5.2 Information Processing

• Describe a simple model of information processing.

  • Why is it a model?

  • What parts does it include?

• Describe Welford’s model of information processing.

  • • sense organs

    • perception

    • short-term memory

    • long-term memory

    • decision-making

    • effector control

    • feedback.

• Outline the components associated with sensory input.

  • • exteroceptors

    • proprioceptors

    • interoceptors

• Explain the signal-detection process.

  • Also called Detection-Comparison-Recognition process (DCR)

    • Background noise

    • Intensity of stimulus

    • Efficiency of the sens organ

    • Early signal detection

    • Improving signal detection

• Distinguish between the characteristics of short-term sensory store, short-term memory and long-term memory.

  • Capacity of each

  • Duration of each

  • Retrieval of each

• Discuss the relationship between selective attention and memory.

  • Where does the SA operate?

  • How is this important in sports?

  • How can we learn this?

• Compare different methods of memory improvement.

  • • rehearsal

    • coding

    • brevity

    • clarity

    • chunking

    • organization

    • association

    • practice.

• Define the term response time.

  • Relationship between response time, reaction time and movement time

• Outline factors that determine response time.

  • What factors- ability, age, gender, etc.

  • What does reaction time include?

  • What is Hick's Law

• Evaluate the concept of the psychological refractory period (PRP).

  • • Single Channel mechanism

    • How PRP helps to explain deception in sports

• Describe a motor programme.

  • • a whole plan (executive programme/motor programme) and subroutines

    • coordination of subroutines

    • relegating executive programmes to subroutines.

• Compare motor programmes from both open- and closed-loop perspectives.

  • Adams' Concept of memory trace

  • Perceptual Trace

• Outline the role of feedback in information-processing models.

  • • intrinsic, extrinsic

    • knowledge of results, knowledge of performance

    • positive, negative

    • concurrent, terminal.

• Outline the role of feedback with the learning process.

  • • reinforcement of learning

    • motivation

    • adaptation of performance

    • punishment.

Describe Welford’s model of information processing in the application of a named sports skill.

Outline the function of interoceptors in sensory input during movement.

Outline three types of sensory receptors.

Explain the signal-detection process.

Explain the signal-detection process (DCR) in a motor skill of your choice.

Explain factors that influence the signal-detection process.

Describe the signal detection process (perception) in the information processing model. Include examples from physical activity.

Distinguish between the short-term memory and long-term memory in terms of capacity and duration.

Using Welford's model of information processing, describe how information enters the short-term memory (STM).

Using an example, explain how selective attention and previous experience influence an athlete's performance.

Discuss the relationship between selective attention and memory for a sports player.

Discuss the relationship between memory and selective attention.

Distinguish between short-term sensory store and short-term memory.

Outline two named methods of memory improvements.

Analyze how rehearsal and organization improve memory in a sporting routine.

Describe how coding, chunking and association can be used to improve memory when learning a new skill.

Outline two methods which can be employed to improve a person's memory.

Using examples from team sports, evaluate the concept of the psychological refractory period (PRP).

Explain how a football player quickly stepping one way then another is using the psychological refractory period (PRP) to gain advantage over a defender.

Explain how a skilled player could use the psychological refractory period (PRP) to their advantage when playing a sport.

Explain the concept of the psychological refractory period (PRP)

Evaluate the concept of the physcological refractory period (PRP). Use a diagram if you wish.

Apply the concept of motor programme to improving performance of a gymnastics routine.

Identify elements you would expect to find in a motor programme for performing the backstroke in swimming.

State two characteristics of a motor programme.

Construct a diagram showing a closed loop motor programme.

Compare motor programmes from both open and closed loop perspectives.

Distinguish between open loop and closed loop motor programmes.

Using sporting examples, discuss motor programmes from open loop and closed loop perspectives.

A 110m hurdler uses closed loop theory. Comment on the closed loop theory as an explanation of how the athlete optimizes their perfomance.

Describe how feedback is used in Welford's model of information processing to affect performance.

Outline six different types of feedback used in sport.

Identify two roles of feedback when learning to shoot in basketball.

For a sport of your choice, distinguish between the sensory input from exteroceptors, proprioceptors and interoceptors.

Using an example, describe how selective attention prevents information overload.

Define motor programme. Apply the concept of motor programme to improving performance of a gymnastics routine.

Using examples from team sports, evaluate the concept of the psychological refractory period (PRP).

Using an example, discuss the effect of experience and memory on selective attention.

Outline the components associated with sensory input that can be used by the figure skater when performing a routine.