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In his book Ageless Soul, American psychotherapist Thomas Moore presents a "checklist" of ten soul values - elements in our lives that lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence. Although Ageless Soul, subtitled "The Lifelong Journey Toward Meaning and Joy," explores these values in the context of aging, they are applicable at all points in our lives. To me, they represent much of what makes us human and much of what makes life most worth living. Moore's chosen soul values are beauty, contemplation, deeply felt experiences, meaningful relationships, knowledge, a sense of home, art, spiritual peace, community, and relaxation and comfort. You or I may have produced a somewhat different list, but Thomas Moore's list is as good a place to start as any. Other writers and philosophers have also said much about these values. Their thoughts as well as Moore's, complemented by the findings of research studies, are the subject of these Mind & Spirit Soul Values Posts.
In his book Ageless Soul, American psychotherapist Thomas Moore presents a "checklist" of ten soul values - elements in our lives that lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence. Although Ageless Soul, subtitled "The Lifelong Journey Toward Meaning and Joy," explores these values in the context of aging, they are applicable at all points in our lives. To me, they represent much of what makes us human and much of what makes life most worth living. Moore's chosen soul values are beauty, contemplation, deeply felt experiences, meaningful relationships, knowledge, a sense of home, art, spiritual peace, community, and relaxation and comfort. You or I may have produced a somewhat different list, but Thomas Moore's list is as good a place to start as any. Other writers and philosophers have also said much about these values. Their thoughts as well as Moore's, complemented by the findings of research studies, are the subject of these Mind & Spirit Soul Values Posts.
Soul Values: Beauty
Soul Values: Beauty
POSTED NOVEMBER 4, 2020
In his book Ageless Soul, American psychotherapist Thomas Moore presents a "checklist" of ten soul values - elements in our lives that lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence. Although Ageless Soul, subtitled "The Lifelong Journey Toward Meaning and Joy," explores these values in the context of aging, they are applicable at all points in our lives. To me, they represent much of what makes us human and much of what makes life most worth living.
In his book Ageless Soul, American psychotherapist Thomas Moore presents a "checklist" of ten soul values - elements in our lives that lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence. Although Ageless Soul, subtitled "The Lifelong Journey Toward Meaning and Joy," explores these values in the context of aging, they are applicable at all points in our lives. To me, they represent much of what makes us human and much of what makes life most worth living.
Moore's chosen soul values are beauty, contemplation, deeply felt experiences, meaningful relationships, knowledge, a sense of home, art, spiritual peace, community, and relaxation and comfort. You or I may have produced a somewhat different list, but Thomas Moore's list is as good a place to start as any. Other writers and philosophers have also said much about these values. Their thoughts as well as Moore's, complemented by the findings of research studies, will be the subject of the next few Mind & Spirit posts.
Moore's chosen soul values are beauty, contemplation, deeply felt experiences, meaningful relationships, knowledge, a sense of home, art, spiritual peace, community, and relaxation and comfort. You or I may have produced a somewhat different list, but Thomas Moore's list is as good a place to start as any. Other writers and philosophers have also said much about these values. Their thoughts as well as Moore's, complemented by the findings of research studies, will be the subject of the next few Mind & Spirit posts.
Beauty
Beauty
Although physical beauty usually jumps to mind first, "capital-B" Beauty has many forms. Besides physical, Beauty can also be spiritual, artistic, holistic, or that particular form found in the natural world.
Although physical beauty usually jumps to mind first, "capital-B" Beauty has many forms. Besides physical, Beauty can also be spiritual, artistic, holistic, or that particular form found in the natural world.
The Greek philosopher Plato identified Beauty as one of the three primary intrinsic qualities from which all other values are derived - the others being Truth and Goodness. Plato considered these qualities as Absolutes, as Ideals. Western philosophers through the centuries continued to recognize their importance. The three great treatises of the Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant are all about Truth, Goodness, and Beauty.
The Greek philosopher Plato identified Beauty as one of the three primary intrinsic qualities from which all other values are derived - the others being Truth and Goodness. Plato considered these qualities as Absolutes, as Ideals. Western philosophers through the centuries continued to recognize their importance. The three great treatises of the Enlightenment philosopher Immanuel Kant are all about Truth, Goodness, and Beauty.
During the Greek Awakening, the philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras developed a theory that has held sway over the Western concept of physical beauty for centuries. Besides his eponymous geometrical theorem, Pythagoras wrote of how people experience pleasure when aware of a certain type of pattern present in reality, perceivable by sight or through the ear. His followers, the Pythagoreans as well as philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, considered harmonious proportions—often based on mathematical formulas—as an indication of beauty.
During the Greek Awakening, the philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras developed a theory that has held sway over the Western concept of physical beauty for centuries. Besides his eponymous geometrical theorem, Pythagoras wrote of how people experience pleasure when aware of a certain type of pattern present in reality, perceivable by sight or through the ear. His followers, the Pythagoreans as well as philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle, considered harmonious proportions—often based on mathematical formulas—as an indication of beauty.
The Greeks felt that since beauty was dependent on symmetry and proportions, it was a form of order, bringing a philosophical bent to beauty that is "only skin deep."
The Greeks felt that since beauty was dependent on symmetry and proportions, it was a form of order, bringing a philosophical bent to beauty that is "only skin deep."
Twenty-five centuries later, scientists have confirmed some of Pythagoras's ideas for what makes for physical beauty. For example, they found that faces deemed attractive tend to be symmetrical and the preference for symmetry extends even to the animal kingdom.
Twenty-five centuries later, scientists have confirmed some of Pythagoras's ideas for what makes for physical beauty. For example, they found that faces deemed attractive tend to be symmetrical and the preference for symmetry extends even to the animal kingdom.
Some cultures concept of physical beauty include other qualities than those of the Greeks - most notably the Japanese "Wabi-Sabi" - beauty in imperfection. Contrary to ancient Greece's celebration of an idealized perfect beauty, Japan's aesthetic sensibility finds beauty in imperfection.
Some cultures concept of physical beauty include other qualities than those of the Greeks - most notably the Japanese "Wabi-Sabi" - beauty in imperfection. Contrary to ancient Greece's celebration of an idealized perfect beauty, Japan's aesthetic sensibility finds beauty in imperfection.
Wabi-sabi represents a Japanese world view centered on the acceptance of transience and imperfection. The aesthetic is sometimes described as one of beauty that is “imperfect, impermanent, and incomplete”. It is a concept derived from the Buddhist teaching of the three marks of existence, specifically impermanence, suffering, and emptiness.
Wabi-sabi represents a Japanese world view centered on the acceptance of transience and imperfection. The aesthetic is sometimes described as one of beauty that is “imperfect, impermanent, and incomplete”. It is a concept derived from the Buddhist teaching of the three marks of existence, specifically impermanence, suffering, and emptiness.
Characteristics of the wabi-sabi aesthetic include "asymmetry, asperity (roughness or irregularity), simplicity, economy, austerity, modesty, intimacy, and appreciation of the ingenuous integrity of natural objects and processes." [1]
Characteristics of the wabi-sabi aesthetic include "asymmetry, asperity (roughness or irregularity), simplicity, economy, austerity, modesty, intimacy, and appreciation of the ingenuous integrity of natural objects and processes." [1]
Even in the Western tradition, beauty does not always correspond to the Greek ideal. Mark Greif, basing his thoughts on aesthetics on Flaubert, states that one approach to beauty might be "to view every object as you would a work of art." Look closely at everything you encounter - experience each thing to its fullest, allowing it to stimulate desire, wonder, awe. Quoting Flaubert: "For anything to become interesting you simply have to look at it for a long time."
Even in the Western tradition, beauty does not always correspond to the Greek ideal. Mark Greif, basing his thoughts on aesthetics on Flaubert, states that one approach to beauty might be "to view every object as you would a work of art." Look closely at everything you encounter - experience each thing to its fullest, allowing it to stimulate desire, wonder, awe. Quoting Flaubert: "For anything to become interesting you simply have to look at it for a long time."
Some speak of a person's inner beauty. These are the "good souls" we often encounter in our families as well as in our day-to-day lives. This inner beauty often overwhelms a person's mere physical appearance. For a musical interpretation of this holistic beauty, listen to Melanie celebrate the "beautiful people" in her 1969 hit song. As similarly expressed in Ray Stevens' "Everything is Beautiful" from 1970, they are everywhere. [both in sidebar]
Some speak of a person's inner beauty. These are the "good souls" we often encounter in our families as well as in our day-to-day lives. This inner beauty often overwhelms a person's mere physical appearance. For a musical interpretation of this holistic beauty, listen to Melanie celebrate the "beautiful people" in her 1969 hit song. As similarly expressed in Ray Stevens' "Everything is Beautiful" from 1970, they are everywhere. [both in sidebar]
Beauty in nature has a particularly beneficial effect on the human psyche. Sunsets, sunrises, walks in a forest, flower gardens, starry skies, snow covered mountains - the list is endless.
Beauty in nature has a particularly beneficial effect on the human psyche. Sunsets, sunrises, walks in a forest, flower gardens, starry skies, snow covered mountains - the list is endless.
Humankind has revered and celebrated nature as well as our unity with it for millennia. I've explored this in several earlier posts. The link to one of my favorites is in the sidebar.
Humankind has revered and celebrated nature as well as our unity with it for millennia. I've explored this in several earlier posts. The link to one of my favorites is in the sidebar.
The Discus Thrower
The Discus Thrower
A Wabi-Sabi Cottage
A Wabi-Sabi Cottage
Soul Values: Contemplation
Soul Values: Contemplation
POSTED NOVEMBER 13, 2020
In his book Ageless Soul, American psychotherapist Thomas Moore presents a "checklist" of ten soul values - elements in our lives that lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence. Although Ageless Soul, subtitled "The Lifelong Journey Toward Meaning and Joy," explores these values in the context of aging, they are applicable at all points in our lives. To me, they represent much of what makes us human and much of what makes life most worth living.
In his book Ageless Soul, American psychotherapist Thomas Moore presents a "checklist" of ten soul values - elements in our lives that lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence. Although Ageless Soul, subtitled "The Lifelong Journey Toward Meaning and Joy," explores these values in the context of aging, they are applicable at all points in our lives. To me, they represent much of what makes us human and much of what makes life most worth living.
Thomas Moore's list of soul values contains several that are closely related to each other. One such set is the trio of contemplation, knowledge and rest and relaxation. Contemplation is taking time to think deeply about something, to reflect thoughtfully on an idea, an experience, something we read, something we saw. Rest and relaxation – having time to ourselves – is a great aid to contemplation, and knowledge – particularly self-knowledge - may be one of the results.
Thomas Moore's list of soul values contains several that are closely related to each other. One such set is the trio of contemplation, knowledge and rest and relaxation. Contemplation is taking time to think deeply about something, to reflect thoughtfully on an idea, an experience, something we read, something we saw. Rest and relaxation – having time to ourselves – is a great aid to contemplation, and knowledge – particularly self-knowledge - may be one of the results.
Thomas Moore was a Catholic monk for a number of years so it is not surprising that contemplation makes it to the number two spot on his checklist. A hectic, multi-tasking, information-bombarding world is a difficult place to cultivate its practice. Moore writes that “we live in a highly extroverted society that interprets life in terms of external events and objects. Our capacity for reflection is diminishing day by day.”
Thomas Moore was a Catholic monk for a number of years so it is not surprising that contemplation makes it to the number two spot on his checklist. A hectic, multi-tasking, information-bombarding world is a difficult place to cultivate its practice. Moore writes that “we live in a highly extroverted society that interprets life in terms of external events and objects. Our capacity for reflection is diminishing day by day.”
Socrates said, "The unexamined life is not worth living." Contemplation is a way of examining our lives, and Moore has some suggestions how we can integrate it into our daily routine in today's world.
Socrates said, "The unexamined life is not worth living." Contemplation is a way of examining our lives, and Moore has some suggestions how we can integrate it into our daily routine in today's world.
For Moore, contemplation does not necessarily require pure quiet but "can be evoked in deep and pleasurable conversation, relaxing, reading” and even while listening to thoughtful analyses of world events and cultural developments.
For Moore, contemplation does not necessarily require pure quiet but "can be evoked in deep and pleasurable conversation, relaxing, reading” and even while listening to thoughtful analyses of world events and cultural developments.
For a person caught up in everyday modern life, a first stage of reflection or contemplation might start by “reading or listening to someone else offer an understanding of events. You listen or read and make those ideas your own in your own way.”
For a person caught up in everyday modern life, a first stage of reflection or contemplation might start by “reading or listening to someone else offer an understanding of events. You listen or read and make those ideas your own in your own way.”
The second stage might then be conversation, speaking with “people who have something worthwhile to say and with whom you enjoy speaking.”
The second stage might then be conversation, speaking with “people who have something worthwhile to say and with whom you enjoy speaking.”
A third stage “is to find some mode in which you can express yourself. It could be writing of various forms – journals, poems, essays, fiction...videos or audio programs...a letter to a friend.”
A third stage “is to find some mode in which you can express yourself. It could be writing of various forms – journals, poems, essays, fiction...videos or audio programs...a letter to a friend.”
If you do have some quiet time, reading is a good starting point for reflection and contemplation. I often begin my day with a few passages from Marcus Aurelius's Meditations, the Stoic philosopher-emperor's reflections on life and how to live a good one. Also recommended are the works of Alan Watts, such as The Wisdom of Insecurity.
If you do have some quiet time, reading is a good starting point for reflection and contemplation. I often begin my day with a few passages from Marcus Aurelius's Meditations, the Stoic philosopher-emperor's reflections on life and how to live a good one. Also recommended are the works of Alan Watts, such as The Wisdom of Insecurity.
Thomas Moore suggests a number of works, among them:
Thomas Moore suggests a number of works, among them:
-Tao Te Ching: the “beautiful text from China that promotes naturalness and an absence of striving and effort.”
-Tao Te Ching: the “beautiful text from China that promotes naturalness and an absence of striving and effort.”
-The Odyssey: “This is a sacred story of a man's initiation into life while he is on his way home...This [homecoming] is the longing to feel at home in the world – finally. It involves encounters with deep mysteries like illness and love, and encounters with the dead. It's a soul journey where the point is the discovery of who you are.”
-The Odyssey: “This is a sacred story of a man's initiation into life while he is on his way home...This [homecoming] is the longing to feel at home in the world – finally. It involves encounters with deep mysteries like illness and love, and encounters with the dead. It's a soul journey where the point is the discovery of who you are.”
-The Book of Genesis is a “beautiful story of beginnings, but it has been read far too literally for centuries.” Moore suggests “finding a good, recent translation and commentary” Another creation story, one of Thomas Moore's favorites is from the Hopi in the book Finding the Center by Dennis Tedlock.
-The Book of Genesis is a “beautiful story of beginnings, but it has been read far too literally for centuries.” Moore suggests “finding a good, recent translation and commentary” Another creation story, one of Thomas Moore's favorites is from the Hopi in the book Finding the Center by Dennis Tedlock.
-Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind – a “stellar collection” of Shunryu Suzuki's talks from his years at the San Francisco Zen Center.
-Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind – a “stellar collection” of Shunryu Suzuki's talks from his years at the San Francisco Zen Center.
Finally, many of the posts here at “Mind & Spirit” could also serve as a jumping off point for contemplation and reflection if you are looking for a place to begin. The sidebar has links to some of these.
Finally, many of the posts here at “Mind & Spirit” could also serve as a jumping off point for contemplation and reflection if you are looking for a place to begin. The sidebar has links to some of these.
