4.3 Fundamentals of Biomechanics

• Define the terms force, speed, velocity, displacement,acceleration, momentum and impulse.

• Analyse velocity–time, distance–time and force–time graphs of sporting actions.

• Define the term centre of mass.

• Explain that a change in body position during sporting activities can change the position of the centre of mass.

• Distinguish between first, second and third class levers

• Label anatomical representations of levers.

  • For each of these joints determine the Class Lever and be able to label the effort, load and fulcrum

    • • Triceps-Elbow joint

      • Calf-Ankle joint

      • Biceps-Elbow joint

• Define Newton’s three laws of motion.

• Explain how Newton’s three laws of motion apply to sporting activities.

  • How does newton's 2nd and 3rd Laws enable an athlete to accelerate out of starting blocks

• State the relationship between angular momentum, moment of inertia and angular velocity.

• Explain the concept of angular momentum in relation to sporting activities.

  • Moments of intertia

  • Major Axes of rotation

  • Appreciation of the Law of Conservation of Angular Momentum

• Explain the factors that affect projectile motion at take-off or release.

  • Speed of Release

  • Height of Release

  • Angle of Release

• Outline the Bernoulli principle with respect to projectile motion in sporting activities.

  • Air Flow Velocity

  • AIr Pressure

  • What causes spinning

  • Where is lift

  • Magnus Effect

Distinguish between the position of the centre of mass of a high jumper using the Fosbury flop and the scissor technique.

Outline how the centre of mass can be used to enhance performance in a sport.

Distinguish between first, second and third class levers.

Describe one type of lever at the ankle joint with reference to effort, load and fulcrum.

Apply Newton’s third law of motion when a sprinter starts a race from the blocks.

Explain how newton's law of motion apply to shot put technique.

Using an example, analyze conditions for acceleration.

Explain the application of Newton's three laws of motion to a swimmer as they start a race from the blocks.

Explain how the application of Newton's third law of motion enables an athlete to run uphill.

Explain how Newton's second and third laws of motion enable an athlete to increase his/her running speed?

Using Newton's third law of motion, explain how an athlete accelerates out of the starting blocks in a 100m sprint.

Explain, giving examples, how Newton's three laws of motion could apply to sporting activities

Using a sporting example, predict how a change in radius affects speed of rotation.

Outline the concept of angular momentum occurring in the legs of an athlete sprinting on a track.

Explain the concept of angular momentum during the flight phase of a front somersault.

Describe the concept of angular momentum when a springboard diver is performing a front somersault into the water.

Discuss how the factors that affect projectile motion can influence shot put technique.

Explain how the Bernoulli principle applies to a ball sport.

Using one sport of your choice, analyse how an athlete can influence the projectile motion of a ball.

Apply Newton’s second law of motion to the distance travelled by a golf ball after being struck.

Outline how the Bernoulli principle affects a golf ball in flight.

Explain the concept of angular momentum when a figure skater spins on ice. (arms in vs arms out).

The soccer player David Beckham could bend the path of the ball through the air in order to deceive a goalkeeper and score a goal. Discuss the Bernoulli principle with respect to the ball's flight during a free kick.

Using examples, outline Newton's three laws of motion during a soccer match.