Austrians & German States
- Barker, Nancy Nichols. “France, Austria, and the Mexican Venture, 1861–1864.” French Historical Studies 3, no. 2 (1963): 224–245.
- Blackbourn, David, and Geoff Eley. The Peculiarities of German History: Bourgeois Society and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
- Förster, Stig, and Jörg Nagler. On the Road to Total War: The American Civil War and the German Wars of Unification, 1861-1871. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
- Germans in the Civil War: The Letters They Wrote Home. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
- Honeck, Mischa. We Are the Revolutionists: German-Speaking Immigrants & American Abolitionists After 1848. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2011.
- Levine, Bruce C. The Spirit of 1848: German Immigrants, Labor Conflict, and the Coming of the Civil War. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992.