Energy

Light

• recognise that they need light in order to see things and that dark is the absence of light

• notice that light is reflected from surfaces

• recognise that light from the sun can be dangerous and that there are ways to protect their eyes

• recognise that shadows are formed when the light from a light source is blocked by an opaque object

• find patterns in the way that the size of shadows change

• recognise that light appears to travel in straight lines

• use the idea that light travels in straight lines to explain that objects are seen because they give out or reflect light into the eye

• explain that we see things because light travels from light sources to our eyes or from light sources to objects and then to our eyes

• use the idea that light travels in straight lines to explain why shadows have the same shape as the objects that cast them

Sound

• identify how sounds are made, associating some of them with something vibrating

• recognise that vibrations from sounds travel through a medium to the ear

• find patterns between the pitch of a sound and features of the object that produced it

• find patterns between the volume of a sound and the strength of the vibrations that produced it

• recognise that sounds get fainter as the distance from the sound source increases

Electricity

• identify common appliances that run on electricity

• construct a simple series electrical circuit, identifying and naming its basic parts, including cells, wires, bulbs, switches and buzzers

• identify whether or not a lamp will light in a simple series circuit, based on whether or not the lamp is part of a complete loop with a battery

• recognise that a switch opens and closes a circuit and associate this with whether or not a lamp lights in a simple series circuit

• recognise some common conductors and insulators, and associate metals with being good conductors

• associate the brightness of a lamp or the volume of a buzzer with the number and voltage of cells used in the circuit

• compare and give reasons for variations in how components function, including the brightness of bulbs, the loudness of buzzers and the on/off position of switches

• use recognised symbols when representing a simple circuit in a diagram

• use the idea that light from light sources, or reflected light, travels in straight lines and enters our eyes to explain how we see objects and the formation , shape and size of shadows

• use the idea that sounds are associated with vibrations, and that they require a medium to travel through, to explain how sounds are made and heard

• describe the relationship between the pitch of a sound and the features of its source; and between the volume of a sound, the strength of the vibrations and the distance from its source

• use simple apparatus to construct and control a series circuit, and describe how the circuit may be affected when changes are made to it

• use recognised symbols to represent simple series circuit diagrams