12.1.4.1 explain the stages of energy exchange

• Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP
• ATP from cell respiration is immediately available as a source of energy in the cell
• Anaerobic cell respiration gives a small yield of ATP from glucose
• Aerobic cell respiration requires oxygen and gives a large yield of ATP from glucose

• Cell respiration involves the oxidation and reduction of electron carriers.

• Phosphorylation of molecules makes them less stable.

• In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate in the cytoplasm.

• Glycolysis gives a small net gain of ATP without the use of oxygen.

• In aerobic cell respiration pyruvate is decarboxylated and oxidized, and converted into acetyl compound and attached to enyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A in the link reaction.

• In the Krebs cycle, the oxidation of acetyl groups is coupled to the reduction of hydrogen carriers, liberating carbon dioxide.

• Energy released by oxidation reactions is carried to the cristae of the mitochondria by reduced NAD and FAD.

• Transfer of electrons between carriers in the electron transport chain in the membrane of the cristae is coupled to proton pumping.

• In chemiosmosis protons diffuse through ATP synthase to generate ATP.

• Oxygen is needed to bind with the free protons to maintain the hydrogen gradient, resulting in the formation of water.

• The structure of the mitochondrion is adapted to the function it performs.

Due November 30