Physics Time Line 1900-1990

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1900  world population 1.6 billion, in North America 76 million   0 A.D. 200 million, 1000 A.D. 400 million, 1650 500 million, 1810 1 billion, 1930 2 billion, 1990 5 billion, 2000 6 billion

1900  Hilbert begins presenting his list of 23 unsolved math problems at Second International Congress in Paris.  Some problems remain unsolved in 2022.

1900  U.S. incidence of scurvy reduced by shipping Southern produce north using block ice to retard spoilage

1900  Failure of a granite-block dam at Austin, TX, built over unstable bedrock.  It generates electricity when upstream rainfall is adequate.  (This is before the Highland Lakes flood-control dams are in place.)  But steady power is needed for the promised cotton mills at Austin, and they never get built.  The dam is among the world's largest, at 60' high, 1200' long.  The dam helps Austin have a land boom in the 1890s.  The "moonlight towers" are built.  Monroe Shipe builds the Hyde Park subdivision.  It has a streetcar.       A deluge on April 6 1990 sends 11' of water over the dam.  Within hours, the center part of the dam bursts out and slides downstream.       Pieces of this are still at Red Bud Isle.          Brackenridge gives up his dreams and donates 500 acres to UT, where student housing and an outdoor biology preserve still operate.        1940  LCRA builds the current Tom Miller Dam over remains of the granite dam.

Dark red is quantum physics topics.

1900  Max Planck proposes that energy quanta explain spectral lines.  More precisely:  http://web2.uwindsor.ca/courses/physics/high_schools/2005/Photoelectric_effect/planck.html    Planck's work on black-body radiation indicates the energy of a vibrating molecule is quantized--that is, it can only take on certain values. The energy is proportional to the frequency of vibration, and it seems to come in little "chunks" of the frequency multiplied by a certain constant. This constant came to be known as Planck's constant, or h, and it has the value 6.626x10-34 J x s.  This runs counter to conventional thought regarding light. It is an extremely radical idea to suggest that energy could only come in discrete lumps, even if the lumps are very small. Planck actually didn't realize how revolutionary his work is at the time; he thought he was just fudging the math to come up with the right answer, and is convinced that someone else will come up with a better explanation. Einstein will propose in 1905 that light also delivers its energy in chunks; light consists of little particles, or quanta, called photons in 1926, each with an energy of Planck's constant times its frequency.

Planck's proposal comes about as he deals with the "ultraviolet catastrophe," a genuine problem when you are limited to classical mechanical physics.  Planck worked on this for three years.

1900  Villard discovers gamma rays

1900   Rutherford finds a radioactive gas (radon) coming from thorium and transmuting to argon.  Soddy contributes.

1900  within 10 yrs, 2 million poor Italians emigrate to U.S.  Unemployment, cholera, malaria, Vesuvius, Etna, earthquake & tsunami.  25% of Italians leave Italy.

1890s to early 1900s    Hungarian Jewish physicists and mathematicians are numerous and influential and seem to be concentrated by birth in Hungary, though they migrate away due to the low level of physics in Hungary.  Enrico Fermi weaves a tale of evolution and science fiction.  "Yearning for fresh worlds, they ... spread out all over the Galaxy. These highly exceptional and talented people could hardly overlook such a beautiful place as our Earth.  And so, if all this has been happening, they should have arrived here by now, so where are they? "  Leo Szilard, a man with an impish sense of humor, supplies the perfect reply.  "They are among us, but they call themselves Hungarians."     https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Martians_(scientists), Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb p. 106.    Theodore von Kármán, John von Neumann, Paul Halmos, Eugene Wigner, Edward Teller, George Pólya, Paul Erdős.     Von Neumann relates the phenomenon to anti-Semitism in central Europe and war, the feeling of extreme insecurity, the necessity to produce the unusual or else face extinction.  Rhodes The Making of the Atomic Bomb p. 113.  Weizmann said "the acquisition of knowledge was ... a storing up of weapons in an arsenal by means of which we hoped later to be able to hold our own in a hostile world."

1901  Emma Goldman is suspected of conspiracy in President McKinley's assassination and in fact refuses to condemn the assassin.  Anarchism is criticized in the press and is superseded in the U.S. by socialism.  Goldman is a prominent lecturer. 

Goldman's photograph is common in publications;  she always looks dour.  In the 2010s, Elizabeth Warren is similarly dour.  Goldman is attracted to Nietzsche, the disastrous philosopher.  See 1893, 1919.

1901  Wrede continues strident skepticism of the Enlightenment, publishes The Messianic Secret:  the messianic idea was invented by the disciples and written back into the story retrospectively, Jesus never made claims to messiahship,         1 Corinthians 2:14 The natural man does not receive the things of the Spirit of God, for they are foolishness to him.  Romans 6:23 The free gift of God is eternal life in Jesus.     see 1768

1901  Walter Reed discovers yellow fever is caused by a mosquito-borne virus

1901  U.S. Carrier invents modern electrical air conditioner

1902   28,000 people in St. Pierre "Paris of the West Indies" on Caribbean Martinique incinerated by pyroclastic flow;  survival stories http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Pelee.html

1902  chromosome theory of inheritance, chromosome movements during meiosis seen by Sutton

1902  Woodrow Wilson assumes presidency of Princeton University.  https://page99test.blogspot.com/2016/08/ Woodrow Wilson remained a spiritual Christian throughout his life.  In his private life he read the Bible and prayed. He also had a warm, romantic, ongoing experience with God. But for public purposes he essentially redefined Christianity as the onward march of “progress,” which meant the spread of American-styled democracy. In both his private and public faith there remained little need for doctrine or theology. Rather, spirituality sufficed in private, and justice in public. Wilson retained the spirituality and devotion to God of his southern Presbyterian youth, while gutting religion of its doctrinal content. What was left was the very common Progressive Era idea that all good work was God’s work. All progress—whether social, political, or even scientific—was a manifestation of Christianity.  Wilson went against the Westminster Confession.  Wilson spoke of the "new coat of doctrine."

    Wilson secularized Princeton University, in the face of great opposition, eliminating all doctrinal and confessional requirements for faculty employment, and removing required Bible courses from the academic curriculum. Matters of faith were moved to the chapel and campus YMCA, as explicit matters of theology and Bible study became merely electives in the curriculum. Princeton no longer existed for the Presbyterian Church; rather it was for the nation.

    New Light Presbyterians had founded Princeton by the name of College of New Jersey in 1746. Its purpose had been to train ministers. 

   What became of Wilson's secularizing of Princeton?  See 1922 in this time line.

1902  Curies refine .1 gram of radium from ten tons of residue left from extraction of uranium.  The radium, when held near the closed eyes in darkness, produces meteor-like trails in the retinas.  Held near the skin in a test tube, the rays penetrate the glass and produce lesions that are slow to heal.  Radium causes phosphor paint to glow.  Marie Curie writes that the radium rays are from atoms and are not influenced by temperature, chemistry, light, or magnetism.

1902  Rutherford and Soddy announce transmutation of elements by radioactivity.  (This is what alchemists had tried to do.)  They find that Thorium X transmutes to other elements with a half life of eleven minutes, an exponential "decay," a statistical property.

        The rapid advances in radioactivity are highlights in newspapers and a sensation among the public.

1903  Taking the eugenics idea of Charles Darwin's cousin Sir Francis Galton forward (he coined the term in 1883), Charles Davenport in the U.S. finds a fit for the new science of genetics in breeding better people, to steer human evolution.  In 1903, the idea of genes is new.  U.S. Eugenics Record Office.  PBS American Experience:  The Eugenics Crusade   "control human reproduction to eliminate..." "feeble minded" "breed a better race" coupled with choosing the superior characteristics [does that extend to government- or agency-arranged marriages?]    See 1913

1903  Soddy's paper says that radioactive decay involves energy between 20,000 and 1,000,000 times greater than chemical energy.  Rutherford:  "some fool in a lab might blow up the universe unawares."

1903  Pierre Curie boils a small amount of water with the heat from radium, which has a half-life of 1600 years.  Pure radium puts out 100 calories per hour per gram.  The same, small radium sample could have gone on vaporizing water for 1000 years.  Compare to natural, radioactive isotopes in common granite:  if a ton of granite could be perfectly insulated, it would melt itself in 14 million years.  Compare to plutonium:  with a half life of 24000 years, a piece of nickel-plated plutonium in your hand is warm because of abundant alpha radiation being absorbed inside the metal.  Compare to tritium, used to enhance hydrogen bombs:  half life is 12.4 years, the tritium in bombs must be replenished every so often to keep the bomb yield up.  Tritium can be prepared in nuclear reactors.

1903  Rutherfords visit Curies in Paris.  At an evening meal, Rutherford notes that Pierre Curie's hands are inflamed and swollen from radium rays, in the novel illumination of zinc sulfide in contact with radium.

1903  Electric iron becomes common in the U.S., years after electric lighting in Manhattan started, 1882.  Before the electric iron, irons had been heavy hunks of iron, heated on a stove.

1903  Wright brothers' airplane engine uses aluminum crankcase made by a Dayton foundry, aluminum from what would be Alcoa in Pittsburgh

1904  Mollier plots the total heat against entropy (commonly used for steam turbines & boilers), the h–s chart or Mollier diagram

1904 (approx.) Einstein calculates what will later be named Avogardro's number, using the slowing down of falling particles when there is air or fluid.  Einstein estimates 5 x 1023 whereas it will be measured by Millikan in 1915 to be 6.02 x 1023.

1905  Einstein applies the idea of quanta to electromagnetics and the photoelectric effect, against the wave conception of electromagnetics.  Measured by Millikan in 1916.  1921 Einstein receives Nobel prize for his explanation.  Feynman and others show that both electrons and photons are particles, but not flying particles in a simple sense.  (Around 1931)  (Feynman's QED)     See 1915.    But http://henrylindner.net/Writings/PhysEssSpacePhysics2.pdf says they are both waves, or rather that a photon view is improper, think of photons as waves or e-quant.  Lindner says Feynman was confused about particles and the confusion persists.  And don't go off thinking about wave-particle duality.  Lindner's paper is somewhat readable, don't assume it is inaccessible.   All talk of flying photons and the observer’s knowledge of “which way the photon goes” is irrational. Interpreting any phenomenon or experiment according to the false flying photon theory produces nonsense—the “quantum spookiness” of double slit, delayed choice, quantum eraser, entanglement , quantum computing, teleportation, and non-locality experiments. When physicists try to make sense of the photonic nonsense, they are forced to produce more bizarre theories like observer created reality, virtual particles, superluminal information transfer, holographic reality, and parallel universes. Drop the flying photon theory and all the nonsense, confusion, and unreality disappears. We must expunge “photon” from the scientific lexicon. I propose that it be replaced with “e-quant” as described in this theory. See also 1931.