Selected Mind & Spirit Posts
Selected Mind & Spirit Posts
The Tao Te Ching and positive psychology on "flow"
David Foster Wallace delivers the greatest commencement speech of all-time
Soul Values: Community
Soul Values: Community
POSTED NOVEMBER 24, 2020
Community is another of Thomas Moore's “soul values” discussed in his book Ageless Soul, relevant today in a time of pandemic. In addition to the terrible toll in lives, the pandemic has uniquely challenged the ability of almost everyone on the planet to experience this most important and beneficial value.
It's been more than three millennia since the author of the Book of Genesis observed, “It is not good for man to be alone.” The pandemic with its stretches of isolation and its social distancing have made us appreciate again the importance of connection, relationships and physical touch. Besides the phone call or the letter, we've had to find and enjoy community in unconventional ways – whether it be a family Skype call, a weekly Zoom meeting, a virtual birthday or graduation, or “going live” on social media to connect with others.
The mental and physical benefits of connection are well-known. Where isolation and loneliness can raise stress levels, physical touch and even just expressing feelings of love and affection are powerful stress-reducers. Susan Zinn, blogging at PsychCentral, writes:
“Individuals who regularly express love do not produce as much stress hormone, and their blood pressure is lower during moments of stress. Highly affectionate people have an easier time with stress than do their less affectionate counterparts. Additionally, when affection and love are expressed, it can lower the receiver’s stress hormones and strengthen their immune system.” [1]
At some point in the not too distant future, things will get back to normal and we will be able to better realize and express our feelings of “community” and connection.
Thomas Moore devotes an entire chapter of his book Ageless Soul to friendship and community. After discussing the importance and advantages of friendship, he relates how anthropologists sometimes use the Latin word communitas* to “put a spin on the idea of community.” In contrast to a common use of the term, Moore posits that community, communitas, is not “a collection of people who think alike or even have a strictly common purpose.” Rather he sees it in a different light:
“The joy of community [comes] in the simple pleasure of being together with people who have sublime values, who want to share their talents, and who love humanity, the ultimate community that embraces the others....
“Communitas...refers to a gathering of people who are so varied in their makeup - multifaceted, diverse, free, and articulate – that they can be open with others, too...a depp orientation toward life that is not tightly bordered by a rigid and anxious sense of self...
“Communitas has an outward orientation. Its gesture is an extended arm ready to shake a hand or embrace a body...”
As for humanity, that “ultimate community” that embraces all the other communities, I'll close with the thoughts of one of the heroes of my youth, the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. At the heart of King's philosophy is the goal of establishing the “Beloved Community.” This “Beloved Community” is akin to the biblical “Kingdom of God” - not as some future rapturous state but as a goal achievable by a critical mass of committed people across the world.
"Beloved Community is a global vision, in which all people can share in the wealth of the earth. In the Beloved Community, poverty, hunger and homelessness will not be tolerated because international standards of human decency will not allow it. Racism and all forms of discrimination, bigotry and prejudice will be replaced by an all-inclusive spirit of sisterhood and brotherhood. In the Beloved Community, international disputes will be resolved by peaceful conflict-resolution and reconciliation of adversaries, not military power.” [2]
Notes: *”The word community is derived from from the Latin communitas, fellowship, which, in turn, is derived from communis, or 'common'. The prefix com signifies 'with, together, in conjunction, joint'. Removing the com from the Latin, leaves you with munis, which derives from munire , meaning 'to fortify, strengthen, or defend'.” [3] So “stronger together” would be a good approximation of the Latin root.
References: [1] psychcentral.com [2] The King Center [3] documentroot.com
Soul Values: Art
Soul Values: Art
POSTED JANUARY 3, 2021
In his book Ageless Soul, American psychotherapist Thomas Moore presents a "checklist" of ten soul values - elements in our lives that lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence. Although Ageless Soul, subtitled "The Lifelong Journey Toward Meaning and Joy," explores these values in the context of aging, they are applicable at all points in our lives. To me, they represent much of what makes us human and much of what makes life most worth living.
Moore's chosen soul values are beauty, contemplation, deeply felt experiences, meaningful relationships, knowledge, a sense of home, art, spiritual peace, community, and relaxation and comfort. You or I may have produced a somewhat different list, but Thomas Moore's list is as good a place to start as any. Other writers and philosophers have also said much about these values. Their thoughts as well as Moore's on the soul value of Art is the subject of this Mind & Spirit post.
Moore's soul value of Art encompasses all arts, all creative pursuits. Both the appreciation and the practice of Art can be part of more soulful living.
Art is closely related to two other of Moore's soul values already discussed - Beauty and Contemplation. Much of our enjoyment of art comes from a recognition of the beauty of a work, and oftentimes we have deeper insights into ourselves when we experience great art. The production of art - whether it be a painting, playing an instrument, writing a poem, to name a few - is one of the most creative things that a person can do.
In Art as Therapy, philosopher Alain de Botton and art historian John Armstrong examine "art’s most intimate purpose": its ability to mediate our psychological shortcomings and assuage our anxieties about imperfection. The authors outline seven core psychological functions of art: remembering, hope, sorrow, rebalancing, self-understanding, growth and appreciation.
Right: Johannes Vermeer "Woman in Blue Reading a Letter" (1663) (Remembering)
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Neurologist and author of "Musicophilia: Tales of Music and the Brain", Dr. Oliver Sacks relates how on the fifth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, he witnessed the power of music to heal and comfort. On his morning bike ride near the tip of Manhattan, he "joined a silent crowd who sat gazing out to sea and listening to a young man playing Bach’s Chaconne in D on his violin. When the music ended and the crowd quietly dispersed, it was clear that the music had brought them some profound consolation, in a way that no words could ever have done."
Right: Bach's Chaconne in D (Sorrow)
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"If you're interested in aging with soul...you read the humanities, fiction, and non-fiction that raises and deepens your thoughts. Too often we put unnecessary boundaries around what we consider sacred. I especially like the poems of Wallace Stevens, D.H. Lawrence, and Emily Dickinson to supplement the classic sacred texts." - Thomas Moore
"Literature, music and painting, to mention only a few of the arts, nurture the soul and shift your focus to archetypal and eternal matters, the foundations of life." - Thomas Moore
Playing music can relieve stress or anger or undo a mental block. Both Ruth Bader Ginsberg and Albert Einstein played musical instruments. Ginsberg would play the piano or cello to "distract from whatever useless emotion I was feeling." Einstein would pick up his violin or play the piano when he was working out one of his theories.
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Thomas Moore relates how his friend Hugh Van Dusen in his retirement found more time to paint and quilt and enjoy time with his wife, making "what were formerly avocations into vocations." He had a way pf making beauty while being reflective." For Hugh, quilt-making and painting had become forms of meditation.
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From Art as Therapy:
"The dancers in Matisse’s painting are not in denial of the troubles of this planet, but from the standpoint of our imperfect and conflicted — but ordinary — relationship with reality, we can look to their attitude for encouragement. They put us in touch with a blithe, carefree part of ourselves that can help us cope with inevitable rejections and humiliations. The picture does not suggest that all is well, any more than it suggests that women always delight in each other’s existence and bond together in mutually supportive networks."
Left: Matisse "Dance" (1910) (Hope) and link to Maria Popova post
Soul Values: a Sense of Home
Soul Values: a Sense of Home
POSTED AUG 3, 2021
Thomas Moore lists a sense of home as one of his ten "soul values"* - elements in our lives that add to our contentment and happiness and help us lead a more fulfilling and meaningful existence. "Home" means safety, acceptance, peace, sanctuary, and a private space. Having a sense of home is more than having a place to live. While various locales can give us this sense of home, it is better thought of as a psychological state, one that we carry within ourselves.
Safety is a basic evolutionary need. A species cannot survive without developing skills at staying free from harm. The "fight or flight" response is still engrained in us. Situations that we deem threatening cause stress, whether these situations actually represent a physical danger or not.
