Elementary
Phonemic Awareness
Phonemic Awareness is the ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds (phonemes) in spoken words.
Phonics
Phonics instruction teaches the relationships between the letters of written language and the sounds of spoken language.
Fluency
Fluency is the ability to read with speed, accuracy, and proper expression.
Vocabulary and Comprehension
Comprehension is the understanding and interpretation of what is read.
Scarborough's Reading Rope
The Reading Rope consists of lower and upper strands. The word-recognition strands (phonological awareness, decoding, and sight recognition of familiar words) work together as the reader becomes accurate, fluent, and increasingly automatic with repetition and practice.