Artificial Intelligence deals with programming computers to do things, which humans can do. This implies not only do numerical calculations but also reasoning, communicating in natural language, computer vision, robotics etc.: what we call intelligent behaviour. This means, that the area is constantly evolving. Once, chess-playing and grammatical error-correction was considered part of AI-research.
Turing test. The famous Alan Turing, known from the film "The imitation game"), formulated the Turing test, found a way to break the german codes made by the Enigma-machine and formulated the general idea behind the modern computer (The Turing machine)
If a person cannot decide, wheather s/he communicates with a person or a computer, then we, according to Alan Turing, can talk about true artificial intelligence.
Strong AI/weak AI. Others have tried to formulate this as: weak AI: AI which works in a very limited scope, e.g. chess program, grammatical suggestions etc. Strong AI: AI which can solve any general problem, like humans can.
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