This page contains equations and constants that you may find useful during this course. You are welcome to print a copy of this page and use it during tests but you may not annotate this page in any way if you are going to use it in a test situation - it is your responsibility to understand these equations and their limitations...

Equations

• v_av = (x₂ - x₁) / (t₂ - t₁) = Δx / Δt
• a_av = (v₂ - v₁) / (t₂ - t₁) = Δv / Δt

The next 5 equations assume that the acceleration is constant and that motion is linear:

• a = (v - v₀) / t
• v = v₀ + a t
• Δx = ½ (v + v₀) t
• Δx = v₀ t + ½ a t ²
• v² = v₀² + 2 a Δx

• F_net = ma
• W = mg
• F_fr <= µ_s F_N
• F_{fr max} = µ_s F_N
• F_fr = µ_k F_N
• µ = tan θ
• component of weight perpendicular to inclined plane = F_N = mg sin θ
• component of weight parallel to inclined plane = mg cos θ
• F_cent = mv²/r
• f = v/2πr
• T = 1/f = 2πr/v
• F_grav = Gm₁m₂/r²
• W = F _‖ d = Fd cos θ
• KE = ½ mv²
• W_net = F_{net ‖} d = ΔKE = ½ mv₂² - ½ mv₁²
• GPE = PE_G = mgh
• PE_el = ½ kx²
• k = -F/x
• P = W/t = E/t
• p = m v
• F_net t = Δp
• v = fλ
• T = 1/f
• i = r
• I = Q/t
• V = E/Q
• V = IR
• R_series= R₁ + R₂ + …
• 1/R_parallel = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + …
• For two resistors in parallel:
• R_parallel = R₁R₂/(R₁+R₂)
• P = VI = I²R = V²/R

Constants

• g = 9.81 m / s² on planet Earth (you may take g = 10 m / s² unless told otherwise)
• G = 6.67 x 10^-11 m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻²
• Density of water = 1000 kg/m³
• Density of air at atmospheric pressure and 20°C = 1.2 kg/m³
• Speed of light in a vacuum = 3.0 x 10⁸ m/s
• 1 coulomb (1C) is the charge on 6.25 x 10¹⁸ protons.