The trope "Home is where you go and they have to let you in" relates to acceptance. If we have a sense of home, we feel accepted. Those who give us this feeling are non-judgmental, accepting us for who we are. In turn, it is important that we extend this acceptance to others. Acceptance is a first step towards love, or, in Dostoevsky's words, "To love someone means to see him as God intended."
With safety and acceptance, one can feel at peace with oneself. Psychologist Rick Hanson of the Greater Good Center at UC-Berkeley considers this the natural state for a person when the mind is not disturbed by threat, frustration, or rejection. Hanson calls this the Responsive mode of living - "a sustainable equilibrium in which the body refuels and repairs itself and the mind feels peaceful, happy, and loving...It is our home base, which is wonderful news. We are still engaged with the world, still participating with pleasure and passion, but on the basis of a background sense of safety, sufficiency, and connection." [1]
Sanctuary originally meant a sacred place. The word is derived from sanctus, Latin for holy. Since the time of the ancient Israelites' Holy of Holies, it has meant the most sacred of places. The connection of sanctuary with religion continued through the ages, and Christian religious services are held in the portion of the church called the sanctuary. The transition of sanctuary to mean a place of refuge began in the time of the Roman Emperor Constantine, who declared that fugitives or debtors enjoyed immunity from arrest in certain churches. Constantine's decree continued to be upheld by medieval Church law. By the mid sixteenth century, sanctuary took on a more general, non-religious, meaning as a place of refuge or protection; and from the late 19th century as "land set aside for wild plants or animals to breed and live". [2]
A sense of home provides us with sanctuary - a place where we can retreat from the troubles of the world, a holy or sacred space in which we can re-nourish our being, our souls. The pandemic forced us into our homes for prolonged periods, and bloggers proposed ways to make this enforced isolation less stressful . Along with "dedicated workspaces" and other pandemic-related suggestions, PsychCentral 's post on turning your home into a sanctuary [link below right] provides some tips useful for anytime, not just during a pandemic: add meaningful touches, create a sense-based space rooted in what pleases you, bring the outdoors in, create a Zen-zone, conduct 5-minute decluttering sessions, etc.
Having a private space where we can be ourselves, relax, and do the things we love is another aspect of home. Few of us have the luxury of a "man cave" or a "she shed", but there are other ways to find this private space. For example, PsychCentral's Zen-zone ("the specific spot in your home solely for relaxation that helps you cultivate a habit of relaxation") can be anywhere— "your spare bedroom, bathroom, walk-in closet, balcony, or screened-in porch."
Rick Hanson writes, "As soon as you have a sense of home . . . you are home! Because body and mind are inclined toward the Responsive mode, any sense of ease in the body or feeling of calm, contentment, or caring in the mind will start activating some Responsive circuits in your brain...Your body and mind want to come home: that’s where energy is conserved for the marathon of life, where learning is consolidated, where resources are built rather than expended, and where pains and traumas are healed." Hanson suggests we practice feeling at home in our bodies, our senses, our actions, adding ""Be at home here, wherever you are...Be at home in this moment, right now...Be at home in life...Be at home in this universe...If it is meaningful for you, be at home in your personal sense of Whatever may transcend the material universe." [1 and link below left]
Note: *The complete list of Moore's ten Soul Values is in the header of the Mind and Spirit page.
Sources: [1] Psychology Today [2] Online Etymology Dictionary
Soul Values: Peace of Mind and Spirit
Soul Values: Peace of Mind and Spirit
POSTED JANUARY 13, 2022
In the Catholic Mass, there is a section of the liturgy during which the participants bless each other with the words, “Peace be with you.” I can't think of a nicer wish for any human being than to wish them peace, and these days we all could use some peace of mind and peace of spirit.
Troubling times often afflict humanity. Troubling thoughts affect all of us at times. When our reactions to these troubling times and thoughts are not grounded in the present, we cannot fully enjoy life and can even develop pathologies.
If we dwell too much in the past, we may experience guilt over actions taken, regret over paths not followed, anger over long-ago wrongs or recent hurts.
Being overly concerned about the future can lead to anxiety and fear. In some people, these emotions become crippling. In their extreme state, they can cause depression.
Pondering the past and fearing the future are part of the human condition. The great Scottish poet Robert Burns alluded to this in his poem "To a Mouse".[below right] Burns was plowing his land when he turned up a mouse nest. Upset that he had frightened the creature and wrecked her home, he apologizes that "Man’s dominion has broken Nature’s social union." Winter is coming on and the mouse has just had all her careful preparation ruined. After making his famous observation that the best laid plans of mice and men often go awry, Burns concludes his poem to the mouse:
"Still thou are blest, compared wi’ me!
The present only toucheth thee:
But Och! I backward cast my e’e,
On prospects drear!
An’ forward, tho’ I cannot see,
I guess an’ fear!"
Regrets
The original Biblical meaning of sin is “to miss the mark.” Other than a blessed few, we all miss the mark at times. I don't know who first said it, but there is a saying that we are not punished for our sins, rather we are punished by them.
Remorse and guilt over past actions are not high on most people's lists these days, and that is, generally, a good thing. But there are times that our actions call for “making things right” and we need to have the humility (another word not much in use these days) to admit we have been wrong. “Love means never having to say you're sorry” is a famous, but wrong-headed, line from the 1970 movie Love Story. If “missing the mark” results in our hurting another person, admitting you have wronged them could be the first step towards repairing your relationship. Hopefully, that person will accept your apology, but even if he does not, you have made a sincere effort to repair the damage.
Anger directed at someone who wronged us in the past, blaming another for our current situation, holding a grudge or even hating that person - all take energy away from living in the present. Two thousand years after Jesus noted the power and necessity for forgiveness, Don Henley of the Eagles wrote the song “The Heart of the Matter” about how anger eats you up inside and that the heart of the matter is all about forgiveness. [sidebar]
Besides forgiving others and asking their forgiveness, we also need to forgive ourselves for perceived missed opportunities. “The road not taken” can be a source of regret, another life-sapping emotion that takes away from our living a full life. What's done is done. If some action can be taken to make a course correction, then we need the courage to do it. If nothing can be done, we need to learn from the experience and move on.
Worries
Concerned about what the future holds, we can miss out on enjoying the life right here in front of us in the present. Anxiety is a common condition, experienced by many. Change, perceived and real threats, uncertainty - all can trigger the emotion. In the worst cases, anxiety can cause a panic attack. That we live in an "Age of Anxiety" [sidebar] makes the condition all the more common.
Marcus Aurelius and Albert Camus on courage and hope in troubling times
Hope and courage in troubling times redux
The Stoics maintained that it is not the external event or condition that distresses us, but rather our internal reaction to it. Control the reaction and we remove the anxiety. Understand too that change, one of the causes of anxiety, is the natural way of the universe or, in the words of one of our modern-day philosophers, "Everything passes, everything changes, just do what you think you should do."*
If you can't abide the Stoics' advice quite yet, increased sunshine, warm baths, moderate tea drinking, reduced caffeine and alcohol consumption and exercise are among the natural treatments for anxiety. [right]
Focusing on the present is another good way to address anxiety. Below right is a 10-minute guided meditation f0r anxiety.
Remember too: we can be that peace for others. I can do no better than to close with the beautiful Simon & Garfunkel song, "Bridge Over Troubled Waters." It kind of says it all.
*The words are from Bob Dylan's song "To Ramona".
The Age of Anxiety
The Age of Anxiety
We live in the "Age of Anxiety." The term was first applied to WWI and its aftermath. It is also the title of a book-length poem by W.H. Auden, published in 1947 and the inspiration for Leonard Bernstein's Symphony No. 2.
Later expanded to include the entire 20th century, the Age of Anxiety is still a relevant description of the world today. Rapid societal change is disruptive. Existential threats such as nuclear war, pandemics, and environmental magnify personal concerns.
