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1. Geophysical systems
1. Geophysical systems
How geological processes give rise to geophysical events of differing type and magnitude
Some vocabulary:
Disaster: A major hazard event that causes widespread disruption to a community or region that the affected community is unable to deal with adequately without outside help.
Hazard: A threat (whether natural or human) that has the potential to cause loss of life, injury, property damage, socio-economic disruption or environmental degradation.
Hazard event: The occurrence (realization) of a hazard, the effects of which change demographic, economic and/or environmental conditions.
Risk: The probability of a hazard event causing harmful consequences (expected losses in terms of deaths, injuries, property damage, economy and environment).
Vulnerability: The susceptibility of a community to a hazard or to the impacts of a hazard event.
Lesson 1: Mechanisms of plate movement including internal heating, convection currents, plumes, subduction and rifting at plate margins
Lesson 1: Mechanisms of plate movement including internal heating, convection currents, plumes, subduction and rifting at plate margins
- The different layers of the earth
- Seafloor spreading
- Convection currents and isostacy
- Subduction zones
Homework:
Read p. 164 to 172 of Nagle and Cooke
Homework:
Read p. 164 to 172 of Nagle and Cooke
To learn more on this subject
To learn more on this subject
Lesson 2: Characteristics of earthquakes
Lesson 2: Characteristics of earthquakes
- depth of focus (hypocenter)
- epicentre
- wave types (P, S, L, R) caused by varying types of plate margin movement and human triggers (dam building, resource extraction)
- associated secondary hazards (tsunami, landslides, liquefaction, transverse faults)
Ground shaking is the primary hazard. Everything else is a secondary hazard, including faults in the ground.
Ground shaking is the primary hazard. Everything else is a secondary hazard, including faults in the ground.
Human triggers: Dam building and resource extraction
Human triggers: Dam building and resource extraction
Lesson 3: Secondary Hazards
Lesson 3: Secondary Hazards
tsunami, landslides, liquefaction
tsunami, landslides, liquefaction
For more information: see this page
Exercise (suggested pages from Bishop)
Exercise (suggested pages from Bishop)
1. Explain the key principles of the Richter scale (43)
1. Explain the key principles of the Richter scale (43)
2. Draw a labeled diagram explaining the following, and include a known, recent example of hazard event.
2. Draw a labeled diagram explaining the following, and include a known, recent example of hazard event.
- ground shaking (44)
- liquefaction (46)
- tsunamis (84)
- landslides caused by earthquakes (p. 46)
- fires caused by earthquakes
Volcanoes:
Volcanoes:
-Characteristics of volcanoes: shield, composite and cinder, formed by varying types of volcanic eruption
-Characteristics of volcanoes: shield, composite and cinder, formed by varying types of volcanic eruption
-Associated secondary hazards (pyroclastic flows, lahars, landslides)
-Associated secondary hazards (pyroclastic flows, lahars, landslides)
Secondary Hazards
Secondary Hazards
Lahars: Also called a volcanic mudflow or debris flow. A mixture of water and volcanic debris that moves rapidly downstream. Consistency can range from that of muddy dishwater to that of wet cement, depending on the ratio of water to debris. They form in a variety of ways, chiefly by the rapid melting of snow and ice by pyroclastic flows, intense rainfall on loose volcanic rock deposits, breakout of a lake dammed by volcanic deposits, and as a consequence of debris avalanches. (source)
Landslides: Gravity-driven slides of masses of rock and loose volcanic material (Bishop)
Homework:
Homework:
Read Nagle and Cooke 172 to 175
Read Nagle and Cooke 172 to 175
Lesson 3
Lesson 3
Classification of mass movement types according to cause (physical and human), liquidity, speed of onset, duration, extent and frequency
Classification of mass movement types according to cause (physical and human), liquidity, speed of onset, duration, extent and frequency
Fatal landslides from 2004-2010
Fatal landslides from 2004-2010
2021
2021
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To learn more about these topics
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