DSM-V
Today, let’s talk about Mental Health—the DSM-5.
11/8/2024 1917
New PC 11/13/2024 0219
Today, let’s talk about Mental Health—the DSM-5.
11/8/2024 1917
New PC 11/13/2024 0219
Today, let’s talk about Mental Health, mental illness and mental health care.
Starting with the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) is used in mental health to diagnose and classify mental disorders. It provides standardized criteria for conditions, which aids in clinical diagnosis and facilitates research on prevalence and treatment effectiveness. In the U.S., mental health conditions are highly prevalent. Approximately 21% of adults experience a diagnosable mental illness each year.
Anxiety disorders are among the most common, affecting about 19.1% of U.S. adults annually, while major depressive disorder impacts around 8.3%. More severe conditions, such as bipolar disorder, affect about 2.8% of adults, and schizophrenia affects less than 1%.
National Institute of Mental Health, CRS Reports, NAMI
The DSM has been crucial for improving mental health care by standardizing diagnoses and encouraging a broader understanding of mental health conditions. However, challenges remain, including the need for better access to treatment; for instance, only about half of those with mental health conditions in the U.S. receive appropriate treatment.
1 in 5 U.S. adults experience mental illness each year
1 in 20 U.S. adults experience serious mental illness each year
1 in 6 U.S. youth aged 6-17 experience a mental health disorder each year
50% of all lifetime mental illness begins by age 14, and 75% by age 24
Suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death among people aged 10-14
Let's get into it. The DSM-5 stands for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, and the ‘5’ refers to the fifth and latest edition of this manual, published in 2013 by the American Psychiatric Association. DSM6 is due by 2028.
Essentially, the DSM-5 is a standardized guide that clinicians use to diagnose mental health conditions.
It categorizes hundreds of disorders, like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia, with detailed criteria to help identify symptoms, assess severity, and provide consistent care across different settings.
The DSM-5 also plays a big role in research and treatment. But, it’s important to remember, the DSM is a guide, not a definitive answer. Mental health is complex, and individual experiences can’t always be fully captured by a list. With its strengths and limitations, the DSM-5 remains a crucial tool for understanding and supporting mental health. It’s not perfect, but it’s a foundation for helping people get the support they need.
Includes disorders that begin early in development, often before grade school, impacting personal, social, academic, and occupational functioning.
Examples: Autism Spectrum Disorder, ADHD, Intellectual Disabilities, Communication Disorders.
2) Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms (like reduced emotional expression).
Includes Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Brief Psychotic Disorder.
Involve episodes of mania (extreme high energy and mood) and depression, with symptoms ranging from hypomanic (milder) episodes to severe manic episodes.
Examples: Bipolar I Disorder, Bipolar II Disorder, Cyclothymic Disorder.
Marked by persistent sadness, emptiness, or irritability that affects daily functioning. Includes a variety of forms and durations of depressive states.
Examples: Major Depressive Disorder, Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia), Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder.
Involves excessive fear, anxiety, or avoidance behaviors, affecting social or occupational functioning.
Examples: Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder, Specific Phobias.
6) Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) performed to reduce anxiety.
Examples: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Body Dysmorphic Disorder, Hoarding Disorder.
Arise after exposure to a traumatic or stressful event, leading to emotional, behavioral, or physiological distress.
Examples: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Acute Stress Disorder, Adjustment Disorders.
Involve disruptions in identity, memory, or consciousness, often as a defense mechanism against trauma.
Examples: Dissociative Identity Disorder, Dissociative Amnesia, Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder.
9) Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Characterized by physical symptoms causing significant distress or impairment, often without a medical cause.
Examples: Somatic Symptom Disorder, Illness Anxiety Disorder, Conversion Disorder.
10) Feeding and Eating Disorders
Involve persistent disturbances in eating behavior that impair health or functioning.
Examples: Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder.
11) Elimination Disorders
Usually diagnosed in childhood, related to inappropriate elimination of urine or feces.
Examples: Enuresis (urine), Encopresis (feces).
12) Sleep-Wake Disorders
Affect sleep quality, timing, or duration, impacting daytime functioning.
