to seek out upcoming wars within the entire script that would be very helpful in giving advance warning and a chance for neutralizing them.

CULTURE/ SOCIETY: Looting, Hat-Shaming and Other Contradictions of the Left, Part 2

    We are continuing from Part 1 above to discuss contradictions that we have seen from the liberal side of the aisle in recent months.

    I’m not saying that any of the rest of us are perfect; contradiction threatens any ideological camp. However, when these contradictions come up, we should acknowledge them, admit them, and correct them. It’s just that the left seems uniquely incapable of admitting their contradictions.

    Anyway, here are a few more.

    Hat Shaming. An individual wearing a MAGA (“Make America Great Again”) hat was harassed at a grocery store in Peachtree City, GA in early May. It seems like these kinds of episodes occur frequently. This particular “disturbance” was serious enough that someone called the police, but the harasser left before the police arrived. Similarly, a man named David Sunderland was allegedly fired recently for wearing a Trump hat. These situations are evocative of how Nick Sandmann and some of his classmates were labeled as racists not merely because they were confronting an American Indian protestor, but because they were wearing MAGA hats.

    A quick internet search demonstrates how the media portrays those who wear a hat in support of a candidate that wants to make America as great as it can be. One CNN article from early 2019, referring to the incident with Nick Sandmann, was simply titled, “Why Trump’s MAGA hats have become a potent symbol of racism.” A February 2020 Newsweek article asserts in its title that “Finding Parents’ MAGA Hats Will One Day Be Equivalent of Discovering Their ‘Ku Klux Klan Hood’.” It makes me wonder why MAGA hats are portrayed as racist, offensive, and unacceptable, but hats with female parts on it are celebrated as a legitimate political statement?

    A Noose You Can Lose. The news cycle moves so fast because the left has to cover up all its mistakes, mis-information, and overreaction.

    Do you remember the story in June about how Bubba Wallace, an African-American race car driver, allegedly discovered a noose hanging in his stall at Talladega? The race-sensitive media lit up about this allegedly racist threat against Wallace. However, an FBI investigation discovered that the noose was just an ordinary handle for pulling down an overhead door. In fact, it was reported that this handle had been there since the previous Fall. This was clearly a case of fake news, or, as Ben Shapiro called it, “Fake Noose.”

    Shapiro, a Jewish conservative, has received many legitimate threats on his life and family. He noted that Wallace should have been thrilled that this turned out to be a mistake. But, instead, Wallace went on CNN and insisted to Don Lemon that this was a noose, and a clear racist threat; he and the liberal media simply couldn’t let go of the racism implicit in the story, even though the story was a fiction. Shapiro summarized the reaction that Wallace should have had: “No noose is good noose!”

    The connection between these stories is the inconsistency of the left. Fake nooses, looting, hat-shaming and Fallon-shaming are just symptoms of how leftist politicians and pundits allow contradiction. One black man was killed by a white cop, and this is all over the media. However, many black people die every day in Chicago, Detroit, and Baltimore, and these are never mentioned because those cities have high-profile Democratic mayors. Where is “Black Lives Matter” when young black men slaughter other young black men?

    Also, did you notice how quickly stories like the one about Jimmy Fallon or Bubba Watson came and went? It is like the media wants to keep stoking tensions without reporting on how previous stories were resolved.

    We are all hypocrites by nature. But now, we are starting to see that the inconsistency and the double-standards of many people in politics and media have no reasonable and logical end. These rampant inconsistencies create a house of cards, and this way of thinking breeds a society and culture that will become completely unsustainable.

ROMANS: Commodities the World Cannot Provide, Romans 5:1-2

    “Therefore, since we have been justified through faith, we have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ, through whom we have gained access by faith into this grace in which we now stand. And we rejoice in the hope of the glory of God” (Romans 5:1-2, NIV).

    So much of our lives are spent trying to acquire tangible commodities, from cars and furniture, to clothes and games.

    However, our world is desperately in need of intangible commodities, as well. The world wants justice, peace, right decisions, and hope for a better tomorrow. Unfortunately, the world has completely failed to produce these commodities on their own in any lasting way.

