Big Idea 6. Equilibrium represents a balance between enthalpy and entropy for reversible physical and chemical changes.

Section 17.1: The Common Ion Effect

o Describe the common-ion affect.

Section 17.2: Buffers

o Explain how a buffer functions and calculate the pH of a buffered solution.

o Calculate the pH of a buffer after the addition of small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base.

o Calculate the appropriate quantities of compounds to make a buffer at a given pH.

Section 17.3: Acid-Base Titrations

o Calculate the pH at any point for an acid-base titration curve.

o Estimate the pKa for monoprotic or polyprotic acids from their titration curves.

Section 17.4: Solubility Equilibria

o Given either K_sp, molar solubility, or mass solubility for a substance, calculate the other two quantities.

Section 17.5: Factors that Affect Solubility

o Qualitatively predict, and quantitatively calculate, the molar solubility of a substance in the presence of a common ion or at different pH values.

Section 17.6: Precipitation and Separation of Ions

o Qualitatively predict whether a precipitate will form when solutions are mixed, and quantitatively calculate the ion concentrations required to initiate precipitation.

o Explain the effect of complex-ion formation on solubility.

Section 17.7: Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements

o Predict how to separate and identify cations based on their solubility characteristics.