Soul Values: Deeply Felt Experiences
Soul Values: Deeply Felt Experiences
POSTED FEBRUARY 23, 2024
Thomas Moore is a psychotherapist, former Catholic monk, a lecturer and writer of popular spiritual books, including the best-selling Care of the Soul: a guide to cultivating depth and sacredness in everyday life. The Living Spiritual Teachers Project calls him a "pioneer explorer of the sacred art of soulful living."
Soul, for Thomas Moore, "is not a thing but a quality or dimension of experiencing life and ourselves. It has to do with depth, value, relatedness, heart and personal substance." It is our "eternal unchanging self", the seat of the emotions and the hub of our lives.
In his book Ageless Soul, Moore presents ten "soul values" - elements in our lives that lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence, a set of values of great importance to the "deeper soul." Although Ageless Soul explores these values in the context of aging and retirement, they are applicable at all points in life. To me, they represent much of what makes us human and much of what makes life most worth living.
Moore's chosen soul values are Beauty, Contemplation, Deeply Felt Experiences, Meaningful Relationships, Knowledge, A Sense of Home, Art, Spiritual Peace, Community, and Relaxation and Comfort. You or I may have produced a somewhat different list, but his list is as good a place to start as any. Other writers and philosophers have also said much about these values. Their thoughts as well as Moore's, complemented by the findings of research studies, are the subject of the Mind & Spirit Soul Values Posts. I've previously posted on several of the soul values, and you can find the posts here.
In this post, we take a look at Deeply Felt Experiences. Deeply felt experiences are one of the paths to personal growth, to becoming the true you. Moore writes, "Deeply felt experiences are the ones that make a difference in our lives. They are the ones that shape us and give us direction. They are the ones that make us feel alive and connected to ourselves and others. They are the ones that nourish our soul and make us ageless."
From the earliest myths and literature of Greece and Rome through the findings of today's psychotherapists and psychologists, Western thinkers have seen meaningful experiences, even painful ones, as steps to personal growth.
Among the many ancient myths and stories that illustrate this are the Twelve Labors of Hercules, Prometheus' Gift of Fire, and, most prominently, The Odyssey, the epic poem that tells of Odysseus' 10 year journey home after the Trojan War. [sidebar]
We may not be faced with impossible tasks like Hercules or tortured for an act of compassion and courage like Prometheus or separated from our loved ones for decades like Odysseus. But whenever we encounter difficult challenges, even if we do not succeed, we grow and we learn. Nelson Mandela's statement, “I never lose. I either win or learn” is not as well-known as Nietzsche's "That which does not kill us makes us stronger", but both make valid points. Even if we don't meet the challenge, if we give it our all, we become stronger and if we acknowledge our mistakes, we learn and become wiser.
Throughout our less mythic and heroic lives, certain events and experiences impact us so greatly that they change the course of our lives...the birth of a child, a serious illness, a close brush with death, a new relationship, the passing of a close relative or friend, even an important event in society. Thomas Moore writes, "When you open yourself to a transformative experience, whether it seems positive or negative, your soul blossoms."
"Opening yourself" is the key operative phrase. Take in the experience without judgement and see what it tells you about life, the world, and yourself. Be totally present. In his essay "On the Concept of Experience", Mark Greif proposes two approaches that can help us be open to experience: what he calls aestheticism and perfectionism. The writers Gustave Flaubert (Madame Bovary) and Henry David Thoreau are given as the respective examples.
Greif's definition of aestheticism, based on Flaubert, is "to view every object as you would a work of art." Look closely at everything you encounter - experience each thing to its fullest, allowing it to stimulate desire, wonder, awe. Quoting Flaubert: "For anything to become interesting you simply have to look at it for a long time."
"Perfectionism...charges the self with weighing and choosing every aspect of its way of living." In Thoreau's words, "live deliberately." Rather than looking at every thing and every one as a work of art, perfectionism looks at the world and people as examples, "which state simply the way of life they incarnate." Experience how they speak to you and, if "you are called to change your life by any example, and your self responds - you must change your life. And once you change, change again."
Psychological research studies have shown that deeply felt experiences can boost our happiness and enhance the meaningfulness of our lives. In addition, certain experiences have other specific benefits.
Experiences that foster personal growth, such as challenging oneself, learning new skills, or overcoming adversity, can enhance ego development, which is the level of complexity and integration of one’s personality.
Experiences that promote positive social relationships, such as spending time with friends and family, expressing gratitude, or helping others, can boost subjective well-being, which is the overall evaluation of one’s life satisfaction and emotional state.
Experiences that align with one’s values, interests, and strengths, such as pursuing one’s passions, expressing one’s creativity, or achieving one’s goals, can increase psychological well-being, which is the degree of self-acceptance, autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations, and purpose in life.
At the summit of deeply felt experience is the "peak experience" described by the pioneering humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow. His Hierarchy of Needs is one of the most famous theories in psychology. [link in sidebar]
Maslow saw peak experience as characteristic of a self-actualizing person - one on the way to achieving his full potential as a human being. These "short bursts of ecstatic joy" come when you are living your potential, making the moment to moment choices that lead to progress and during creative, athletic, or spiritual experiences. Highly self-actualized persons experience these moments more frequently.
Maslow suggested that one of the best ways to think of peak experiences is to think of the most wonderful experiences of your life—those moments of ecstasy and complete and utter happiness like being in love. A peak experience may also occur when you come to deep realization about the nature of Mankind or the nature of reality, when you are in a creative moment, when a particular creative work strikes an emotional chord inside of you - a sense of "being hit"; moments in nature or during intimate moments with family or friends; achieving an important goal; when an individual helps another person in need or after overcoming some type of adversity.
Self-actualization, peak experiences, and the farther reaches of human nature (WITW, 2/11/21)
Sources: Ageless Soul, Spirituality and Practice, Wikipedia, SparkNotes , cliffsnotes.com, theconversation.com, umsystem.edu, Ryff & Singer, 2008; Bauer & McAdams, 2010
Hercules
Hercules had to perform twelve impossible tasks as a punishment for killing his own family in a fit of madness. He met all the challenges set before him. Skinning an invincible lion, cleaning up the Augean stables, wrestling the Cretan bull to the ground, kidnapping the three-dog-headed beast that guards the entrance to Hades - Hercules did whatever it took. Through his trials, he learned to overcome his weaknesses, control his anger, and use his strength for good.
Prometheus
Prometheus too was punished by the gods - not for murder but for giving mankind fire, enabling them to progress in civilization and culture. He was punished by Zeus, who chained him to a rock and sent an eagle to eat his liver every day. In spite of his torment, Prometheus never regretted his decision to gift mankind with fire. His compassion, courage and sacrifice overshadowed it all.
The Odyssey
The most renowned work of ancient Greek literature tells the story of a quest with lessons about both the passage through life and the importance of home and family. The Odyssey, whose title has come to mean journey, is the story of Odysseus' ten-year voyage home after the ten-year Trojan War. As he travels homeward, Odysseus faces numerous challenges. From each experience, he gains valuable knowledge. From the Lotus Eaters, Odysseus learns to not be distracted from duty and family; from Polyphemus, to restrain his pride and arrogance; from the prophet Teresias, to seek knowledge that will help him complete the journey; and so on.
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow believed that people have an inborn desire to be self-actualized, that is, to be all they can be. To achieve this ultimate goal, however, a number of more basic needs must be met. This includes the need for food, safety, love, and self-esteem. He believed that these needs are similar to instincts and play a major role in motivating behavior. There are five different levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, starting at the lowest level known as physiological needs and ending at a highest level known as self-actualization.
Soul Values: Meaningful Relationships
Soul Values: Meaningful Relationships
POSTED MARCH 12, 2024
In his book Ageless Soul, Thomas Moore presents ten "soul values" - elements in our lives that lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence, a set of values of great importance to the "deeper soul." To me, they represent much of what makes us human and much of what makes life most worth living. We continue our exploration of Thomas Moore's soul values with a look at what Moore and others have to say about Meaningful Relationships.
