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Big Idea 5. Thermodynamics describes the role energy plays in physical and chemical changes.
Section 19.1: Spontaneous Processes
o Explain and apply the terms spontaneous process, reversible process, irreversible process, and isothermal process.
Section 19.2: Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
o Define entropy and state the second law of thermodynamics.
o Calculate DS for a phase change.
Section 19.3: The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics
o Explain how the entropy of a system is related to the number of possible microstates.
o Describe the kinds of molecular motion that a molecule can possess.
o Predict the sign of DS for physical and chemical processes.
o State the third law of thermodynamics.
Section 19.4: Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
o Compare the values of standard molar entropies.
o Calculate the standard entropy changes for a system from standard molar entropies.
Section 19.5: Gibbs Free Energy
o Calculate the Gibbs free energy from the enthalpy change and entropy change at a given temperature.
o Use free-energy changes to predict whether reactions are spontaneous.
o Calculate standard free energy changes using standard free energies of formation.
Section 19.6: Free Energy and Temperature
o Predict the effect of temperature on spontaneity given DH and DS.
Section 19.7: Free Energy and the Equilibrium Constant
o Calculate DG under non-standard conditions.
o Relate DG° and equilibrium constant.
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