1.1 The concepts of cyber security

Threat

A cyber security threat is anything that tries to damage or steal computer stuff or mess up what we do online. It's like bullies who try to ruin your computer projects or steal your online game points. These can be viruses, hacking, or other nasty computer tricks.

Vulnerability

This is a weak spot in computers or online stuff that bad guys (like hackers) can use to break in. It's like a window in a house that doesn't lock properly – someone bad might use it to get in.

Risk

This is about the chance of something bad happening to computer stuff or online activities. It's not just about attacks, but also things like losing important information or getting in trouble because of something that happens online.

Hazard

This is anything that might lead to computer information being stolen or exposed. It depends on what a business does online, where it is, and who can use its computers. For example, if a store keeps customer information online, it's risky if that info could be seen by others. The store has to decide if it's worth the risk or if they need to do something to make it safer.

Availability

This means that people who need to use the information can get to it when they need it. It's like having your school books ready and in good shape when you need to study.

Confidentiality

This means keeping information secret and only sharing it with people who should know it. Imagine you have a secret diary; you don't want just anyone reading it. So, you might use a lock (like a strong password) or a special code (encryption) to keep it safe.

Identity

This is about making sure only the right people can see or use certain computer things. It's like having a secret password for a club – you check who someone is before letting them in.

Security

This means keeping computers and online stuff safe from hackers, damage, or someone stealing information. It's like having good locks and alarms for our computers and online activities. This can be actual things like fences or badges, or computer stuff like anti-virus programs.

Malware

Imagine a sneaky software that's like a bad cold for your computer, phone, or tablet. It can do all sorts of damage, from stealing your information to making your device act weird or slow.

Spyware

This is a type of malware that acts like a spy. It sneaks into your device and watches what you do, like the websites you visit or the messages you send, without you knowing. It's like someone secretly following you around and taking notes.

Phishing Attacks

Imagine getting a fake message or email that looks like it's from someone you trust, like your bank or a friend, asking for personal information. But it's actually from tricksters trying to steal your passwords or other important info.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks

Ransomware

This is like someone putting a lock on your computer and asking for money to unlock it. It encrypts or locks your files, and the only way to get them back is to pay a ransom, though paying doesn't always guarantee your files will be freed.

Trojans

Named after the famous Trojan Horse, this malware pretends to be something useful or fun, like a game. But once you let it into your device, it causes harm by letting other malware in or stealing your information.

Zero-Day Exploits

Imagine finding a secret passage in a game that nobody else knows about, and you use it to get ahead. Hackers find a secret flaw in software that the makers don't know about yet and use it to sneak into systems.

Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs):

This is when a group of skilled hackers decide to target someone specific, like a big company, and sneakily attack their computers over a long period. They're like digital spies who are hard to notice and are in it for the long haul.

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