Along with our values and beliefs, our relationships with others are what make us, "us". We exist in relation to others. The quality of these relationships affect our psychological, emotional, spiritual and even physical well-being. Research has found that adult friendships, especially high-quality ones that provide social support and companionship, significantly predict well-being and can protect against mental health issues such as depression and anxiety. [sidebar]
Given the importance of relationships, how do we best nurture them?
One of the most profound descriptions of a meaningful relationship comes from the philosopher and theologian Martin Buber, who named this ideal relationship "the 'I-Thou' relationship". The eponymously titled book, I and Thou, is a landmark in 20th century intellectual history as well as one of the most important books of Western theology. In it, Buber explores "how to master the orientation of heart, mind, and spirit essential for the art of sincere and honorable relationship." First published in 1923, I and Thou unites German existentialism with the Judeo-Christian tradition. I and Thou forms the foundation of Buber’s influential philosophy of dialogue, and the distinction Buber makes between treating people as subjects (I-Thou) and treating them as objects (I-It) is a test of whether an action is morally right or wrong.
In the "I-Thou" mode, we encounter another individual truly as a person, not merely as an object for our use. We recognize their inherent dignity, unique existence, and complexities. When we engage in an I–Thou relationship, we honor the other’s reality and meet them on their own terms. It’s a profound connection where both parties are fully present and acknowledged.
In contrast, "I-It" relationships are those in which we use the other, like an object, to solve our problems and fulfill our needs and purposes. Here, people become means to an end, reduced to objects that serve our purposes. The focus is on utility rather than genuine understanding or recognition.
To sum up: If you want to build a meaningful relationship, treat the other as a Thou.
Thomas Moore is a psychotherapist. In Ageless Soul, he discusses a number of the obstacles to forming and maintaining a good relationship (anger, passive aggressive behavior, jealousy, envy) and delves into why it is often difficult to have a harmonious relationship. He points out that:
Human beings are not moved by reasonable motives but by "unsettled emotions", by the "unconscious";
We are all "mysterious creatures of infinite depth" who do not know our own motives let alone those of another person;
Much of our behavior is influenced by past and often very early childhood experiences and that these remain within us throughout our lives;
Human life is not rational and controlled but "we do things that we normally wouldn't choose to do," and say things that just seem "to come out of our mouths."
These factors all have a "direct impact on our relationships, often making clear communication difficult." And, as many have recognized, clear communication is at the heart of a good relationship.** Moore uses the example of passive aggressive behavior to illustrate this point. Rather than staying engaged in a disagreement and being clear about our feelings and perhaps our anger, we may say something like "Well, I see I have no place here, so I'll just leave." The other person has no way to respond and the disagreement is not resolved.
Also at the heart of a good relationship is the ability to love yourself and your life. If we love ourselves and our lives, we will be less prone to envy and jealousy. Moore writes, "Most people grow up under a great deal of testing and criticism...Most of us, then, carry with us voices of caution, criticism, and control that often become personal judgements." Reflecting on these voices of criticism and their original context can weaken this tendency towards self-criticism.*** Then you can counter them by being "gentle on yourself, forgiving past mistakes and understanding why you have done things that might now embarrass you."
A third "must" for a meaningful relationship is to truly see others. People want to be "seen", to be recognized, to be acknowledged. In the words of a popular song, they, especially friends, just want you to know who they are. [sidebar - okay it's mainly a love song but you get the idea] One of the gifts we can give to our friends is to be fully present to them and to fully acknowledge them. Moore adds: "Acknowledging another person's success is just part of being a friend. Whenever you feel that words of praise are not necessary, you should offer them anyway. If there is one universal rule about human psychology, it is that people always need and appreciate recognition...When you are appreciated, your very grounding as a person becomes more stable." **** Make others feel strong, that they matter. It is good for them and good for you.
The APA post linked in the sidebar has advice on making friends as an adult (including "Be a familiar face" and "Don't force it"), while the PsychCental post has tips for connecting with others.
Research findings
Research findings
Among the areas that research has found people benefiting from meaningful relationships:
Life Satisfaction: People with friends and close confidants tend to be more satisfied with their lives. These stable relationships provide emotional support, companionship, and a sense of belonging.
Mental Health: Having strong friendships is associated with lower rates of depression. When we maintain healthy social connections, we reduce the risk of mental health issues like anxiety and depression.
Physical Health: Friendships impact our physical health as well. Research shows that people with social ties are less likely to die from all causes, including heart problems and chronic diseases. Social isolation, loneliness, or poor-quality relationships, on the other hand, increase the risk of premature death.
Longevity: The presence of friends and confidants predicts a longer, healthier life. Even minimal social interactions can have a powerful impact.
As researchers work to better understand the link between friendships and health, they're also helping to answer a question familiar to anyone who's ever moved to a new city, lost a spouse or otherwise found themselves feeling alone: How do you make friends as an adult?
PsychCentral
PsychCentral
Notes:
* Many philosophers and psychologists have described this as a mysterious but powerful urge toward love, creative expression, anger, even violence. C.G. Jung called these powerful urges that get in the way of a rational and controlled life, "complexes".
** Half of the Four Agreements of ancient Toltec wisdom concern communication: First Agreement "Be impeccable with your word." Third Agreement "Don't make assumptions" Toltec Wisdom: The Four Agreements
***Besides speaking with integrity and kindness towards others, the First Agreement "Be impeccable with your word" also tells us to speak to yourself with respect and kindness and avoid negative self-talk that can lead to feelings of inadequacy or failure.
****And when a friend puts you down or doesn't give you the recognition you think you deserve, you would do well to remember the Second Agreement "Don't take anything personally." Ruiz: "Nothing others do is because of you. What others say and do is a projection of their own reality, their own dream." Do not be hurt by things they say and do - these are projections of their own reality, not yours.
Sources: Ageless Soul (Thomas Moore, St. Martin's Press, 2017)The science of friendship (apa.org), I and Thou: Philosopher Martin Buber on the Art of Relationship and What Makes Us Real to One Another – The Marginalian , Why We Treat Others as Objects Rather Than Individuals | Psychology Today
Soul Values: Relaxation and Comfort
Soul Values: Relaxation and Comfort
POSTED MARCH 18, 2024
In his book Ageless Soul, psychotherapist Thomas Moore presents ten "soul values" - elements in our lives that lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence, a set of values of great importance to the "deeper soul." Although Ageless Soul focuses on these values in the context of aging and retirement, they are applicable at all points in life. We continue our exploration of Thomas Moore's soul values with a look at what Moore and others have to say about the importance of Relaxation and Comfort and the closely related balancing of productivity and presence, of work and play.
In the era of multitasking and constant connectivity, productivity is considered a virtuous trait. Hard work leading to concrete results is celebrated while non-productive time is generally frowned upon. One of the favorite topics of one of my favorite bloggers, essayist Maria Popova, is why productivity is not all it's cracked up to be and can actually be detrimental to our well-being, particularly if the essentially external pressure to be productive causes us stress.
Her essay on the writer Annie Dillard on choosing presence over productivity is one such gem. [Link Below] Calling it a "beautiful and poignant meditation on the life well lived, reminding us of the tradeoffs between presence and productivity that we’re constantly choosing to make", she quotes from Dillard's The Writing Life, "How we spend our days is, of course, how we spend our lives. What we do with this hour, and that one, is what we are doing." Admitting that a "schedule defends from chaos and whim" and is a "peace and a haven set into the wreck of time", Annie Dillard reflects that it eventually becomes "a lifeboat on which you find yourself, decades later, still living. Each day is the same." Dillard then tells of the most appealing schedule she's heard about and contrasts it with the workaholic, obsessive schedules that many follow.