1905  Einstein's special theory of relativity indicates that time varies with speed.  E = mc2   which doesn't have any constant like pi or e. That such a fundamental equation wouldn't need a constant is remarkable, and says something about the metric system. https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2016/05/27/why-does-emc2/#6f2b734d3a70

1905  Einstein publishes the math explaining Brownian motion, in terms of the time for a particle to move a certain radius

1905  photosynthesis involves at least two quite distinct processes;  British F. F. Blackman.  Proposes the law of limiting factors.  Dark-limited phase and light-limited phase.

1905  A Russian group publishes the anti-Semitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion, written by the mystic priest Sergius Nilus.  The Protocols are part of a propaganda campaign that accompany the pogroms of 1905 inspired by the Okhrana.

early 1900s    from a web site of www.stcanice.org, an Australian Catholic diocese:  (not verified, this is their statement) Catholics are anti-democratic (maybe because of the bitterness of the French Revolution), favor limited free speech, limited freedom of religion, oppose historical analysis of Catholicism, oppose ecumenism, oppose critical literary study of Bible, oppose study of the early Church Fathers.   JE comment:  this sounds strange, but it may be true, and it may be true of Protestants of the time.       This web site in about 2017 speaks in favor of women ordination, homosexuality, and birth control.  The web site says Catholic intellectual tradition considers the world to be essentially good because all creation is infused with the presence of the divine.  Also, faith and reason should never contradict each other.  (Aquinas?)      JE comment:  the Bible says that creation is severely stained by Man's sin.              A (Catholic) spiritual law may be given.  The faithful consider the law.  The faithful try to understand the law.  What are the values of the law?  The values "meet the conscience."  "There must be a primacy of conscience over law."    JE comment:  sounds quite strange.

1905  Kravchenko as a child hears hoof beats of the Czar's Cossack horses and sounds of sabers slicing the flesh of rebelling factory workers in Ukraine.  Victor Kravchenko 1946 I Chose Freedom, a best-seller, p. 6.

1906 first two-way, transatlantic radio exchange using Fessenden equipment at 90kHz using antennas 128 meters tall, 6 yrs before electron-tube amplification

1906 Albert Schweitzer publishes The Quest of the Historical Jesus, debunking 150 years of skepticism.  Skeptics had called Jesus ‘a figure designed by rationalism, endowed with life by liberalism, and clothed by modern theology in an historical gab.’      John Dickson 2008 It became impossible to read Reimarus, Strauss, & Wrede without seeing wishful thinking on every page.  For decades, in the face of Schweitzer's scorn of skepticism, historians gave up on searching for reliable historical data about Jesus.  See 1835.

However, Schweitzer is hard to understand.  He is not an orthodox Christian.  He believes that Jesus is fiction, "designed by rationalism, endowed with life by liberalism, and clothed by modern theology in a historical garb."   In the 1950s, John Gunther will visit Schweitzer in Lambarene, Gabon, Africa at Schweitzer's hospital.  Schweitzer has a "patronizing attitude towards Africans."  After 30 years in Africa, Schweitzer still depended on European nurses.  Schweitzer:  "When you speak about missions, let this be your message:  We must make atonement for all the terrible crimes [perpetrated by Europeans] we read about in the newspapers ... shrouded in the silence of the jungle night."

1906  Phonographs and discs are available in Cairo at watchmakers.  Arab and Turkish recordings are available.  In the movie Lawrence of Arabia, set in 1917, a western symphony is played to an Arab sheik.  The sheik dislikes the sound and calls it noise, to the outrage of the British man offering the music.  Likewise, Arab music is little appreciated by westerners who are familiar with western forms.     The Prophet (Muhammad) is said to have disliked instrumental music and it is well known that depiction of realism in Arab art is forbidden to Muslims.    http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_3_No_11_June_2013/7.pdf  Arab music was historically an accompaniment for song.  Arab instrumental music lacks harmony, uses a single melodic line, uses the three-quarter tone, and uses microtones.

There is limited appreciation of music that is different from what you grew up with.  The decline of neuroplasticity after adolescence is the reason.

1907  Dr. MacDougall weighs humans & animals near death to see if a departing soul has mass

1907  Rosa and Dorsey find speed of light by EM constants 299710±30 meters per second.  The next advance is 1926.

1907  Electric vacuum cleaner is popular, following the electric iron in 1903

1907  Rutherford agrees with Lenard that solid matter is mostly empty space (soon to be determined is that the nucleus, positively charged and massive, is at the center of a cloud of fleeting electrons, which will come to be viewed as waves, not particles).  This is opposed to the plum pudding model.     Even so, the electrons have a lot of resilience, witness how a hammer rebounds from an anvil--the rebound is purely electrons acting on electrons.  Modern high-school students learning about electron orbitals get the idea that electron clouds are fluffy stuff--this is false.  Another aspect of electron orbitals is strain, such as the strain in cyclical (ring) molecules when nitrogen is one of the five or six atoms.  Baeyer first introduced the concept of ring strain, when he studied the deviation of normal tetrahedral bond angles in cyclic alkanes in the 1880s.  Cyclohexane has zero bond strain but cyclopropane is highly strained.

1907  Nazarene Church forms, a confluence of Wesleyan churches and holiness movements.  Personal discipline in service to the Good News.  Holiness adherents among Methodists leave, in favor of Nazarenes, reducing orthodoxy among Methodists.  See 1913.

1908  Future president Woodrow Wilson writes in Constitutional Government:  "All that progressives ask...is permission...to interpret the Constitution according to the Darwinian principle...a nation is a living thing and not a machine."        This is origin of the "living constitution."  The reinterpretation will come about through courts and flourishing administrative agencies.  See 1912 Woodrow Wilson.  Coming:  Wilson and Franklin D. Roosevelt are two progressives who change U.S. government;  many view their changes as disasters.

1908  Jewish refugee from Russia Nathan Kallison extends his leather business in downtown San Antonio to include ranching supplies and general merchandise. It will become the leading farm and ranch store in south Texas.  See other Kallison references back to 1890.  Kallison is one of many who was persecuted in his mother country, Russia in Kallison's case, but finds freedom in the U.S., and becomes an entrepreneur.  Russia is currently suffering violence as various people vie for power.  In ten years, 1918, Russia will be dominated by Bolsheviks and Marxism.  The Russian government will force collectivism on peasants, Kulaks, who were doing well on private farms.  Tens of millions will die and many more will spend years in forced labor, enduring cold and starvation.  Kallison is an example of a person who is persecuted in his mother country, Russia, but finds freedom in the U.S., and becomes an entrepreneur.    See 1918 in this time line.  

1908  Perrin measures Einstein's 1905 math for Brownian motion and finds agreement.  This is considered the proof of existence of atoms and the first use of statistics to prove something in physics.  (Statistics had already been introduced to biology in terms of random mutations in genes.)  The second law of thermodynamics had to be modified to say that entropy always increases except for statistical exceptions.  Statistics and quantum physics were the end of determinism and German positivism, the clockwork predictability of the universe.  (A mechanistic view of the universe had been popular for 20 years.)  German positivists gave in to atoms being a general explanation for many things.

1908  "Radio physics" is new, drawing on Maxwell's equations for propagation of radio waves, etc.  "Theory of oscillations."  Before there are vacuum tubes for amplification (1912), Mandelshtam in Russia finds that antenna to receiver should be a "weak connection."  (John E thinks this is to avoid loading a resonant antenna too strongly, which would reduce its Q.)

1908  Dutch Onnes liquefies helium, 3 degrees K above absolute zero

1908  Hale finds magnetic field on the Sun, the first magnetism known outside the Earth.  Hale finds the Zeeman effect at sunspots, where the magnetic field is thousands of times stronger than Earthly magnetism.  The birth of modern Solar physics.

1908  Cook and Peary (in 1909) both claim to be first at the North Pole

1908  Autism is a new word. 1943:  Kanner describes eleven cases.  1944:  Asperger describes Asperger's Syndrome, intelligence but obsessive and not social.  1980:  infantile autism first listed in DSM.  1988:  Rain Man movie.

1908  Simon & Binet provide an intelligence test to assist the provision of special education for children.  Another assessment is that it organizes the search for the genetically defective and unwanted.

1909  Electric toaster is popular, following closely after electric iron in 1903

1909  German holdouts Ostwald & Mach agree that there are atoms, among the last to give up on a non-materialistic approach to energy, "energetics"

1909  German Haber perfects industrial fixation of nitrogen into ammonia;  source thereafter of Germany's nitrates for ordnance;  the Chilean sodium nitrate source in the high desert is expensive, no railroad yet.

1909  "pH," power of hydrogen, is first described by Danish biochemist Søren Peter Lauritz Sørensen.  "Power" here is not watts, it is the exponent to the base 10.  See 1887, 1923.

1909  Belgian Frans Alfons Janssens discovers genetic chiasmata, the way that offspring of eukaryotes ("with nucleus") have a share of characteristics from both parents.  The working of the process will be discovered over decades into the future.  It is complex.  Important terms:  tetrad, chromatids and sister chromatids, meiosis, mitosis (non-sex-cell, identical duplication), crossing over (distinct from recombination), chi structure, chromosome arm, homologous chromosomes, recombinant chromosome, recombination or genetic reshuffling (which is the source of shared characteristics from both parents), allele, mitochondria.  A person who grasps all this does so by holding pictures of the process in the mind.  YouTube will facilitate understanding.    bibleanswerstand.org/QA_DNA.htm

1910  Millikan measures the charge of an electron, which allows Avogadro's number to be accurately found.  Millikan's experimental skill is extraordinary, most attempting to confirm the experiment fail.

1910  aluminum foil marketed for kitchen use, it had been far too expensive before advancement of refining

1910  Radon isolated.  3.4 day half life.  It is a noble gas like helium and argon but is intensely radioactive.  It seeps through cracks in granite into basements and stays there because it is eight times heavier than air.  Causes lung cancer.

1910  Edgar supports Davidson's theory that pi is a basis for dimensions of the Great Pyramid of Cheops.  Perimeter of 35th course of stones, much thicker than other courses, is related to earth's precession, 25,920 years.  Ref:  Secrets of the Great Pyramid, Tompkins 1971 Harper & Row p. 113.

1910  future Hungarian mathematician at Princeton University, von Neumann, at age 6 is able to divide two 8-digit numbers in his head

1910  Doctrinal Deliverance of 1910 (Presbyterian), declares that five doctrines are "necessary and essential" to the Christian faith.  Wikipedia, Fundamentalist–Modernist_controversy            Holy Spirit put the words of scripture in the minds of the writers, virgin birth, Jesus' atonement , Jesus' resurrection, miracles.

     The Doctrinal Deliverance was necessay because three Presbyterians had been ordained though they disputed the virgin birth.  See 1924 in this time line.  The Roaring Twenties will accelerate social changes that are brewing now.

