70 Diverse groups

Health Survey for England

1999: Health Survey for England 1999: the health of minority ethnic groups <-- DH

2004: Health Survey for England 2004 Health of ethnic minorities. (Headline tables) <-- NHS IC

POST (Parliamentary Office of Science & Technology)

January 2007 Number 276: Ethnicity And Health

Diabetes UK & South Asian Health Foundation

2009: Diabetes UK and South Asian Health Foundation recommendations on diabetes research priorities for British South Asians

The Guardian

The ethnic population of England and Wales broken down by local authority

New figures give a precise ethnic population for each local authority in England and Wales. See what the data says

http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2011/may/18/ethnic-population-england-wales which references this ONS data:

Population Estimates by Ethnic Group (experimental), Mid-2009

http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-50029

ID Place % White, % % Asian or % Black or % Chinese

British Mixed Asian British Black British

283 South East 85.72 1.72 4.23 1.87 0.72

Note this table misses out White Other (which is probably larger than Chinese) and this has been spotted by the commenters on The Guardian's page!

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South Asian people

1. Heart disease

“CHD is more prevalent in South Asian people, occurs at younger age and carries a 50 per cent higher mortality than in Europeans (Wilkinson 1996, Joshi 2007)” [p76 (85 of 123) of DUK / SAHF]

Wilkinson P, Sayer J, Laji K et al. (1996).Comparison of case fatality in south Asian and white patients after acute myocardial infarction: observational study. BMJ; 312(7042): 1330–1333

Joshi P, Islam S, Pais P et al. (2007).Risk factors for early myocardial infarction in South Asians compared with individuals in other countries. Journal of the American Medical Association; 297(3): 286–294

2. Kidney disease

Kidney disease (as assessed by microalbuminuria) is more prevalent in South Asian than white people with (Type 2) diabetes.

“Comparison of the prevalence of microalbuminuria in South Asian and white European patients with Type 2 diabetes living in the UK showed rates of 40 per cent versus 33 per cent for men, and 33 per cent versus 19 per cent for women. (Mather 1998)” [p91 (100 of 123] of DUK / SAHF]

Mather HM, Chaturvedi N and Kehely AM (1998).

Comparison of prevalence and risk factors for microalbuminuria in South Asians and Europeans with Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetic Medicine; 15(8): 672–677.

More South Asian and black people with diabetes have renal replacement therapy than white people with diabetes

Roderick PJ, Raleigh VS, Hallam L, Mallick NP.

The need and demand for renal replacement therapy in ethnic minorities in England. Journal of Epdiemiology and Community Health 1996;50:334-339.

“Rates for renal replacement therapy are up to four times higher in both groups.” (South Asian and African / African Caribbean).

Department of Health (2001) National Service Framework for Diabetes: Who gets diabetes, Health inequalitieshttp://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/Browsable/DH_4899972 (updated Feb 2007).

3. Stroke

“Stroke is also more common in the South Asian population, presents at a younger age and has a 40 per cent higher mortality compared to a western population Wild 1997, Lee 2007, Moussouttas 2006, Kaul 2002 and Gunarathne 2008).” [p77 (86 of 123) of DUK / SAHF]

Wild S and McKeigue P (1997).

Cross-sectional analysis of mortality by country of birth in England and Wales, 1970–92. BMJ; 8: 705–710

Lee CM, Huxley RR, Woodward M et al. (2007).

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and population attributable fractions for coronary heart disease and stroke mortality in the WHO South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 16: 187–192

Moussouttas M, Aguilar L, Fuentes K (2006).

Cerebrovascular disease among patients from the Indian subcontinent. Neurology; 67: 894–896

Kaul S, Sunitha P, Suvarna A (2002).

Subtypes of ischemic stroke in a metropolitan city of south India (one year data from a hospital based stroke registry). Neurology India; 50: S8–S14

Gunarathne A, Patel JV, Potluri R et al. (2008).

Increased 5-year mortality in the migrant South Asian stroke patients with diabetes mellitus in the United Kingdom: the West Birmingham Stroke Project. International Journal of Clinical Practice; 62 (2): 197–201

See also Gunarathne A, Patel JV, Potluri R, Gill PS, Hughes EA, Lip GY (2008)

Secular trends in the cardiovascular risk profile and mortality of stroke admissions in an inner city, multiethnic population in the United Kingdom (1997-2005). J Hum Hypertens. 2008 Jan;22(1):18-23. Epub 2007 Aug 2.

4. Blindness

“Studies have confirmed that the prevalence of visual loss and impairment is higher in South Asians who have diabetes in the UK (Sjolie 2008, Hayward 2002)” [p98 (107 of 123) of of DUK / SAHF]

Sjolie AK, Klein R, Porta M et al. (2008).

Effect of Candesartan on progression and regression of retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes (Direct-Protect 2): a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet; 372: 1385–1393

Hayward LM, Burden ML, Burden AC et al. (2002).

What is the prevalence of visual impairment in the general and diabetic populations: are there ethnic and gender differences? Diabetic Medicine; 19: 27–34.