A turn-of-the-century Danish aristocrat "got up at four and set out on foot to hunt black grouse, wood grouse, woodcock, and snipe. At eleven he met his friends, who had also been out hunting alone all morning. They converged 'at one of these babbling brooks,' he wrote. He outlined the rest of his schedule. 'Take a quick dip, relax with a schnapps and a sandwich, stretch out, have a smoke, take a nap or just rest, and then sit around and chat until three. Then I hunt some more until sundown, bathe again, put on white tie and tails to keep up appearances, eat a huge dinner, smoke a cigar and sleep like a log until the sun comes up again to redden the eastern sky.'
Most of us, of course, do not have the luxury of time afforded a Danish aristocrat, but I take it that other Danish aristocrats were busy being more productive - perhaps in running their estates or looking for investment opportunities. In any case, we should all be able to break out some time every day "to relax...rest...sit around and chat" with friends.
Maria Popova concludes her post with what she calls Dillard's "dynamic contemplation of life itself":
There is no shortage of good days. It is good lives that are hard to come by. A life of good days lived in the senses is not enough. The life of sensation is the life of greed; it requires more and more. The life of the spirit requires less and less; time is ample and its passage sweet. Who would call a day spent reading a good day? But a life spent reading — that is a good life."
Thomas Moore recognizes that life can become complex and demanding. Stress, responsibilities, and external pressures can weigh us down. Relaxation is a way to counterbalance this. It allows us to slow down, release tension, and find inner peace. By embracing relaxation, we can connect with our inner selves, listen to our intuition, and cultivate a sense of calm.
Ok, next question: and how do we relax?
To relax, we need to deliberately take time out from our hectic lives. Set aside time for a walk or for a comforting conversation or a warm cup of tea. Get comfortable. Find a cozy chair for meditation or for an engrossing read or for some beautiful music. For a short time every day, turn off the cellphone, stop answering emails, and just breathe.
Moore also advises us to "avoid ceding work such a central* and rigid part in your life. There are other things that can give a sense of purpose and bring joy, things that don't involve...endurance and advancement." For Thomas Moore these were writing and music and, of course, engaging in the soul values.
And then there is play. I believe it's telling that the Ageless Soul chapter in which Moore provides his list of 10 soul values is titled "Play, Work, Retire". Although we separate and often oppose work and play, Moore believes that on a deeper level, they are "mates". Johan Huizinga, who wrote about the play element in culture in Homo Ludens, the classic evaluation of play that has become a "must-read" for those in game design, stresses contest as one of the elements of play. Looked at closely, we can see the "contest" piece of work life. We compete for a job. We battle other companies in a race for success. Think too about negotiations over labor contracts and bids for supplying a product to customer.
"From a certain point of view," writes Moore, "it is all a game." Religious rituals (think unusual clothes, theatrical actions and movements), political debates (think "who won?") marriage, and making home (think kids "playing house") have a play side as well. "It's difficult to imagine anything without some play and game aspect." One reason why play is "an aspect of everything we do is that play is the primary activity of the human soul. It has many of the main aspects of the soul: pleasure, poetry, symbolism, layers of meaning, drama, and a quality of 'as if', like in theater."
Moore writes that infusing our lives and work with play has advantages, "Work without play is a burden. Play helps some of the weight of labor." Then he follows this with a profound insight into the nature of play.
"It has its own time frame and gives us a taste of what it's like to step outside the rush of ordinary time. There is something eternal and timeless about a game. In the [midst] of a game we can sense the ageless soul that is not caught in the fast, purposeful time of daily activities. Sometimes it's enough to be reminded of that ageless element and know that what we do in ordinary time is not the whole story."
Sources: Ageless Soul (Thomas Moore, St. Martin's Press, 2017), https://www.themarginalian.org/2013/06/07/annie-dillard-the-writing-life-1/
Note: *Back in my days as a corporate employee, I always got a kick out of the colleagues who would put down on their self-assessment form "have a better life/work balance" as an area for improvement . I uncharitably thought that it was almost bragging. There were so many other options to choose from. But perhaps they really meant it and felt trapped in their position or wondered if the success was worth the sacrifice. If so, mea culpa.
Soul Values: Knowledge
Soul Values: Knowledge
POSTED APRIL 11,2024
In his book Ageless Soul, psychotherapist Thomas Moore presents ten "soul values" - elements in our lives that lead to a more fulfilling and meaningful existence, a set of values of great importance to the "deeper soul." Although Moore discusses the ten values - Beauty, Contemplation, Deeply Felt Experiences, Meaningful Relationships, Knowledge, A Sense of Home, Art, Spiritual Peace, Community, and Relaxation and Comfort - in the context of aging, they are relevant to any age. To me, they represent much of what makes life meaningful and our lives fulfilling.
With this post on Knowledge, we conclude our exploration of Moore's Soul Values.
"Live as if you were to die tomorrow. Learn as if you were to live forever." - Gandhi
Learning is a lifelong process. Our parents, of course, are our first and most important teachers. We acquire from them, directly and indirectly, values and beliefs and learn how to relate to others and how to experience the world. When we begin school, teachers add to our knowledge by providing guidance and teaching skills useful for functioning in society. Formal education continues for years, and we acquire additional knowledge with the help of both teachers and classmates. When formal education ends, it is up to us to continue to grow in our understanding of the world.
Knowledge has been prized as an important virtue and value since ancient times. [sidebar below] The ancients regarded it as the foundation that gives us an insight into our true nature and that of the world. For us, as for the ancients, knowledge can lead to wisdom, the ability to live a meaningful life consistent with our highest ideals. In and of itself, knowledge is a good thing, but its highest value comes when it leads to self-knowledge and wisdom, to actions that benefit others and to wisdom shared with others.
Self-knowledge
In philosophy, “self-knowledge” refers to knowledge of one’s own mental states—that is, of what one is feeling or thinking, or what one believes or desires. As psychologists have found, self-knowledge plays a crucial role in our well-being. Among its benefits:
Realistic Decision-Making: Knowing ourselves well allows us to make realistic decisions about various aspects of our lives. When we understand our emotional state, personality traits, relationships, and behavioral patterns, we can make informed choices that align with our goals and values.
Improved Relationships: Self-knowledge enhances our relationships with others. When we recognize our own strengths, weaknesses, and preferences, we can communicate more effectively and empathize with others. This leads to healthier interactions and deeper connections.
Greater Satisfaction with Life: A comprehensive understanding of our true selves enables us to make decisions that serve our desires and avoid experiences that hinder our flourishing. This alignment contributes to overall life satisfaction.
Self-Acceptance: Self-knowledge fosters self-acceptance. By acknowledging our strengths and limitations, we can embrace our authentic selves without judgment. This acceptance is essential for well-being.
Emotion Regulation: Understanding our emotional triggers and patterns empowers us to regulate our emotions effectively. When we recognize what influences our feelings, we can respond more skillfully and maintain emotional balance.
Turning information into knowledge
Our observations of the world provide us with information. Turning this information into knowledge has not always been straightforward. For example, the sun moves across the sky from east to west. This observation, this information, led humans to believe that the sun revolved around the earth. It was a belief so strong that Copernicus did not publish his theory, that it is actually the Earth that revolves around the Sun, until he was on his deathbed.
The publication of Copernicus's model in his book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) in 1543 was a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making a pioneering contribution to the Scientific Revolution and the development of the Scientific Method, an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since the days of Copernicus and Galileo. [sidebar]
Today, our we live in the Information Age or, as some would have it, the Misinformation Age. Our challenges with turning information into knowledge are different in many ways from what Copernicus faced. Bombarded with both facts and fictions, we must be able to separate the two so that we may effect solutions, make informed decisions and take appropriate actions.