1910  Principia Mathematica, the landmark work in formal logic written by Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, is published.  It defends logicism (math is in some significant sense reducible to logic);  the book is instrumental in developing and popularizing modern mathematical logic.    Two axioms in particular are arguably non-logical in character: the axiom of infinity and the axiom of reducibility.     In the minds of many, the issue of whether math can be reduced to logic, or whether it can be reduced only to set theory, remained open.  "Both Whitehead and I were disappointed that Principia Mathematica was only viewed from a philosophical standpoint. People were interested in what was said about the contradictions and in the question whether ordinary math had been validly deduced from purely logical premisses, but they were not interested in the mathematical techniques developed in the course of the work."  Even those who were working on exactly the same subjects did not think it worth while to find out what Principia Mathematica had to say on them.  (This is the "not invented here" syndrome.)  http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/principia-mathematica/#SOPM    It takes 379 pages of Principia to  prove that 1+1=2, but this simple proposition isn't on page 2 because Whitehead and Russell build up the logic of math from axioms, set theory, and painstaking theorems, including what the symbols 1, 2, +, and = mean.

The 1+1=2 is at the bottom of this image.       Notice the arcane math symbols all through the text.  I think some of it is set notation.  Imagine Whitehead and Russell writing three volumes of this!

Picture from http://w.astro.berkeley.edu/~mwhite/darkmatter/bbndetails.html          Hydrogen is four times the abundance of helium and is not depicted.

1953 Stalin dies days before scheduled executions of six Jewish doctors accused of poisoning Soviet leaders, the Doctor's Plot;  was to be followed by pogrom.     After Stalin, leaders of USSR are tending to lead "collegiately."  They are sick of backstabbing and grudges.  The dreaded Beria, head of the security establishment and serial rapist of girls kidnapped from the streets, is thought to be formulating a rebellion that would bring back one-man rule, by himself.  A purge in the MVD is conducted, with army support.  Beria and several associates are arrested, tried, and shot.     Declassified, top-secret report caesar-10.pdf   Khrushchev is the winner in the conflict.

1953 or maybe later  Father Raymond Brown, Roman Catholic, is an intellectual professor who champions doubt of key Christian beliefs, but he is not in the most liberal wing of professors.  He takes advantage of 1943 Pope Pius XII historical-critical method (see this time line).  See 1962 in this time line, Vatican II.  In 1990 Sept 10, The Wanderer by The Wanderer Printing Company, Fr. Gilsdorf asked these telling questions: "Is Fr. Brown right? How much can we rely on his teaching? Are his claims to orthodoxy valid? Is he a safe guide, or, as I would judge, a major contribution to the befogged wasteland of an 'American Church,' progressively alienated from its divinely constituted center?"

1953  Watson & Crick discover double-helix DNA structure using X-ray crystallography by Franklin & Wilkins

1953  Jacques Monod finds the trp operon in E. coli, the first repressible operon (DNA) to be discovered

1953  Crick and Watson propose that DNA—not a protein, as was widely imagined—is the master molecule that contains the genes

1953  Edmund Hillary & Tenzing Norgay summit Everest;  ten earlier expeditions failed

1953  a large Army and Navy of the Korean War take second place behind new air power, especially Strategic Air Command which operates the nuclear deterrent.  New doctrine of massive retaliation, culminating in MAD, see 1959, 2016 Sept. 18 .

1953 May 2  British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) Flight 783, de Havilland Comet breaks up in a thunderstorm during climb after takeoff.  1954 Jan 10  BOAC 781 breaks up at 27000 feet.  Modifications are made to the Comet fleet but the root cause is not corrected.  1954 Ap 8  SAA 201 breaks up at 35000 feet.  Comets are grounded and orders are canceled.  Windows along the top of the cabin are found to have stress cracks due to use of punch rivets rather than drilled rivets.  National Geographic 2015 T.V. documentary.  The de Havilland Comet is the first commercial jetliner, preceeding the Boeing 707.  It has distinctive wing-root-mounted engines rather than podded engines.

1953  Presidents Truman & Eisenhower proclaim that thermonuclear war would "destroy the very structure of a civilization."  This is in agreement with Einstein, Bohr, & Szilard, though they realized it even in 1945.  Malenkov, perhaps knowing the power of test Bravo, said publicly that a new world war would mean the end of civilization.    1958 Khrushchev announces Soviet unilateral moratorium on nuclear testing.   See 2016 Sept. 18

1953  Owen Storey proves that "whistler" radio waves are produced by lightning and are often guided through distant space along field lines of the Earth's magnetic field

1953  Alpher, Herman, Follin set up the hot Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) scenario, this has not changed much since 1953   http://theorie.ikp.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/nhc/pages/lectures/rhiseminar04-05/BBN.pdf

1953 and also 1962  The "smiley face" enters pop culture by New York radio station WMCA yellow sweatshirts.  1972 50 million happy-face buttons distributed by New York NG Slater company.  The happy face spread into computers: 19-Sep-82 11:44 Scott E Fahlman :-)    From: Scott E Fahlman <Fahlman at Cmu-20c>    I propose that the following character sequence for joke markers    :-)

1954  Sakharov develops the "third idea" for Russian fusion bomb after their Tube (classical Super) is found to be deficient & Sloyka is found to be limited in yield.  The test of the third idea is an airdrop in 1955, beating the U.S. to the first airdropped fusion bomb.

1954  Hoyle writes of nucleosynthesis in stars.  Extended by astrophysicists in 1960s.  Following the hot Big Bang model, only hydrogen, helium, and a little lithium can come from the Big Bang.  Heavier elements including carbon come only from supernovas.  See in this time line 1981 Hoyle.

1954  maser invented (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation)

1954  Texas Instruments designs & IDEA Corp. extends the design, & produces in the U.S., first transistor portable radio, the TR1.  Pioneered printed circuits & miniature components in consumer goods.

1954 Texas Instruments' Teal produces single-crystal silicon pure enough for transistors & makes first silicon transistor.  He uses the float-zone method or the Czochralski process, I don't know which.  The concentration of non-silicon, conduction-influencing atoms in semiconductor-grade silicon (before doping is carried out) is on the order of 1 part in 1015, a very high purity.  This can be visualized by imagining that you a tiny observer in the crystal.  If you creep in one direction through the silicon atoms toward the nearest impurity atom, you will encounter it every 100,000 atoms.

1954  http://www.computerhistory.org/revolution/birth-of-the-computer/4/94    Eniac had been the first computer with no moving parts.  It lasted until 1955 when lightning destroyed it beyond the will to repair.  Eniac lacked stored program.  Johnniac in 1954 is smaller at 5000 electron tubes and has stored program, the John von Neumann architecture.  It is used at the new RAND Corporation, the think tank, two blocks from Santa Monica beach, for 13 years.  JOSS, a 10-user multiuser system, is available.  An IBM 701 will be installed next door but will be less reliable.  The memory is Selectron tubes by RCA, but better reliability is needed, which comes from ferrite-core memory from International Telemeter Corporation, a subsidiary of Hollywood's Paramount Pictures.  The U.S. movie industry is the source of many technical advances and demands precision machinery.

1955  Congress approves the insertion of "under God" into the Pledge of Allegiance and mandates use of "In God We Trust" on U.S. paper money, in line with popular sentiment following WWII to make the phrase the U.S. motto, and in reaction to communism during the Cold War.  Another national motto is the Latin "E Pluribus Unum," "Out of many, one."  This was from 1782 in the Articles of Confederation, incorporated in the Great Seal of the United States.  President John Adams said, "It is religion and morality alone, which can establish the principles upon which freedom can securely stand."    Freethought Today April 2013 The Freedom From Religion Foundation and 19 other plaintiffs are suing the U.S. Treasury for stamping “In God We Trust” on currency in defiance of the godless and entirely secular U.S. Constitution. https://ffrf.org/outreach/item/17813-newdow-ffrf-challenge-%E2%80%98in-god-we-trust%E2%80%99

1955 Essen builds first accurate atomic clock, based on cesium

1955 Salk vaccine for polio, injected. Oral vaccine by Sabin 1962.

1955  Marcuse writes Eros and Civilization.  It has cultural Marxism.  http://www.academia.org/the-origins-of-political-correctness/    The bible of the SDS and the student rebels of the 60s.  “Do your own thing,” “If it feels good do it,” and “You never have to go to work,”  “Make love, not war.”

1950s the first two specifically antidepressant drugs: iproniazid (MAO inhibitor) & imipramine; see 1921 neurotransmitters

1956  Hans Suess and Harold Urey publish graph of element abundances in meteorites. See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleosynthesis#History_of_nucleosynthesis_theory    This is a stimulus to thinking about nucleosynthesis.  Hydrogen is most abundant, then helium at about 25%.  Lithium is relatively rare.  Beryllium is rare because there is a resonance that converts it to carbon.  John Engelbrecht's speculation is that God made nuclear physics so that lithium and beryllium, poisonous elements, are rare on earth.  Would life be possible on earth if lithium and beryllium were as common as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen?

1956  Reines & Cowen detect neutrinos

1956  Several physics groups measure decays of isolated neutrons, which have half life of only 611 seconds.  They find that the weak nuclear force has a preferred direction related to neutron spin, which may be called left and right.

1956  Ampex VRX-1000 world's first commercially successful videotape recorder uses two-inch tape

1956 TAT-1 transatlantic, submarine telephone cable, one cable in each direction, with vacuum-tube repeater every 37 miles

1956  Christianity Today magazine is an evangelical Christian periodical founded by Billy Graham.  (see 1950/51 in this time line)  "Plant the evangelical flag in the middle of the road, taking the conservative theological position but a definite liberal approach to social problems."  Publication partner is his father-in-law Lemuel Nelson Bell, who was a medical missionary for the Presbyterian Church in China. 

1956  Hungarian revolt crushed after 11 days          http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/hungarianrevolution.htm          Russian massacre provoked the second phase of armed resistance. The installation of Kadar's puppet government was only oil on the fire. After our fighting days, after our brief span of liberty and democracy, Kadar's hideous slogans and stupid lies, couched in the hated Stalinite terminology, made everyone's blood boil.  The answer was bitter fighting and a general strike throughout the country. In the industrial suburbs the workers struck and fought desperately against the Russian tanks.  The Russians bombarded to rubble every house from which a single shot was fired...So they stopped fighting.  But the strike went on.

1956  Khrushchev is battling remnants of the Stalinists.  Khrushchev addresses a closed session of the Twentieth Party Congress & condemns brutality of Stalin "that we may preclude any possibility of a repetition."  Stalin "imposed his concepts and demanded absolute submission to his opinion. Whoever opposed...was doomed to removal...and to subsequent moral and physical annihilation."  Khrushchev cites records of widespread torture to obtain signatures on supposed confessions.    Stalin policies of displacement (up to 20 million displaced, arrested, blacklisted), torture, forced labor, executions (up to 20 million deaths).   See 1937.  Repression of Russian dissidents continues at the hands of KGB.  The Berlin Wall 1961.  Hungarian Revolution of 1956 was quashed by Russian tanks.          Khrushchev clings to Lysenko.      

1957  Landau, a Soviet nuclear scientist in Arzamas, is recorded by KGB but allowed to continue working:  "Our regime...could not change by itself...it will [not] develop into anything decent...If unable to collapse in a peaceful way, then a third World War with all its attendant horrors is inevitable."

1957  waxed paper bags replaced by plastic bags for bread wrapping & cereal (corn flakes, etc.) packaging inside the cardboard box.  The steel wire-plastic tie wrap is introduced to tie off the plastic bread bag.

1957  The International Geophysical Year is international science events that emphasize international cooperation, across the East-West divide.  John E. at age 8 sees IGY in Weekly Reader and remembers it at age 70.

1957  The SSM, Standard Solar Model, is substantially complete.  It is customized to the Sun.  It has magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD), which is the very complex interdependence of strong solar magnetism with current flow in moving plasma.  The interdependence traps plasma mass flow inside magnetic flux tubes, even when the tubes get stretched around the Sun by solar rotation.  It is thought that solar magnetism and solar wind have mechanically linked the Sun to the planets and transferred rotational energy of the Sun out to the planets, giving a Sun that now rotates much slower than expected.     MHD operates in the near-vacuum of the photosphere and corona;  flux tubes of hot plasma, even though they are near-vacuum, are still lighter in density than other solar-atmosphere features, and the flux tubes tend to float upward and are partially visible along the photosphere, as viewed in light of certain wavelengths.   ref:  page 73 15 Million Degrees, A Journey to the Centre of the Sun Lucie Green 2016.

1957  Sputnik orbited by Russia, results in the missile-gap panic in the U.S.  Launcher is Soviet Russian R-7 Semyorka missile.  It had flown a simulated nuclear strike trajectory 2 mo. earlier.  The Semyorka uses kerosene and LOX but takes 3 hrs to prime with LOX before launch.  A follow-on missile is commissioned, the R-16, which, in theory, can be fueled and primed weeks before it is needed, with no loss of oxidizer, because its engineers abandon super-cold LOX and kerosene in favor of nitric acid and hydrazine: hypergolic fuels... a fuel and oxidizer combination that can be stored indefinitely at normal pressures and temperatures, igniting spontaneously on contact with each other.  But thy are among the nastiest in the rocket business.   See 1955 disaster.

1957  review paper by Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler, and Hoyle consolidates thinking going back to Eddington in 1920, that the nuclei of elements heavier than helium are built up in supernovas.  (Only 2% of matter is heavier than helium.)

1957  Crick presents "On Protein Synthesis." The principal function of genes is the manufacture of proteins, which are comprised of some combination of twenty amino acids. "Once the central and unique role of proteins is admitted," argued Crick, "there seems little point in genes doing anything else."  http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1957_Crick.php

1957  Junction FET is made, see 1926.  Junction field-effect transistor is much simpler in concept that a BJT (bipolar junction transistor) but has less gain, though input current is nil for a JFET.

1957  Japanese Esaki dopes a germanium diode more heavily and comes out with a tunnel diode.  The PN junction depletion region is very thin, about 10nm, electrons can tunnel through that at 130mV in the forward direction.  At 5mA and 130mV, differential resistance is negative, tunnel diode coupled to a microwave cavity spontaneously oscillates (190GHz typical).  At higher forward voltage, normal forward current takes over (positive resistance).  Modern tunnel diodes are gallium arsenide.

1958  Alaska statehood

1958  K.D. Froome finds speed of light by radio interferometry 299792.50±0.10 meters per second.  The next advance is 1972.

1958  At age 16, prodigy Ted Kaczynski is a freshman at Harvard.  Partly because of his immaturity, he makes few friends.  College women are uninterested in him.  He enrolls as a test subject in a Harvard psychological study which subjects him to mental abuse, to bring about anger.  He sticks it out in the study for three years.  This is bad for his mind.

    Women will have nothing to do with him.  He briefly considers sex change and almost interviews with a psychiatrist to start the process.  "His rage shifted to the thought of killing the psychiatrist he was waiting to see."  He started thinking of killing multiple people as a way of getting out of his rut, being daring.  Kaczynski will become a hermit and the unpredictable and feared Unabomber.  See 1967.

1958  Great Leap Forward, pushed on Chinese by Mao, is intended to change China from agrarian to industrial in five years.  Based in part on Russian Lysenko, see 1948.  Millions of professors, doctors, workers are moved onto communes.  Back-yard steel furnaces run by amateurs produce substandard iron, burn up forests for fuel, pollute environment.  Too many farmers are committed to steel production, inadequate work force to harvest crops.  Most food taken to cities, farmers starve.  30 million starve, the 5-year plan is canceled after 3 years.  More deaths than from Hitler or Stalin.     Frank Dikötter, author of Mao's Great Famine, at least 45 million people dead between 1958 and 1962.      Ilya Somin 2016   The socialist government of Venezuela imposed forced labor on many.  Yet most of the media coverage of this injustice fails to note the connection to socialism, or that the policy has parallels in the history of the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, and other similar regimes...distinctive brand of strongman bullying typical of socialist states around the world. The Scandinavian nations – sometimes cited as examples of successful socialism- are not actually socialist at all.      See in this timeline 1994  Private Life of Chairman Mao.  See 1997, Black Book of Communism.

1958  Teller in the U.S., father of the American H-bomb, is a leading proponent of nuclear weapon testing.  Our Nuclear Future:  Facts, Dangers, and Opportunities, depicts nuclear-test fallout as averaged over the earth's population & causing far fewer deaths than cosmic rays cause among people living above 4000' elevation.  Also in 1958, Sakharov in Russia writes articles that don't dispute Teller's facts but presents the hazard as deaths per megaton of explosions rather than averaged days fewer of life.  Sakharov calculates that, over 8000 years, each megaton of even the "cleanest," atmospheric, hydrogen-bomb tests will kill 6600 people by way of excess, radioactive carbon-14.  Khrushchev authorizes Sakhorov's popular-press publication abroad for it's propaganda value but not in U.S.S.R., where such talk is suppressed.  Sakharov is unknown in the West (even his role in the H-bomb is unknown due to the secrecy of Design Bureau No. 11, Sarov, Arzamas-16, known to the residents as Los Arzamas, which became sister city to Los Alamos in 1994) & is ignored as Western protesters & proponents squabble.    

1959 Russian Luna 2, aimed at the Moon, impacts as intended.  1962 U.S. Ranger 4 does the same.

1959 Fraze invents, Coors Brewing popularizes two-piece aluminum can with pop-top lid;  previous cans were steel

1959 Belmondo in Breathless is a second French movie breaking free of moral restrictions, the first being Bardot in And God Created a Woman in 1956.  Wikipedia:  Bardot freely engaged in adultery during her life, 17 men.  "When the passion was coming to an end, I was packing my suitcase."  Bardot is known to wear no underwear at times.  Combined with penicillin which reduced the syphilis epidemic and the pill, the sexual revolution in the U.S. starts.  1966 NOW founded by Betty Friedan.

    Romans chapter 1 to 6 has much to say about morals in the modern world.

    The Good News seen in Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John are the power of God for the salvation of everyone who believes.  This is through faith.  (See in this time line 1517, Luther)  Men are suppressing the truth by their wickedness.  [Men have denied God in modern times1] though God's power and divinity have been clearly seen, and men are without excuse.  Their foolish hearts are darkened, though they claim wisdom.  Therefore God gave them over to sexual impurity to degrade their bodies and for shameful lust, and their women, too.  They receive in their bodies the due penalty for perversion.3 They are now full of greed4, envy, murder, slandering.  [Just look at the themes of popular TV and politics.]  They disobey their parents.  They approve of others who do the same.5  God would lead you to repent, but you are stubborn and store up wrath.  God gave the Jews His law, but that is only good for becoming conscious of sin.  At just the right time2, Jesus died for us, his death satisfying the Law's requirement for a blood sacrifice, but it is only effectual for those who receive Jesus' gift of forgiveness.       http://crustore.org/fourlawseng.htm

    Footnote 1:  Freedom from Religion Foundation.       Evolution is a panacea against all spiritual, Christian orthodoxy, but there is much scientific evidence against evolution.     http://www.ucg.org/vertical-thought/prove-evolution-is-false-even-without-the-bible      http://www.discovery.org/scripts/viewDB/filesDB-download.php?id=660           http://www.uncommondescent.com/creationism/from-atheist-to-creationist-nuclear-chemist-jay-wile/        search for Anthropic Coincidences       http://www.creationtips.com/evoluwrong.html

    Footnote 2:  Greek language, pax Romana, roads.  These together allowed early Christians to communicate to distant lands and show people how to be forgiven.

    Footnote 3:  syphilis originated in the New World and was carried back to the Old World.  Another aspect of a due penalty is that men with long exposure to pornography become less and less able to function with their wives.  Another disease fitting this Bible verse is obviously HIV, but radical homosexuals moved to make HIV the first politically protected disease.  "the CDC goes around talking about stigma and 'homophobia.' This is really a politically protected class of disease because of its association with homosexuality.  The Washington Times November 7 2014 males practicing homosexual behavior accounted for 64 percent of new HIV cases, although they are estimated at only 2% of the population."   http://www.onenewsnow.com/culture/2014/11/13/accusation-govt-actions-have-made-hivaids-a-politically-protected-disease

    Footnote 4:  See this timeline 1981 Dugas

    Footnote 5:  http://gaylife.about.com/od/comingout/a/comingoutday.htm

    The born-again believer in Jesus can read the Bible to see God's intentions for morals.  (Ellicott's Commentary for English Readers)

    The Ten Commandments in Exodus 20

    Galatians 5:22-23  What the Spirit can give you differs from any form of pagan or philosophic ethics;  self-giving love, joy,6 peace, kindness, goodness, trustworthiness, mildness towards men, a gentle submissiveness to the divine will, self-control.

    Matthew 18:15  If sharp words have been spoken among the church and there is a breach to be healed, the responsible man will press it home on the other in such a way as to reach his reason and his conscience.  Do not seek profit by going to court. In the more excellent way which the Lord points out, sacrifice the lower gain, attain the higher, and win for God and for yourself the brother.  If he will not hear you, then take one or two more, that he might be induced to listen, or so that they might be witnesses of his conduct before the church.

    1 Peter 3:7  You husbands, living according to knowledge of your wives, giving honor as to joint heirs also of a grace of life, study to understand the whole meaning of the case, taking everything into account. Husband and wife will not get on together smoothly with haphazard reconciliation.  Give honor to your wives as to joint heirs of a grace of life, that the husbands' prayers will not hindered.

    Footnote 6:  brightness and equanimity which proceeds from calm and settled principles animated by the Holy Spirit himself

https://probe.org/the-enlightenment-and-belief-in-god/  The mindset in our society today is either one of skepticism or of relativism. Skepticism says there is truth but we can’t know it; relativism says there is no fixed truth.

1959  Climb Ev'ry Mountain is Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The Sound of Music.  It is inspirational music "to encourage people to take every step towards attaining their dreams."  Similar to You'll Never Walk Alone from Carousel.

Climb every mountain, Ford every stream,

Follow every rainbow, 'Till you find your dream.

A dream that will need All the love you can give,

Every day of your life For as long as you live.

John Engelbrecht:  some dreams are worth a lot of love.  But the first stanza implies that a person has the time and means to go down a lot of meaningless rabbit trails, which is appropriate for very few people.  See 1969 And Did It My Way

1959  Psychiatric hospital funding is cut back, non-criminally mentally ill patients who want to leave do so.  This is much of the reason for homeless people who are an increasing urban problem after 1990.

https://www.nytimes.com/1984/10/30/science/how-release-of-mental-patients-began.html

Cost-conscious policy makers, who were quick to buy optimistic projections that were, in some instances, buttressed by misinformation and by a willingness to suspend skepticism...over reliance on drugs to do the work of society

In California, for example, the number of patients in state mental hospitals reached a peak of 37,500 in 1959.   Oversold community treatment, Tranquilizers became the panacea for the mentally illl.  Late 1960s court decisions that limited the commitment powers of state and local officials.  ACLU

1959 Russia is first with nuclear-tipped ICBM;  U.S. leads the missle race but when Russia achieves nuclear parity, doctrine of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) comes about.

1959 Khrushchev tours in U.S. & has summit with Eisenhower.  In Los Angeles, his temper flares when he is barred from Disneyland & when the L.A. mayor needles him at Los Angeles Town Hall about his "we will bury you."  "If you want to go on with the arms race, very well...As for the output of rockets--well, they are on the assembly line."   But he is delighted at a Hollywood lunch emceed by Sinatra.

1959  Castro's communist revolution brings Cubans down to a low but equal level, except for privileged party members.  Rich Cubans flee to Miami where they vote conservative, though liberalism is making inroads in the 2010s.  Education and medical care become free, cramped housing is free (hotels and mansions are turned into overcrowded housing) but there is no maintenance for buildings or sewage drains.  A TV show around 1995 shows that the water lines into homes are scaling up, reducing water flow to a trickle.  USSR trade brings a good market for Cuban sugar and the USSR ships in subsidized petroleum, some of which is mandated by the junta to be surplus and is sold to other countries for hard cash.  There is no private property;  farmers turn over 100% of crops to government with no compensation beyond the standard distribution.  USSR is generous toward Cuba to give a way for Russian ICBMs to be based near the U.S., as the U.S. has U.S. ICBMs in Turkey pointed toward Russia.      https://thirdeyemom.com/2014/05/13/cubas-special-period-and-the-un-triumph-of-the-revolution/

1960  laser invented, is a source of intense, single-wavelength (monochromatic) light

1960  MOSFET transistor, an alternative to BJT (bipolar junction transistor) is invented, will gradually take over in logic integrated circuits.  BJT has collector, base emitter.  MOSFET has drain, gate, source.  MOSFETs using arrays of thousands of paralleled elements per transistor will become the power semiconductor switch which will make switch-mode power supplies practical in 1974.  These MOSFETs do not have second breakdown.

1960  the meter is defined by a certain wavelength of light (1 650 763.73 wavelengths) from krypton-86, relative uncertainty of 4x10−9, 25 times better than 1889. Next determination is 1983

1960  manned bathyscaphe Trieste lands at Challenger Deep, 36,070 ft deep, near Guam island

1960  physicist Eugene Wigner:  “The miracle of the appropriateness of the language of mathematics to the formulation of the laws of physics is a wonderful gift which we neither understand nor deserve.”  2014 Max Tegmark in this timeline.      PBS Nova 4-15-2015  The Great Math Mystery  Is math invented by humans, or is it the language of the universe?

1960 and following     Several types of RNA represent a basic division of labor in protein synthesis. Messenger RNA (mRNA) presents information contained in DNA sequences to the ribosomes, which are structured by ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Other molecules, known as transfer RNA (tRNA), attach to specific amino acids and conduct them to the ribosomes for protein synthesis.   http://www.genomenewsnetwork.org/resources/timeline/1960_mRNA.php

1960 Jan 10  American Weekly as quoted in http://www.ministers-best-friend.com/SCIENCE-Von-Braun-Inventor-of-Rockets-Great-Christian--COURSE-CRE-SCI-420.html   von Braun:  "It is as difficult for me to understand a scientist who does not acknowledge the presence of a superior rationality behind the existence of the universe as it is to comprehend a theologian who would deny the advances of science."  He saw intelligent design, as it is now called, instead of randomness, and he advocated in 1972 to the California School Board that creation should be taught alongside evolution.  evoxcross

1960 approx.  George Noory at age 10 has a paranormal experience.  The family, in Detroit, is asleep.  A building next door has a fire.  The fire is spreading to the Noory home.  George is awakened by a fireman dressed in the full protective equipment.  The fireman shakes the boy awake and shouts to him to get the family out.  He awakens everyone and they all get out onto the front sidewalk.  The fire department puts out the fire.  (I suppose the Noory home was mostly saved.)  The dad finds the ranking fireman and thanks him for saving the family.  The fireman looks at the dad  for a bit, then says, "We didn't have anyone from our crew go into your home."         George Noory goes on to be a very young news director for a TV station, and a 9-year veteran in the Navy, working some time in the Pentagon in public affairs but also flying in a reconnaissance plane.  He takes over Coast to Coast AM nighttime radio after Art Bell retired.

1960  photosynthesis research:  Duysens proposes serial photosystems I and II, Bendall & Hill develop cohesive theory of serial photosynthetic reactions.

1960  Pretoria, S. Africa observatory finds what will later be resolved to be R136a1, the heaviest known star, in one of the Magellanic Clouds, mini-galaxies near the Milky Way.  This star is 313 times as heavy as Sun.  53,000 deg K.  It will burn out quickly and suffer core collapse and supernova or other violent end.  See Wikipedia for this star.

1960 Februray  France makes its first atom-bomb test, in western Sahara Desert

1960  secret GRAB satellites of the U.S. conduct electronic intelligence surveillance on Russian defensive radar sites

1960 Eight plutonium production reactors are running at the Hanford reservation.  They supply plutonium for most of the U.S. nuclear-bomb  inventory.   Ruptures in the fuel rods are known to leak high-level radioactivity into the Columbia River cooling water;  technical personnel operate on the basis that "dilution is the solution."  Anti-war protesters charge that the U.S. and Russia, during the arms race, build as many bombs as production can supply, rather than building as few bombs as strategy & negotiation would dictate.  Whistleblowers bring to light many safety deficiencies.  1988 The last reactor & the PUREX reprocessing plant are shut down.  Many high-level, liquid-waste tanks are known to leak, including ones whose radioactive waste generates enough heat to elevate their temperatures, in some cases to rolling boil.

1960 Russian rocket on a Baikonur Cosmodrome launch pad kills Russian space experts and 40 to 90 Red Army technicians.  Due to Russian secrecy, various accounts & speculations have been advanced. 

Speculation #1, probably from James Oberg's Uncovering Soviet Disasters 1988 & possibly corrected in a reissue:  For a satellite launch, the first-stage countdown is halted late in the countdown, without the rocket lifting off, but a timer for the third stage has already started.  Upon timeout after about 90 minutes, the third stage ignites, even in the presence of atmospheric pressure.  The hot rocket plume impinges on the big propellant tank of the second stage, melting through the thin steel, causing a catastrophic fire that ruptures the oxidizer tank, spreading to the first-stage tanks, enveloping the whole launch structure, incinerating the many personnel who are diagnosing the first-stage problem or who are enjoying the warm sun. 

Facts #2, Disaster at the Cosmodrome by James Oberg appears in Air & Space Magazine Dec 1990, this is the Nedelin disaster during development of the nuclear-strike R-16 ICBM in 1960.  Marshal Mitrofan Nedelin is working under pressure from the Kremlin, ignores safety protocols, & orders increasing numbers of technicians to work under a fueled rocket on dozens of leaks of corrosive, hypergolic nitric acid & hydrazine.  Somewhere, the fuel & oxidizer contact one another & spontaneously ignite.  Observers at a distance see multiple cascades of fire, possibly culminating in ruptures of bulk storage, spreading thousands of yards by one account, overcoming fleeing men, some of whom are stuck in recently poured asphalt & others caught in barbed wire.  Marshal Nedelin himself burns up.       In 1989 the first, Russian, published account of the disaster appears. Aleksandr Bolotin, a young officer at the Cosmodrome, in the pro-glasnost weekly Ogonyok, identifies the rocket as an ICBM.

    With the loss of so many engineers, ICBM tests in 1961 are unsuccessful.  By early 1962, as Americans begin deploying ICBMs in entire squadrons, Khrushchev is faced with a tremendous missile gap.  He places missiles in Cuba (see 1962 in this time line;  according to author Brian T. Brown in 2019, Someone is Out to Get Us:  A Not so Brief History of Cold War Paranoia and Madness, Coast to Coast AM Nov 6-7 2019, Russia places 100 offensive nuclear missiles in Cuba, SS4s or R12s threatening Houston, Dallas, Savannah and Oak Ridge nuclear production sites, some of Ohio, and Washington D.C., and SS5s or R14s threatening Los Alamos, San Diego, Lawrence Livermore National Lab, the entire populous part of eastern Canada, and all the U.S. east of Nevada), leading to the Cuban missile crisis.  But as historian Curtis Peebles observes, the strategy would not have been necessary had the Nedelin disaster not happened.

    Cosmodrome workers are embittered at the decades of official denial. "If you only knew of all the explosions and deaths," one museum official lamented to a visitor, "you would be horrified at the size of the deceptions." Evidently much more is still held in secret Soviet archives or was documented in records & subsequently destroyed to prolong the deception.

    Piers Bizony chronicles the disaster in How To Build Your Own Spaceship.       See 1955.

1961  https://www.easycalculation.com/science/Drake-equation.php    Drake Equation Calculation

The Drake Equation was developed by Frank Drake in 1961 as a way to focus on the factors which determine how many intelligent, communicating civilizations there are in our galaxy.  (SETI)

John E plugs in some numbers:

R 1 billion per year       R* below, I think it is the derivative of the number of stars

fp 1%   I took this way down because the next one, Ne, doesn't have a selection below 0.33.  David Waltham's book, Lucky Planet, says Ne is very low because climate stability is rare.

Ne .33

fl 1 of a million     John E thinks evolution by favorable mutations is submerged by the harmful mutations

fi .5%  Again, Lucky Planet is cause for pessimism

fc 10% 

L 100yrs

N 1.7*10-11    R* below, I think it is the derivative of the number of stars

Drake Equation:

N = R* fp ne fl fi fc L      where

N = The number of communicative civilizations (does this mean the number we can be looking for right now, or within the time intelligent life on Earth persists and is interested in looking?)