Examples: Insomnia Disorder, Narcolepsy, Sleep Apnea, Circadian Rhythm Sleep-Wake Disorders.
13) Sexual Dysfunctions
Involves difficulties with sexual response or pleasure that cause distress.
Examples: Erectile Disorder, Female Orgasmic Disorder, Premature Ejaculation.
14) Gender Dysphoria
Distress associated with a mismatch between one’s gender identity and assigned sex at birth.
15) Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
Involves challenges in emotional and behavioral self-control, often resulting in aggression or rule-breaking.
Examples: Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Intermittent Explosive Disorder.
Encompass disorders related to the misuse of substances and behavioral addictions.
Examples: Alcohol Use Disorder, Opioid Use Disorder, Gambling Disorder.
Affect cognitive functions like memory, language, and attention, usually due to brain injury or illness.
Examples: Delirium, Major and Mild Neurocognitive Disorders (e.g., Alzheimer’s disease).
18) Personality Disorders✔️
Enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate from cultural expectations, causing impairment or distress.
Examples: Borderline Personality Disorder, Antisocial Personality Disorder, Narcissistic Personality Disorder.
19) Paraphilic Disorders✔️
Involves atypical sexual interests that cause distress or harm to oneself or others.
Examples: Pedophilic Disorder, Voyeuristic Disorder, Exhibitionistic Disorder.
Each category includes specific criteria to aid clinicians in diagnosis, but mental health is complex and individualized, so diagnoses are typically combined with professional judgment and personalized treatment approaches.
Having a mental illness can make it challenging to live everyday life and maintain recovery. Beyond the individual, these challenges ripple out through our families, our communities, and our world.
Having a mental illness can make it challenging to live everyday life and maintain recovery. Beyond the individual, these challenges ripple out through our families, our communities, and our world.
People with depression have a 40% higher risk of developing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases than the general population. People with serious mental illness are nearly twice as likely to develop these conditions.
33.5% of U.S. adults with mental illness also experienced a substance use disorder in 2021 (19.4 million individuals)
The rate of unemployment is higher among U.S. adults who have mental illness (7.4%) compared to those who do not (4.6%)
High school students with significant symptoms of depression are more than twice as likely to drop out compared to their peers
Students aged 6-17 with mental, emotional or behavioral concerns are 3x more likely to repeat a grade.
At least 8.4 million people in the U.S. provide care to an adult with a mental or emotional health issue
Caregivers of adults with mental or emotional health issues spend an average of 32 hours per week providing unpaid care
21.1% of people experiencing homelessness in the U.S. have a serious mental health condition
Among people in the U.S. under age 18, depressive disorders are the most common cause of hospitalization (after excluding hospitalization relating to pregnancy and birth)
Among people in the U.S. aged 18-44, psychosis spectrum and mood disorders account for nearly 600,000 hospitalizations each year
19.7% of U.S. Veterans experienced a mental illness in 2020 (3.9 million people)
9.6% of Active Component service members in the U.S. military experienced a mental health or substance use condition in 2021
Across the U.S. economy, serious mental illness causes $193.2 billion in lost earnings each year
Depression and anxiety disorders cost the global economy $1 trillion in lost productivity each year
Depression is a leading cause of disability worldwide
Diagnosing mental illness isn’t a straightforward science. We can’t test for it the same way we can test blood sugar levels for diabetes. Each condition has its own set of unique symptoms, though symptoms often overlap.
Thoughts of suicide can be frightening. But by reaching out for help or checking in with family and friends, we can avoid devastating outcomes.
Suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death among people aged 10-14 and the 3rd leading cause of death among those aged 15-24 in the U.S.
Suicide is the 12th leading cause of death overall in the U.S.
46% of people who die by suicide had a diagnosed mental health condition
90% of people who die by suicide may have experienced symptoms of a mental health condition, according to interviews with family, friends and medical professionals (also known as psychological autopsy)
Annual prevalence of serious thoughts of suicide, high risk populations:
Lesbian, gay and bisexual youth are nearly 4x more likely to attempt suicide than straight youth
79% of people who die by suicide are male
Transgender adults are nearly 9x more likely to attempt suicide at some point in their lifetime compared to the general population
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