With misinformation spewing uncontrollably from social media and news media, critical thinking is one of the most important tools we have to do this. A simple definition of critical thinking is that it is “deliberately and systematically processing information so that you can make better decisions and generally understand things better.” Critical thinking is the opposite of irrational thinking and will help overcome cognitive biases such as the zero-sum bias (I win, you lose”), catastrophic thinking (ruminating about irrational worst case outcomes), and confirmation bias (people are prone to believe what they want to believe).
Critical thinking has some aspects of the Scientific Method and it can be taught. Asking questions, questioning assumptions and reasoning logically are three ways to improve our critical thinking. For more on this important skill, see the link below and the link in the sidebar.
Turning knowledge into wisdom
"By three methods we may learn wisdom: First, by reflection, which is noblest; Second, by imitation, which is easiest; and third by experience, which is the bitterest." - Confucius
Wisdom is a human strength that leads to well-being and growth and can be defined as "purposeful seeking to enhance the well-being of the self and of the society." Wisdom isn’t about what you know; it’s about how you apply knowledge to create a meaningful life.
Turning knowledge into wisdom is a journey that transcends the accumulation of facts and the gaining of knowledge. Several approaches to turn knowledge into wisdom:
Reflection, Confucius' noblest method to learn wisdom: Take time for deep introspection. Reflect on your experiences, thoughts, and actions. Consider what you’ve learned and how it can inform your next steps.
Empathy: See others’ perspectives. Cultivate empathy by understanding different viewpoints and having genuine concern for the welfare of others.
Self-Reflection: Question your own views and behaviors without defensiveness. Learn from experience and aim for personal growth. Self-reflection enhances self-awareness and understanding.
Balancing your interests with those of others: Seek common good and consider diverse interests, rather than optimizing personal gains.
Managing Uncertainty: Acknowledge life’s uncertainty and uncontrollability. Trust in your strengths to navigate challenges. Wisdom grows from learning to cope with life’s unpredictability. As ever, the Stoics have much to advise [sidebar], and I also like this quote from Hannah Arendt:
"This is the precept by which I have lived: Prepare for the worst; expect the best; and take what comes." - Hannah Arendt
"This is the precept by which I have lived: Prepare for the worst; expect the best; and take what comes." - Hannah Arendt
Wisdom in Aging: As we age, we become less ego-focused and more connected to others. Reevaluating life’s priorities and finding intrinsic pursuits over external validation (for example, the Soul Values) contribute to wisdom. Thomas Moore has much to say about wisdom in aging below.
Learning from Crises, Mistakes, and Failures: Wise people apply lessons from past adversity when facing new challenges. Crisis mastery contributes to wisdom. The iconic South African leader Nelson Mandela once said, "I never lose. I either win or learn." Mandela's life was a study in resilience. Imprisoned for 27 years, he became South Africa's first president after the end of apartheid. Learning from our mistakes and failures is a path to wisdom, and resilience is an important attribute to have if we are to learn from mistakes and failures.
Seeing the Bigger Picture: A broader perspective helps prioritize what truly matters. Focus on ultimate life goals rather than immediate actions.
Purpose: Having meaningful goals for yourself and others fosters wisdom. Purpose is associated with emotional stability and resilience during tough times.
Emotion Regulation: Just as it aids us in attaining self-knowledge, emotional stability is essential for wisdom. It allows clear judgment and thoughtful decision-making
Sharing experiences and wisdom
In Ageless Soul, a book after all about aging, Thomas Moore writes of the role of elders and grandparents in transmitting knowledge, wisdom, and love. After discussing his friendship with the Irish poet Thomas MacGreevy, who became a mentor to the nineteen-year-old Thomas Moore while Moore was on a trip to Ireland, he writes:
"An elder...has wisdom to offer. I find that older people often don't appreciate the value of their experiences or of things they have learned along the way...An elder also teaches by his willingness to confess to mistakes, failures, and close calls...[often giving the lesson] without making it look like a lesson....
"Yet another elder guidance is to be found in books, where those who are our elders and who have gone before us and have much to teach us."
In the spirit of Thoreau's admonition to "read the best books first", Moore offers some books he has found particularly meaningful and inspiring for his spiritual journey. Among his selections: Tao Te Ching ("beautiful text from China that promotes naturalness and an absence of striving and effort"), The Odyssey ("sacred story about a man's initiation into life...the longing to feel at home in the world...a soul journey where the end point is the discovery of who you are"), The Book of Genesis ("a beautiful story of beginnings, but it has been read all too literally for centuries...Find a good recent translation and commentary"), Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind by Shunryu Suzuki, and Black Elk Speaks.
As for grandparents,
"It would help if grandparents understood how important they are to children and that they play a mentor role, as well...Through life, the child soul needs more acceptance and praise than is reasonable and the grandparents can...supply some of the needed love. The grandparents can offer their own kind of guidance and wisdom. We see this mythically in the great vision of Black Elk, the Sioux holy man whose visions made him a leader of his people. In his vision, one of the grandfathers said to him, "Your grandfathers all over the world and they have called you here to teach you....I knew that these were not old men, but the Powers of the World."
Moore concludes his section on grandparents:
"The grandparents are closer to the eternal; their youth goes back into a time difficult for the young to imagine, and their future is closer to the timeless. They have had many experiences and hold many secrets. They are perfectly suited to be spiritual guides."
This concludes our series on Thomas Moore's Soul Values. You can find the others here What in the World? - The Soul Values Posts and below (posts of Feb 23, Mar 12, and Mar 18). In the sidebar are links to an introduction to the Tao Te Ching, a discussion of Black Elk Speaks, a book summary of Zen Mind, Beginner's Mind, and the Reflections page of Thomas Moore's website.
Sources: Ageless Soul by Thomas Moore (St. Martin's Press, 2017), Wikipedia, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews | University of Notre Dame, positivepsychology.com, stanford.edu, The Berkeley Well-Being Institute, 7 Ways to Improve Your Critical Thinking Skills, Psychology Today, Thomas Oppong website
The Ancients on Knowledge
The Ancients on Knowledge
The Book of Isaiah (c. 8th century BCE) places knowledge among what the early Christian church would later call the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit. The gift of knowledge allows one, as far as is humanly possible, to see things from God's perspective. It “allows us to perceive the greatness of God and his love for his creatures” through creation.
The Greek philosopher Plato (425 BCE - 348 BCE) divided the sciences into the practical (praktikos) and the intellectual (gnostikos), with the latter taking on the meaning of a sort of higher intelligence and ability analogous to talent.
The term "gnosis", meaning knowledge or awareness, was used among various Hellenistic religions and philosophies in the Greco-Roman world (c. 300 BCE - 300 CE). The term is best known for its use in Gnosticism, where it signified a spiritual knowledge or insight into humanity's real nature as divine.
Stoicism thrived across the Roman and Greek world from c. 335 BCE until the 3rd century CE. Known for their emphasis on virtue and wisdom, the Stoics believed it was possible for humans to live without error, possessing confidence in their beliefs and their knowledge, including those that drive their actions. Our innate tendencies, if allowed to develop unhindered, could lead us to live wisely. Wisdom in Stoicism included both intellectual knowledge and practical application, enabling sound decision-making and alignment with nature and reason.
The Scientific Method
The Scientific Method
The five steps of the scientific method:
1. Define a Question to Investigate
2. Make Predictions
3. Gather Data
4. Analyze the Data
5. Draw Conclusions
For more, see American Museum of Natural History .
The Stoics on Uncertainty
The Stoics on Uncertainty
“Today I escaped from anxiety. Or no, I discarded it . . . because the anxiety was within me, in my own perceptions — not outside.“ - Marcus Aurelius
“There is only one way to happiness, and that is to stop worrying about things which are beyond the power or our will.” - Epictetus
“The whole future lies in uncertainty. Live now, in the immediate present.” - Seneca
These "soul value" posts were inspired by the Jungian psychotherapist, former monk, and spiritual writer Thomas Moore. Moore names ten soul values in his book Ageless Soul (2017). His list has graced the Mind and Spirit home page from the beginning.
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