Researchers in typology and universals compare the grammars of human languages and attempt to uncover the systematic patterns of their variation and commonality. In addition, these researchers also aim to formulate the universal constraints on language that define these patterns and to seek explanations for them. The research in typology and universals at the Department of English, NTNU, focuses on the comparison among the Formosan languages (such as Amis and Saisiyat) as well as these languages with other languages. in terms of the following topics: word classes, voice system, causative verbs, noun phrase conjunction, pronominal system, and complex sentences.