R* = The rate of formation of suitable stars (stars such as our Sun)

fp = The fraction of those stars with planets. (Current evidence indicates that planetary systems may be common for stars like the Sun.)

ne = The number of Earth-like worlds per planetary system

fl = The fraction of those Earth-like planets where life actually develops

fi = The fraction of life sites where intelligence develops

fc = The fraction of communicative planets (those on which electromagnetic communications technology develops)(John E:  and where they wish to reveal themselves)

L = The 'lifetime' of communicating civilizations

John E:  The Drake equation has nothing about the strength of electromagnetic signals, the sensitivity of receivers on Earth, the direction that signals are beamed, whether isotropically or in specific directions, the transparency across the Milky Way for the signals, the likelihood that we are looking at the proper wavelengths, the fraction of civilizations that advertise their existence and invite all comers to look at them (as opposed to the ones that hide), and the likelihood that we recognize a signal (movie Contact).  And if God is part of the equation, He may decide that there is a multiplying factor of zero, meaning that He wishes to set up one planet to see how compliant His creatures are.

    When you add these multiplying factors in, it further lowers the number N.  Without these factors, the calculator shows .017 chances in a billion for the numbers I put in.  Give up on that!

    The Milky Way is 100,000 light years across.  What is the transmitted-power requirement to be detected at least half-way across the galaxy?  You may form the radiation pattern into the disk of the galaxy to avoid wasting power, transmitting to places where there are no stars.  What does signal-to-noise ratio say about this?  The early radio astronomers knew that the galaxy is rather quiet;  they had to have special antennas to collect enough radio power to overcome receiver noise.  But at many frequencies, even megawatt transmitters are insufficient to transmit to the far side of the Earth, let alone getting to the nearest star.  This is why Drake was concerned with just the Milky Way.  If signals get so weak in just light years, there is no hope of receiving sentinent-being-generated signals from another galaxy.

    These issues are on Scott Bidstrup's web site, bidstrup.com/seti.htm.  Scott wants SETI to succeed, to discredit all the religious nonsense about "creationism."  Scott is a microwave communications engineer.

2018 June 26  https://www.dailywire.com/news/scientific-paper-its-likely-we-are-alone-hank-berrien   the conflict between the apparently lifeless universe that we observe and the Drake equation, which suggests the sheer multitude of possible sites for intelligent life should yield a large number of potentially observable civilizations, arises from the use of Drake-like equations, which are not necessarily reliable. The paper notes, “But while the equation is often invoked as a way of reasoning about uncertainties and ignorance, the actual practice is often considered to be somewhat suspect. Many papers state that some of their parameter choices are just their best guesses, though this fails to provide an appropriate framework for interpreting the result.”   " replacing point estimates by probability distributions that reflect current scientific understanding, we find no reason to be highly confident that the galaxy (or observable universe) contains other civilizations, and thus no longer find our observations in conflict with our prior probabilities."

1961 Lehninger discovers that the citric acid cycle and the electron-transfer chain of enzymes are located within each cell’s mitochondria (relates to photosynthesis)

1961 Anfinsen shows that ribonuclease can be refolded after denaturation while preserving enzyme activity, thereby suggesting that all the information required by a protein to adopt its final conformation is encoded in its amino-acid sequence.  This will become the topic of protein folding and protein thermodynamics.

1961 Thalidomide, the only non-barbiturate sedative known, is almost as popular as aspirin and OTC in Europe to aid sleep and to reduce morning sickness during pregnancy.  FDA inspector Frances Kelsey, who prevents the drug’s approval within the United States despite pressure from FDA supervisors, saves the U.S. from Thalidomide.  12,000 children are born with birth defects.  Miscarriages also happen.  Limb defects in second-generation babies are five times the normal rate, indicating DNA damage.

1961 Russian Gagarin first person to reenter atmosphere from space, at 18000 mph

1961 Pluto project, a nuclear-powered ramjet for supersonic, below-radar, unmanned craft to drop multiple H-bombs on Russia, has a 500MW test at Nevada Site 401.  Project canceled, it would have irradiated U.S. allies on way to Russia.  http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/f-news/1565615/posts

1961  Slip’N Slide by Wham-O

1961  Out-of-body and near-death experiences are being published.  Anyone with a materialist mindset discounts such things, but people in hospice duty, and many relatives who are with loved ones who die, report similar experiences.  In 1923, Bozzano published about NDE.  He influenced Crookall who published in 1961.  Dr. Raymond Moody published Life After Life in 1975.  Later, Glimpses of Eternity.

    This time-line entry is prompted by Coast to Coast AM Jan 19 2022 with George Noory and guest William Peters, author of At Heaven's Door.  Peters has done hospice care and experienced SDE, shared death experience.  He himself had two NDEs, one being a bad skiing accident when he was a teen.  

    In Steve Jobs' final moments of consciousness in 2011, he looked at his family, then stared past their shoulders into the great beyond behind them, and uttered the repeated phrase: "Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow."  (Reported by his sister.)   Read More: https://www.grunge.com/189233/the-truth-about-steve-jobs-last-words-before-he-died/?utm_campaign=clip 

    John E, the writer, saw a book in 1977 about OBE, probably Life After Life, written by a doctor.  One case was a man being operated on.  He would come into consciousness, scream about burning, and plead to be saved, which sounded like burning in Hell.  Then he would be unconscious from anesthetic or whatever.  This cycled two or three times.  He lived but had no memory of the mental experience.  William Peters (see above) says 5% to 10% of NDE are bad experiences.

    NDE does not prove heaven but consider it to be evidence.  Most NDE are not reported, so do not take the rarity of the reports to be the whole story.

     https://www.godreports.com/2012/03/atheist-professors-near-death-experience-in-hell-left-him-changed/         This is a remarkable account.  In case the web site expires, here are some excerpts.     Mar 10 2012 Mark Ellis     In this horrifying NDE for an atheist art professor, he was drawn into the darkness of hell, which dramatically altered the course of his life.  “I was a double atheist,” says Howard Storm, born Catholic, who became a tenured art professor at Northern Kentucky University by age 27.  “I was a know-it-all college professor, and universities are some of the most closed-minded places there are,”  In France on a tour, “I had a perforation of the...duodenum.”   In France, with socialized medicine,  “French doctors do seven surgeries a week, and after they do the seven surgeries, they take the weekend off.”  It was hours of agony without pain medicine before a doctor could be found.  Before the doctor came, “I was terrified of dying because it meant lights out, the end of the story,”  [From a materialist perspective.]   He found himself standing next to his bed, looking at himself lying there.  He noticed he didn’t feel the pain in his stomach. He felt more alive than ever.  Voices called.  “Come with us,” they said. “Hurry up, let’s go.”  “We know all about you,” one said. “We’ve been waiting for you. It’s time for you to go. Hurry up.”  ...walk with them down a long hallway, which was very dimly lit...very long journey through a grey space that got increasingly darker and darker...wondered why he was not tired.   “Shut up,” one said. “Be quiet,” another said. “Don’t ask questions.”  Howard’s fear grew.  ‘I’m not going any farther. I want to go back.”  They fought him in the dark and tore up his body.  A small voice inside his head said, ‘Pray to God.’  “The Lord is my shepherd and I shall not want…”  The demons  became enraged. “There is no God and nobody can hear you.”  “But even if Jesus is real, why would he care about me? he thought."   “He probably hates my guts. I’m not going to think anymore; I’m going to ask him.”  “Jesus, please save me!”  A brilliant light appeared that came closer and closer. He recognized Jesus, the King of Kings, the Rescuer, the Deliverer.  Angels showed him his life. “My life deteriorated after adolescence. I saw I became a selfish, unloving person. I was successful, but I was a jerk," an adulterer.  Jesus told him to go back.  He was operated on and saved.  He grew “desperate” for fellowship in a church, and began to attend Christ Church in Fort Thomas, Kentucky.  His wife, an atheist, divorced him, but he married a Christian.  They are involved in missionary work in Belize.  Wrote My Descent Into Death.

    John E., the writer of this time line, read a similar account of a dead person walking with demons on a long, dark walk toward Hell.  That was the source of the demon story in 

sites.google.com/site/solderandcircuits/home/more-circuit-design/when-hell-is-a-relief.

1962  LED invented

1962  Japanese radio-wave spying on a U.S. installation recognized, dipole & Yagi antennas on a hospital spying on a U.S. cryptocenter;  a stage in TEMPEST development

1962  Novy Mir publishes Solzhenitsyn's One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, about the gulag archipelago & the crimes of Stalin;  Solzhenitsyn had suffered 10 yrs hard labor in a Siberian gulag

1962  Science Fiction novels and movies are big.  Science Fiction in 1960s

1962  James Bond in Dr. No is the first James Bond spy thriller, the start of a long series of glamorous movies.  Combines casual sex of the Sexual Revolution, Cold War spying, very neat music, and high-dollar cars, yachts, and hotels.  Bond is portrayed as a patriotic, all-in-commitment, British agent.  These films get the viewer to glamorous places in the world and exotic fictional imaginary places.  The real-life Soviet agency, SMERSH, is in some Bond films, and the fictional SPECTRE is associated with it.  The crusty Q figure, played by Desmond Llewelyn in 17 Bond films, is always an audience favorite.      SPECTRE is like THRUSH in The Man From U.N.C.L.E.  STENCH is in Carry on Spying.

1962 Oct 27  During Cuban Missile Crisis, 10 months before the Hot Line, Cpt. Savitsky of Russian diesel-powered sub B-59 orders the launch of a secret torpedo.  "We're going to blast them now!  We will die, but we will sink them all."  B-59 & two other subs are harassed near Cuba by 11 U.S. destroyers, firing low-power depth charges or training charges to force the subs to surface.  Washington has advised the Kremlin of this tactic, but this knowledge doesn't get to B-59.  B-59's communications with Russian commanders has been intermittent for 7 days & Savitsky takes the depth charges to mean that WWIII is underway.  The single, secret torpedo has a nuclear warhead & will sink the subs, U.S. aircraft carrier Randolph, & other U.S. vessels, & probably trigger WWIII.  At the command of Savitsky, intelligence officer Orlov thinks to himself, "That's it--the end."      

    The sub-flotilla commander, Arkhipov, aboard B-59, talks Savitsky out of his launch order, in favor of waiting for orders from Russia.  The subs run out of battery charge, surface in humiliation among the U.S. ships to charge batteries, are photographed, & abandon the mission.  They return to their arctic base & are condemned by hardline admirals:  "It would have been better if you had gone down with your ship."    References:  The Boston Globe p. A20 10-13-2002, 10-2-2012 PBS Secrets of the Dead, National Security Archive, Cuban Samba of the Foxtrot Quartet by Mozgovoy 2002.  This info was declassified in 1990s.