    Much of Romans 1-4 has helped the reader to see how sinful we are, how impossible it is to save ourselves, and how much we need to receive the righteousness of Christ by faith. Salvation and forgiveness have always been available only by God’s grace and has always been received only by faith.

    But in addition to receiving salvation by faith, we can also receive some of these yearned-for virtues through faith, as well, virtues like righteousness, grace, joy, peace and hope. Romans 5:1-2 just begin to hint at all the tremendous intangible commodities that we can receive by faith and as we continue to grow in faith.

    In Romans 5:1, Paul summarizes what has preceded and makes a further implication before diving into a new argument. He summarizes that justification is by faith, not of works, law, privilege, nor heredity. The passive sense of the phrase that we “have been justified” emphasizes that justification is something that Christ accomplishes and that God gives to us by grace through faith; it is not something we work for or earn.

    An implication of this fact that we have been justified by faith is that we have “peace” with God. If we could earn salvation through our works, then God would grant us salvation by obligation, and not because of His grace. Because salvation is by God’s grace and a result of His compassion on sinners, we receive both grace as well as peace with Him through salvation. Because of Christ, we are now no longer at enmity with Christ, as this passage will spell out, but, rather, we are at peace with God as sons and daughters of His.

    The “through whom” at the beginning of v. 2, then, points back to Christ, mentioned at the end of v. 1. There are many verses in the Bible that trumpet the exclusivity of Christianity, or the doctrine that Christ is the only means of salvation, forgiveness and eternal life (John 14:6; Acts 4:12; 1 Tim 2:5). But verses like Romans 5:2 are often overlooked in these lists. Salvation and access to God are available only through faith in Christ.

    The specific grammar of the verb “to have” here is perfect active indicative, emphasizing past activity that has ongoing results up to the present. The reception of grace occurs when we believe in Jesus and there are ongoing ramifications of this.

    The specific ramification that Paul points to is that we have obtained “access” or “introduction.” The Greek word prosagoge means “freedom” or “the right to enter,” and is used by Paul and only here and in Ephesians 2:18 and 3:12. Previously, before the bestowal of grace and the reception of that grace through faith, we did not have access to God and His grace. But now through faith in Christ we do have this freedom and access.

    Reference to “standing” in that grace implies a state in which we currently find ourselves. Later, Paul tells the Roman church to “stand by your faith” (11:20), and reminds believers that we can endure, stand, and continue because of the Lord’s strength (14:4).

    Paul also suggests that another benefit of salvation is the opportunity to “rejoice,” “exult” or “boast” in our hope of the future. The word kauchaomia is exclusively a Pauline word, excepting Jas 1:9 and 4:16. The word is sometimes used negatively when one exults or boasts in the law, in themseves, or in one’s flesh (Rom 2:32; 5:11; 1 Cor 1:29; 3:21; Gal 6:13; Eph 2:9; Phil 3:3; James 4:16). More generally, however, someone can boast in their difficulties, in God, or in God’s eschatological victory, or even in the spiritual growth of other believers (Rom 5:3; 1 Cor 1:31; 2 Cor 7:14; 9:2; 2 Cor 10:17; Gal 6:14; Jas 1:9).

    The references to boasting in 2 Corinthians, which contains 20 of the 37 instances of this Greek word (17 of which are in chs. 10-12) should be qualified by the broader context of 2 Corinthians; basically, Paul indicates in 2 Corinthians that there is sometimes an appropriate opportunity to boast about one’s accomplishments or position (2 Cor 10:8, 13, 15; 11:16, 18, 30; 12:1). But even then, this should be tempered by the fact that ultimately, we focus on the Lord as the source of our strength and ability (10:17; 12:9).

    Here in Romans 5:2, we are to boast or exalt in the hope of the glory of God. This surely includes the glory of God’s truth, sovereignty and compassion now, but also points to the full implementation and manifestation of God’s glory in the eschatological period.

    It will be amazing to see all the tangible and non-tangible benefits that the next life will provide. But in the meantime, our faith in Christ and the grace of God provide peace with God and each other, joy and a desire to rejoice, and a hope for a future paradise that only God can usher in. These are virtues, benefits, and commodities that this world could never provide. Yet, they are all available – in part now and in full later – for those who trust in Christ as their Savior and subsequently strive to follow Him as Lord and Master.