THE CLO5 was comprised of this major topic:

Module 5: Horizontal and Vertical Curves

This module begins with understanding lands’ topography in detail which is essential to accurately compute earthwork volumes. When then proceed to solving for the elements of horizontal or vertical curves in highway or railway.

In this topic, we have a subtopic regarding curvature and refraction, to expound, For long sights and accurate levelling work, the effects of curvature of the earth and refraction of the line of sight shall have to be taken into consideration. Due to curvature, the points appear to be lower than they actually are; while due to refraction, they appear to be higher than they actually are. The effect of curvature being greater than that of refraction, the combined effect causes the points to appear to be lower than they actually are.

Another striking point that I can still ponder would be The level line falls away from the horizontal line of sight and the vertical distance between the horizontal line and the level line denotes the effect of curvature of the earth.

To differentiate the two ideologies, refraction is when the light being observed is bent via one of the many ways light can be refracted, while curvature means that the measurement is not made in a flat surface. For instance, measuring the distance between two points a far distance apart requires correction for the curvature of the earth. The beam of light will travel in a straight line but the distance along the curve will be longer.

Upon learning the basics, I learned that surveying doesn't only be applied in a short basis but for a longer one since it is applied in such industries like engineering, etc. As for this topic, I learned the concept of these two and how it can be applied in different ways.

Unfortunately, there are no classwork assignments nor courseworks tasked to us but based from what I learned, I can easily Solve for the elements of horizontal or vertical curves in highway or railway. As this topic was somehow not covered, at least we get to know the idea regarding solving curvatures and refraction.