    Pres. Kennedy was opposed to hawks among the U.S. military, see note at 1950.  Numerous generals wanted to preemptively strike Russia with hydrogen bombs.     Brian T. Brown in 2019, Someone is Out to Get Us:  A Not so Brief History of Cold War Paranoia and Madness, Coast to Coast AM Nov 6-7 2019:  Pres. Kennedy allowed the movie Seven Days in May to be filmed using the real White House.

    Richard Rhodes Dark Sun illustration 53  The missiles USSR stations in Cuba are model SS-4 with 3 megaton warheads, just one being sufficient to destroy Washington, D.C.

1962 Antiproton found (see 1931)

1962  Chiquita-brand bananas receive gentler handling all through the delivery cycle and are nearly bruise-free in groceries.  This is appealing to consumers.  Previously, all bananas were quite bruised.

1962  The LIFE Science Library is a wondrous treasure trove.  Writing is being done for The LIFE Science Library, The Cell, in 1964.  Time Inc., John Pfeiffer, former president of National Assn of Science Writers.  Seen from the 2020s by JE, Ch 4, The First Living Thing on Earth, is ridiculous, though in 1962 it is just mainstream Darwinism or neo-Darwinism or Modern Synthesis, the latter two coming into their own with Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Dawkins in the 1970s.  In 1962, kinesin and dynein, the incredible, giant molecules which walk along microtubules to transport payloads from nucleus to where they are needed in the cell, are twenty years in the future, so in 2022 we shouldn't be too harsh about the writers in the 1960s.  

    But even in 1962, Rene Dubos writes in the introduction of The Cell, "The most primitive cell is an immensely complex and highly integrated piece of biological machinery in which every part plays an indispensable role."  "This LIFE book will help correct" the primitive point of view about the cell, that it has genes, it metabolizes, it reproduces, different cells have different mechanical and chemical roles, but the cell has been around for three billion years, arising like bacteria, and how can something so old be very complicated?

    Chapter 4 tries to paint a picture of how the first cells came to reproduce.  LIFE gives Pfeiffer precious few pages to paint the picture, and he does his writing for the lay reader, who at the time, indeed, knows next to nothing about biochemistry.  (JE supposes you have to be a doctoral candidate to really grasp the complexity of the cell, and I have only Organic Chem I as my own academic basis for biochemistry.  But I read.)

    The RNA World, gathering credibility from 1962 to 1986, comes after 1962, so Pfeiffer has the extra burden of thinking that DNA is going to be a prerequisite to life.  Pfeiffer writes on p. 81, "Time is the hero...a gradual process...undirected...Miller in 1952" made four amino acids from abiotic chemicals [p. 84], [p. 87] a lake underlain by minerals, water [a soupy] brownish green with "chemical activity marked by blurred or turbid spots...proteins formed...primitive enzymes...pigments [in the future, heme [75 atoms] and chlorophyll [137 atoms] ]...self-feeding cycles."  One wonders what these self-feeding cycles are.  "Self-regenerating cycles...organizing the enironment...but life has not yet appeared."  Page 88:  "Processes now produce the intermediate compounds they need," as if there is some consciousness of what is needed.  "Blobs of jellylike material appear, systems of active regenerating cycles enclosed in membranes, the remote ancestors of cells."  P. 88:  "Replication is the generally accepted evidence of life," at first without nuclei and mitochondria (p. 89).

    With knowledge in the 2020s, there are many errors and statistical impossibilities in Pfeiffer's 1962 story.  Industrial organic chemistry depends on concentration, and there were no test tubes or reactors to concentrate pre-biotic chemicals in a lake or an undersea hydrothermal vent.  Many precursor chemicals are fragile substances that must be handled just right to get them to react.  

    When "proteins formed" in the lake, how many proteins are useful?  In this time line, 2019 Spring Claremont Review, there is a note about 150 base pairs folding in 10^195 possibilities, but a useful protein happening just once in 10^77 instances.  A protein that mutates (error in the base sequence) folds differently, has different reactivity, and rarely is useful for anything.  In a cell, once proteins and enzymes are manufactured, they must be transported by kinesin or dynein, molecules that have 50,000 atoms.  Can a cell, seen as a manufacturing plant with "immense complexity and high integration" (Dubos in The Cell introduction), come about when only one chemical process at a time is perfected by randomness?  This is the argument about irreducible complexity, which is found in Wikipedia.

    Think more about the one process perfected.  If there are none of the coordinating processes in existence to make use of one perfected process, will the perfected process stick around for millions of years, waiting for the coordinating processes to come about?  An example:  before life, how would the right proteins (of a thousand types needed in one cell) be manufactured, using ATP for fuel, with toxic waste expelled through a lipid bilayer cell wall, using dynein and kinesin to transport proteins and enzymes along microtubules?  If just one protein is missing, all the rest are futile.  And how would the first living cell get all this together at a time when the ability to reproduce just pops up?  Why would so many complex processes come together?  If you say, "It must have happened, look at all the life around us," you are using circular reasoning.

    In a sub-page of the Solder and Circuits web site, "When God Painted Himself Into a Corner," is a description of the smallest-genome cell, Mycoplasma genitalium.  It has 482 genes comprised of 580,000 base pairs.  This simplest self-replicating cell has incredible complexity.  No wonder intelligent design advocates are skeptical of even the simplest life arising by randomness.

    The science establishment, with few exceptions, holds to a material explanation for this amazing story, and persecutes the relative few who look at the evidence and say, "there must be a designer."  The science establishment alone has the stage in Wikipedia for Irreducible Complexity, and ID is not allowed to respond in Wikipedia.  In this time line, see 1992 Dickerson, "insidious evil of supernatural creationism."  At 1999 The Science Teacher,  JE writes, "the lack of evidence actually describes evolution's teaching" about accumulating small modifications.  At 2007 Shkedi, one can believe that the science establishment has biases when Pasteur was mocked and called a quack;  Anthony Flew gave up on materialist evolution; Phillip Johnson "they regard [the possiblity of God] with horror."   When we "went to college, we were all taught that to be intelligent implies that you're agnostic."  2012 Reason Rally "Some propositions [ID] are so dangerous that it may even be ethical to kill people for believing them."  2019 Claremont.  

    While materialist neo-Darwinism (the Modern Synthesis) indoctrinates the sophisticated, most are led away from Jesus as the source of forgiveness.  Find in this time line similar paragraphs using search term "evoxcross."

1962 LSD is promoted for recreational use by many but especially Dr. Leary, who is dismissed from lectureship at Harvard.  Leary promotes "Turn on, tune in, drop out" and is said to have set back psychedelic research for decades by his invented statistics about drug advantages.

1962  The Structure of Scientific Revolutions  Thomas S. Kuhn   landmark event in the history, philosophy, and sociology of scientific knowledge and triggered an ongoing worldwide assessment and reaction in scholarly communities. Kuhn challenges the then prevailing view of progress in "normal science". Normal scientific progress was viewed as "development-by-accumulation" of accepted facts and theories. Kuhn argues for an episodic model in which periods of such conceptual continuity in normal science are interrupted by periods of revolutionary science. The discovery of "anomalies" during revolutions in science leads to new paradigms, ask new questions of old data, move beyond the mere "puzzle-solving" of the previous paradigm, change the rules of the game and the "map" directing new research.    http://thegreatestbooks.org/nonfiction  list is generated from 107 "best of" book lists from a variety of great sources.

1962  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_of_Arabia_(film)    Lawrence of Arabia is an epic film based on the life of T. E. Lawrence.  Produced by the British company Horizon Pictures.  Stars Peter O'Toole in the title role, also Alec Guinness, Jack Hawkins, Anthony Quinn, Omar Sharif, Anthony Quayle, Claude Rains and Arthur Kennedy.  Super Panavision 70 cinematography by Freddie Young.  Won seven Oscars in 1963.    The film depicts Lawrence's experiences in the Arabian Peninsula during World War I, in particular his attacks on Aqaba and Damascus and his involvement in the Arab National Council.   Steven Spielberg considers this his favourite film of all time and the one that inspired him to become a filmmaker.       John Engelbrecht:  Lawrence lived with Arabs in privation and earned their respect.  The movie portrays cultural reality of Arabs (such as honor of the tribe and hospitality to visitors) at many points, which can be pointed out by anyone who has studied Arabs.  In the movie, when Lawrence is negotiating with a tribal leader in his tent after going for weeks by camel across a barren desert on the way to attacking Aqaba, he uses the term Arab.  The tribal leader, an Arab, doesn't know what this western word, Arab, means.  He names several tribes that are well known, including Howeitat, but repeats his unfamiliarity with Arab.  This point in the movie is to indicate, not just disunity, but absence of unity, rivalry, jealousy, and retribution for past wrongs among Arabs.

1962  Silent Spring Rachel Carson  helps launch the environmental movement.  DDT harming animals and making bird eggs too fragile, but DDT toxicity to humans is later disputed.  http://thegreatestbooks.org/nonfiction  list is generated from 107 "best of" book lists from a variety of great sources.

1962 (before Sexual Revolution)  Despite the suppression of the Roman Catholic Church during the French Revolution (see 1789 to 1794 in this time line), Protestantism doesn't make inroads and the French return gradually to Catholicism.  In 1962, 96% of the French are baptized Catholics.  In 1905, France starts an official laïcité, secularizing.  By the time of the Sexual Revolution (1959 in this time line, in the U.S., and in an earlier time, 1956 in France), Vatican Council II (1962 and also 1964, 1967, 1968, 1975, "1965 to 1975" in this time line), popular defiance of Catholic natural family planning in the face of the Pill, and Pope Paul VI (see 1963 in this time line, lavender mafia sets up in Vatican City) pull the rug out from under Roman Catholics in France and Europe.  (Poland remains strongly Catholic during Communist persecution, then liberalizes after the collapse of the U.S.S.R. in 1991, see this time line.)  French culture veers away from orthodox Catholicism.  This is accelerated by the 2.8% sexual abuser rate (of mainly boys aged 10-13) among French priests from 1950 to 2020 and bishop intransigence to turn abusers over to law enforcement, thus embittering laity.      worldatlas.com In 2014, practicing Catholics are 2.9%.  Practicing Muslims are 3.8%.  25% are "no religion," a group which would have been punished post-French-Revolution, in the early 1800s as rejecting morals, at the time (1820) when Thomas Jefferson is whittling down the Bible to suit his prejudice against miracles.

