Big Idea 2. Bonding and intermolecular forces explain the chemical and physical properties of matter.

Section 12.1: Classification of Solids

o Classify solids based on their bonding/intermolecular forces and understand how differences in bonding relate to physical properties.

Section 12.2: Structures of Solids

o Describe the difference between crystalline and amorphous solids.

o Define and describe the relationships between unit cells, crystal lattice, lattice vectors, and lattice points.

o Explain why there are a limited number of lattices. Recognize the 5 two-dimensional and the 7 three-dimensional primitive lattices. Describe the locations of lattice points for body-centered and face-centered lettuces.

Section 12.3: Metallic Solids

o State the characteristics and properties of metals.

o Explain how homogeneous and heterogeneous alloys differ. Describe the differences between substitutional alloys, interstitial alloys, and intermetallic compounds.

Section 12.4: Metallic Bonding

o Explain the electron-sea model of metallic bonding.

o Use the molecular-orbital model of metallic bonding to generate the electronic band structures of metals and qualitatively predict the trends in melting point, boiling point, and hardness of metals.

Section 12.5: Ionic Solids

o Calculate the empirical formula and density of ionic and metallic solids from a picture of the unit cell. Estimate the length of a cubic unit cell from the ratio of the atoms/ions present.

o Predict the structures of ionic solids from their ionic radius and empirical formula.

o Predict the empirical formula from the structure of an ionic solid.

Section 12.6: Molecular Solids

o Interpret melting point and boiling point data of molecular solids in terms of intermolecular forces and crystalline packing.

Section 12.7: Covalent-Network Solids

o Identify the valence band, conduction band, and band gap, for semiconductors and insulators.

o Account for the relative band gap energies of semiconductors in terms of periodic trends. Calculate the wavelength of a photon emitted from an LED given its band gap.

o Predict how n-type and p-type doping can be used to control the conductivity of semiconductors.

Section 12.8: Polymers

o Define the terms of monomer, plastic, thermal plastic, thermosetting plastic, elastomer, copolymers, and cross-linking.

o Describe how polymers are formed from monomers and recognize the features of a molecule that allow it to react to form a polymer. Explain the differences between addition polymerization and condensation polymerization.

o Explain how the interactions between polymer chains impact the physical properties of polymers.

Section 12.9: Nanomaterials

o Describe how the properties of bulk semi conductors and metals change as the size of the crystals decreases to the nanometer length scale

o Describe the structures and unique properties of fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene.