Brazilification – The hollowing-out of the middle class combined with an increase in the level of inequality. According to Ulrich Beck, ‘Brazilification’ can be attributed to the process of globalisation. 

Classical realism – A theoretical perspective which offers an explanation of International Relations based upon assumptions concerning human nature. Classical realists adopt a pessimistic view of human behaviour and the primordial forces that shape us. Classical realism gained in popularity during the post-Second World War era, but has been eclipsed by the emergence of Structural (Neo)Realism. 

Cold War – A situation in which two rival states engage in proxy wars rather than direct conflict. The term is commonly applied towards the ideological dispute between the United States and the Soviet Union from 1945 to 1991. However, the term can also be applied towards current tensions between Washington and Beijing.

Economic Globalisation – The process by which national economies have, to a greater or lesser extent, been absorbed into an interlocking global economy. Economic globalisation is characterised by mutual dependence amongst state and non-state actors. 

Four Freedoms – A set of goals articulated by Franklin Roosevelt during the 1940s. They include freedom of speech and religious worship alongside freedom from want and fear. The four freedoms formed the basis for the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 

Brazilification

• A sociological term describing the erosion of societal homogeneity, often marked by increasing ethnic and racial diversity, which some perceive as leading to social fragmentation or inequality1.

• A process wherein a society experiences widening economic disparities, with a shrinking middle class and growing polarization between the wealthy elite and impoverished masses, often linked to globalization.

Classical Realism

• A philosophical framework in international relations emphasizing the role of human nature—viewed as inherently self-serving and conflict-prone—in shaping global politics2.

• A perspective rooted in the belief that power and survival are central motivators in state behavior, with historical examples illustrating the inevitability of conflict due to competing national interests.

Cold War

• A prolonged period of geopolitical tension between two superpowers characterized by ideological rivalry, arms races, and indirect conflicts through proxy wars rather than direct military engagement3.

• A strategic competition involving political propaganda, economic influence, and technological advancements (e.g., space race), without open warfare between the primary adversaries.

Economic Globalization

• The increasing integration of national economies into a global network through trade, investment, technology transfer, and labor mobility, driven by reductions in trade barriers and advancements in communication technologies45.

• A phenomenon marked by the creation of interdependent markets and production chains that transcend national borders, fostering both opportunities for growth and challenges such as inequality and market disruption.

Four Freedoms

• A set of universal aspirations articulated by Franklin Roosevelt during World War II: freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want (economic security), and freedom from fear (peace and safety)6.

• Foundational principles that influenced the drafting of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, emphasizing both civil-political rights and economic-social protections for all individuals.

  Brazilificación

• Un término sociológico que describe la erosión de la homogeneidad social, a menudo marcada por un aumento de la diversidad étnica y racial, que algunos perciben como un factor que conduce a la fragmentación social o a la desigualdad.

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  Un proceso mediante el cual una sociedad experimenta un ensanchamiento de las disparidades económicas, con una clase media en disminución y una creciente polarización entre una élite adinerada y masas empobrecidas, a menudo vinculado a la globalización.

Realismo Clásico
 

• Un marco filosófico en las relaciones internacionales que enfatiza el papel de la naturaleza humana —vista como inherentemente egoísta y propensa al conflicto— en la configuración de la política global.
   

• Una perspectiva basada en la creencia de que el poder y la supervivencia son los principales motivadores del comportamiento estatal, con ejemplos históricos que ilustran la inevitabilidad del conflicto debido a intereses nacionales contrapuestos.

Guerra Fría

• Un período prolongado de tensión geopolítica entre dos superpotencias, caracterizado por una rivalidad ideológica, carreras armamentistas y conflictos indirectos a través de guerras por poder, en lugar de enfrentamientos militares directos.

• Una competencia estratégica que implicó propaganda política, influencia económica y avances tecnológicos (por ejemplo, la carrera espacial), sin guerra abierta entre los principales adversarios.

Globalización Económica
 

• La creciente integración de las economías nacionales en una red global mediante el comercio, la inversión, la transferencia de tecnología y la movilidad laboral, impulsada por la reducción de barreras comerciales y los avances en las tecnologías de la comunicación. 

• Un fenómeno marcado por la creación de mercados y cadenas de producción interdependientes que trascienden las fronteras nacionales, generando tanto oportunidades de crecimiento como desafíos como la desigualdad y la disrupción del mercado.

Las Cuatro Libertades
 

• Un conjunto de aspiraciones universales articuladas por Franklin Roosevelt durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial: libertad de expresión, libertad de culto, libertad frente a la necesidad (seguridad económica) y libertad frente al miedo (paz y seguridad).

• Principios fundamentales que influyeron en la redacción de la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, destacando tanto los derechos civiles y políticos como las protecciones económicas y sociales para todos los individuos.