You should be able to:

• State what a pure substance is.

• Describe how melting point and boiling point data can be used to identify pure substances.

• Give some uses of formulations and the different components that make them.

Study Resources:

Basics

You should be able to:

• Describe and safely carry out a method to make a paper chromatogram.

• Describe how to calculate Rf values and calculate these values from given data.

• Use a chromatogram to determine if a sample is pure or impure.

Study Resources:

Basics

Exam questions

You should be able to:

• Identify hydrogen, carbon dioxide, oxygen and chlorine from the results of gas tests.

• Explain why limewater turns milky when it reacts with CO2.

• Write balanced symbol equations, including state symbols, for the reactions of limewater with carbon dioxide and hydrogen with oxygen.

Study Resources:

Basics

You should be able to:

• Safely test for positive ions using flame tests and sodium hydroxide solution.

• Identify metal ions from the colour of a flame or hydroxide precipitate.

• Write balanced symbol equations including state symbols for the production of an insoluble metal hydroxide.

Study Resources:

Basics

You should be able to:

• Safely carry out test for carbonates, halides, and sulfate ions.

• Write a word equation for the reaction when a specific carbonate, halide, or sulphate is being tested with support.

• Explain why it can be difficult to identify halides using this method.

• Write balanced ionic equations, including state symbols for simple laboratory tests for carbonate, halide, or sulfate ions.

Study Resources:

Basics

You should be able to:

• List some of the advantages and disadvantages of instrumental techniques.

• Compare and contrast instrumental techniques with simple laboratory tests.

• Describe the main processes of flame emission spectroscopy.

• Interpret results from flame emission spectroscopy when data is given.

Study Resources:

Basics