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IB Learning Outcomes
Global geophysical hazard and disaster trends and future projections, including event frequency and population growth estimates
Geophysical hazard adaptation through increased government planning (land use zoning) and personal resilience (increased preparedness, use of insurance and adoption of new technology)
Pre-event management strategies for mass movement (to include slope stabilization), earthquakes and tsunami (to include building design, tsunami defences), volcanoes (to include GPS crater monitoring and lava diversions)
Post-event management strategies (rescue, rehabilitation, reconstruction), to include the enhanced use of communications technologies to map hazards/disasters, locate survivors and promote continuing human development
Lesson 2: Future possibilities for lessening human vulnerability to geophysical hazards
Lesson 2: Future possibilities for lessening human vulnerability to geophysical hazards
Geophysical hazard adaptation through increased government planning (land use zoning) and personal resilience (increased preparedness, use of insurance and adoption of new technology)
Geophysical hazard adaptation through increased government planning (land use zoning) and personal resilience (increased preparedness, use of insurance and adoption of new technology)
Adaptation: Ways in which human activities/actions are altered to take into account the increasing risk of a hazard
Resilience: The ability to protect lives, livelihoods and infrastructure from destruction, and to the ability to recover after a hazard occurred
Geo D4: Geophysical Hazard Adaptation Analyze the effectiveness of land use zoning as a government adaptation strategy Evaluate personal resilience measures including preparedness, insurance, and technology adoption Compare and contrast government vs. individual approaches to hazard adaptation Apply geographical concepts to real-world hazard management scenariosExercise:
Exercise:
Alone or in groups of 2, you will explain one of the following type of adaptation:
Earthquake prediction and early warning systems (government planning)
Volcano prediction and early warning systems (government planning)
Zoning regulations (government planning)
Increased preparedness (personal resilience)
Use of insurance (personal resilience)
Adoption of new technology (personal resilience)
Post-event management strategies enhanced use of communications technologies to map hazards/disasters locate survivors and promote continuing human development
Post-event management strategies enhanced use of communications technologies to map hazards/disasters locate survivors and promote continuing human development
(N&C 209)
(N&C 209)
The importance of communication
The importance of communication
Data/Information collection:
Data/Information collection:
- Mobile devices – GPS, QR codes, survey, both online and offline
- Social media
Planning
Planning
- Prioritize needs
- Use of Geographical Information System (GIS) for suitable location selection for IDP camps or emergency hospitals etc
- Spatial patterns and visualization of damage and needs
Web based national/international information systems
Web based national/international information systems
- Unified data to be used and followed
- Transparency among agencies involved in reconstruction and community
Monitoring
Monitoring
- ICT can be used to aggregate information from multiple sources to facilitate reporting
- See changes before and after event
- General public can use social media to assess and monitor reconstruction outcomes at their location
- Call centers can be effective for directing information on reconstruction to and from the public (national and international)
Exercise:
Exercise:
- Research one of the following ways ICT can help lessening human vulnerability to geophysical hazards.
- Explain the system and how it helps reduce vulnerability in the short, medium and long term
- Give one real world example if when, when and how it was used
Early Warning Systems
ICT enabled monitoring networks (seismic sensors, GPS, satellite imagery) transmitted real-time data to trigger timely warnings, giving people minutes to evacuate before earthquakes, tsunamis, or eruptions.
Hazard Mapping and Risk Assessment
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing created detailed hazard maps to identify vulnerable areas, inform urban planning, and guide infrastructure development.
Information Dissemination
SMS alerts, mobile apps, radio, and social media platforms quickly spread hazard warnings and safety instructions to large populations.
Education and Preparedness Campaigns
Online platforms, interactive simulations, and e-learning resources taught communities about risks and preparedness strategies.
Crisis Communication
ICT provided channels for two-way communication during emergencies, allowing authorities to share updates and citizens to report incidents or request assistance.
Data Collection and Analysis
Real-time data gathered from sensors and citizen reports improved hazard modeling, prediction accuracy, and decision-making.
Emergency Response Coordination
ICT supported coordination among rescue teams, government agencies, and NGOs through digital platforms, ensuring quicker and more efficient response.
Remote Sensing and Drones
Used to assess damage, locate survivors, and monitor hazard zones when areas were inaccessible to humans.
Crowdsourcing and Community Mapping
Platforms like Ushahidi enabled communities to share information on hazard impacts, improving situational awareness for responders.
Resilient Infrastructure Design
ICT-based modeling helped engineers simulate hazard impacts (earthquake shaking, landslide flows) to design safer buildings and infrastructure.
Tsunami Early Warning Systems
Seismic and ocean buoys transmitted real-time data to specialized centers that issued tsunami warnings, giving coastal communities time to evacuate.
J-Alert (Japan’s Nationwide Alert System)
This ICT-based system broadcasted emergency information (such as earthquake or volcanic eruption warnings) instantly via loudspeakers, television, radio, and mobile phones.
Robots
Search-and-rescue robots, drones, and remote-controlled machines entered dangerous zones (collapsed buildings, volcano slopes) to locate survivors and assess conditions where humans could not safely go.
Review
Review
Synthesis (Sy), Evaluation (Ev) and Skills (Sk) opportunities
Synthesis (Sy), Evaluation (Ev) and Skills (Sk) opportunities
How hazard risk is a function of spatial interactions between different human and physical processes [Sy]
The varying spatial scale of the processes and challenges associated with different kinds of geophysical event and their aftermaths [Sy/Ev]
Different perspectives on how geophysical hazard risks should be managed [Ev]
How spatial patterns of risk and vulnerability can be represented graphically [Sk]
Past paper style questions (M11 + Spec)
Past paper style questions (M11 + Spec)
Describe the pattern earthquake hazard risk shown on the map. [4 marks]
Explain the relationship between the magnitude of a hazard event and the frequency of its occurrence. [6 marks]
Analyse why communities may underestimate the probability of a hazard event occurring. [5 marks]
Examine the impacts of one named disaster and possible strategies for preventing its recurrence. [10 marks]
For one or more hazards of your choice, examine how estimates are made for the probability and likely impact of a major hazard event. [10 marks]
Referring to examples, examine why the geographic impacts of disasters vary in space and time. [10 marks]
To learn more about this topic
To learn more about this topic
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