Compare the 2.8% sexual abuser rate among priests in France to 7% in Australia, 1950 to 2010, and 4% in the U.S. from 1950 to 2002.  New Oxford Review Jan-Feb 2022 p. 31  France has young victims of priest perverts at a rate 13 times the rate in Germany-Australia-U.S. combined.

see the next paragraph       New Oxford Review May 2024 p. 7 letter to editor from Peter M.J. Stravinskas     U.S. Catholics were in "far better shape" before Vatican II in 1962 than Catholics in Europe. Major Catholic dissenters before Vatican II: Charles Curran ordained 1958 (dissenting views on contraception), Richard McBrien ordained 1962 (Wikipedia: liberal on the 'hot-button' issues), Hans Küng ordained 1954 (rejected the papal infallibility), Bernard Häring ordained 1939 (Wikipedia: moving Catholic moral theology to a more personalist and scripture-based approach). JE: these Catholic leaders were controversial in Roman Catholicism but maybe beneficial in the views of Protestants. Stravinskas: "women religious were all too often kept brutally in line by their female superiors." U.S. Catholic politicians who are "accommodationists": Pelosi, Mario Cuomo, Kennedys, Fr. Robert Drinan, Joseph Biden. Catholic laity is said to "pay, pray, and obey." "Americans did obey, but they resented it." Stravinskas talked to angry (seething, venomous) Catholic women who were in their 80s, they said "yes, I had those kids, but I never wanted them. I did my duty because I was afraid to go to Hell, but I never bought the Church's line on" contraception.

1962 Vatican II, the twenty-first ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church.  (Wikipedia) Dialogue with other religions, call to holiness for everyone including laity.  End of Latin in Mass in U.S.  Liberal influences and modernism (see 1899) proliferate when the "spirit" of Vatican II is hijacked by free-thinking Catholic leaders, see 1964, 1967, 1968, 1975, "1965 to 1975".  Michael Novak is critical of aftermath of Vatican II, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council#Legacy.     This is the greatest change for Catholics since Council of Trent in 1563, see this time line 1545.  Before Vatican II, Catholics often tell Protestants they are bound for hell unless they became Catholics.  After Vatican II, Catholics focus more on attracting Protestants to mother church.  Nevertheless, the Catechism of the Catholic Church states:  "Outside the Church there is no salvation" 846 How are we to understand this affirmation, often repeated by the Church Fathers?  Re-formulated positively, it means that all salvation comes from Christ the Head through the Church which is his Body:  Basing itself on Scripture and Tradition, the Council teaches that the Church, a pilgrim now on earth, is necessary for salvation: the one Christ is the mediator and the way of salvation; he is present to us in his body which is the Church. He himself explicitly asserted the necessity of faith and Baptism, and thereby affirmed at the same time the necessity of the Church which men enter through Baptism as through a door. Hence they could not be saved who, knowing that the Catholic Church was founded as necessary by God through Christ, would refuse either to enter it or to remain in it.

    Vatican II adopts the "Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation" instead of the conservative schema "On the Sources of Revelation."  (See Wikipedia Raymond E. Brown)

    In time, Father Raymond Brown and others doubt the virgin birth of Jesus to Mary, a physical resurrection of Jesus, transfiguration, angels with shepherds, Joseph, and Mary, the star above Bethlehem, and the accounts in Matthew and Luke of Jesus' childhood.  Brown:  "the Roman Catholic Church does not change her official stance in a blunt way.  Past statements...are requoted with praise and then reinterpreted." 

    Ap 2018 New Oxford Review  the creation of the new liturgy after Vatican II, the Novus Ordo Missae, was an effort to reach modern man, to reduce the mysteries to extreme intelligibility.  The liturgical reforms failed to produce a new springtime in the Church.  The revised Mass permits no mysteries.  At the time, at the height of the secular counterculture, young people are turning to mysticism, to drug-induced psychedelic experiences, to Oriental religious cults.      Through this time line, note many occasions of the hierarchical Catholic Church causing problems.  Protestant, non-hierarchical churches often run off the rails, but orthodox Christians are free to seek protestant churches that continue in reformed theology.

    New Oxford Review Dec 2020 p. 7 Raymond Schmitz graduated from a Catholic high school in 1949 knowing by training about morals.  "Within 20 years [1969], young people were refusing to go to Mass, and fornication was considered okay because "everybody was doing it."  Vatican II left the church in confusion.  Upon Humanae Vitae in 1968, "dissent became institutionalized, and the exodus from the Church began in earnest."

    The Day is Now Far Spent Roman Catholic Cardinal Robert Sarah a Black African from sub-Sahara Guinea in conversation with French Nicolas Diat Ignatius Press 2019 page 33   Before Vatican II, the message of faith and a transcendent power of love which insists on obedience to what is good for Man was obscured by Baroque liturgies.  Neo-Gothic cathedrals in New York City were dwarfed by modern steel giants.  Some outdated external details distracted youth and had to be cleared away.  But free thinkers "naively thought that being Christian could be summed up as a joyous immersion in the world."  page 47 "Many in the Church no longer dare to teach the reality of salvation and eternal life."  [They leave the consideration of eternal life as a topic for transhumanists who would push medicine and neurology to extend life eternally.]  "Preachers avoid speaking about original sin... Relativism has wiped out everything in its path."  "Some bishops even say that Satan is only a symbol."  page 115  "The applause for the Council came partly from those who had no intention whatsoever of becoming believers themselves."

    The future Pope Benedict XVI, Joseph Ratzinger, identifies three themes in Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation.  A change in what tradition is, the problem of critical historical methods, the biblical movement that has grown since 1900.  He says "the brief form of the Preface and the barely concealed illogicalities that it contains betray clearly the confusion from which it has emerged."  See in this time line, 1953 Father Raymond Brown:  Fr. Gilsdorf:  a major contribution to the befogged wasteland of an 'American Church,' "

1962  J. Robert Willson, chair of obstetrics and gynecology at Temple University, tells Population Council conference IUDs should be rolled out regardless. “We have to stop functioning like doctors,” he said.

“In fact, it may well be that the incidence of infection is going to be pretty high in the patients who need the device most. Again, if we look at this from an overall, long-range view (these are the things I have never said out aloud before and I don’t know how it is going to sound), perhaps the individual patient is expendable in the general scheme of things, particularly if the infection she acquires is sterilisation but not lethal.”

Willson’s fellow obstetrician, Alan Guttmacher, agrees.

1963 Pope Paul VI succeeds Pope John XXIII and continues Vatican II to its completion.  Paul VI is said to be the first modernist pope.  See in this timeline "1899 apostolic letter," in which modernism is recognized to be a threat to orthodoxy.      Paul VI is believed by many Italians to be h , carrying that reputation from being Archbishop of Milan.  See https://www.traditioninaction.org/ProgressivistDoc/A_083_MontiniH...ual.html   Search for some of these: Montini red haired Paolo Carlini 1984 New York Times Belligrandi 1994   and see https://www.traditioninaction.org/HotTopics/a02tPaulV_Accusations.html .  There are web sites (2018) that charge that local committees which recommend young men to seminaries passed over conservatives and only recommended liberals, and priests with h leanings were promoted wholesale up the hierarchy, resulting in a Vatican City with many h , the "lavendar mafia."  http://themillenniumreport.com/2018/09/the-pope-is-really-in-big-trouble/    This is causing so much trouble for the Roman Catholic Church from 2002 to 2019. 

1963  Mount Agung on the Indonesian island of Bali erupts with a pyroclastic flow, killing more than 1,100 people.  This is more than died at Pompeii in 79 A.D.   See Martinique 1902

1963  Alan Guttmacher, abortion advocate who will go on to head Planned Parenthood in New York: “The Catholic Church is so well mobilized and makes up such a large percentage of the population that changing the law of any state in the Northeast of the U.S.A. is a virtual impossibility at least for the next several decades.”        The pre-Roe v Wade (1973) pro-life movement is heavily Catholic, and the pro-life Catholics defend the unborn as part of a seamless garment with New Deal-type measures to defend workers and help the poor.       Roe v Wade happens outside the law-making framework as judges take up the mantle for killing babies.  Catholic bishops in the U.S. do not rise to the follow-on challenge of "pro-choice" politicians who advance taxpayer funding of Planned Parenthood, the leading provider of abortions;  the bishops do not withhold the Eucharist or excommunicate radical politicians or judges.  This is largely due to Catholic confusion over Vatican II, 1962.

1963  SAGE warning system fully deployed, exceeds cost of Manhattan Project.  Computers are pre-transistor.  The ferrite-core memory by IBM is 150,000 bits, operated by 776 vacuum tubes dissipating about 2000 W, core temp regulated to +-1 degree C.     Wikipedia:  Burroughs Corporation is the prime contractor.  Eight combat centers with four-story blockhouses, hardened for 5 p.s.i. against nuclear attack, house  the largest computers ever built, the AN/FSQ-7, by IBM Military Products Division.   AT&T hardens many of its switching centers, putting them in deep underground bunkers.   SAGE is short for Semi-Automatic Ground Environment.  SAGE directs and controlls the NORAD response to a Soviet air attack.   The huge SAGE displays remain a part of cold war lore, and a common prop in movies such as Dr. Strangelove.     C3 - Command, Control & Communication.     SAGE can directly update some Air Force interceptor autopilots (for aircraft already in the air) to maintain an intercept course without operator intervention, avoiding wasted time while pilots juggle conflicting orders

1963  Schmidt recognizes quasars

1963  The Hot Line, a teletype link between Washington & Moscow, is set up to foster communication, lessen threat of nuclear missile launch;  after Cuban Missile Crisis

1963  many subatomic particles are being discovered, but it is simplified in 1964 by quark model of Gell-Mann & Zweig, bolstered by electron-proton collisions in the new SLAC at Stanford.         In 1963, Gell-Mann and George Zweig propose that the structure of the groups of hadrons can be explained by three flavors of smaller particles inside the hadrons: the quarks.    Quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of the strong interaction between quarks and gluons, the fundamental particles that make up composite hadrons such as the proton, neutron and pion.

1963  U.S.-U.S.S.R. nuclear test ban treaty, banning all but underground tests, follows 1962 Cuban missile crisis.  U.S. had made 317 atmospheric tests, Gallery of U.S. Nuclear Tests on Internet.

1963  Nirenberg and Matthaei have deciphered 35 codons of the available 64 combinations (4^3), identifying which of the 20 amino acids are coded for by triplets of DNA bases.  He uses radioactive tags with test-tube (non-cellular) chemistry.

1963  single-use, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) becomes cheap enough for milk bottles

1963  New Math in schools is modular arithmetic, algebraic inequalities, bases (such as binary, hexadecimal), matrices, symbolic logic, Boolean algebra, and abstract algebra.  Modular examples:  clocks are modulo 12;  programming code if x mod y=0 (for even division), if x<y.  Parents can't help their children, basics are sometimes not learned, and New Math is abandoned.  New Math shows up in Peanuts comics and The Simpsons.  New Math follows Sputnik (1957), the public was told that Russian children are learning much more math than American children.  John Engelbrecht had a lot of New Math, without it being called that, and it served him well.  The highest math class at the advanced, new Reagan High School in Austin is matrix algebra rather than pre-calculus, and John learns matrix method for electrical circuits before it is thrown at freshmen engineering students in college.  But matrix calculations in 1968 are by slide rule, which greatly hinders real-world solutions.  1965  Richard Feynman writes in the essay "New Textbooks for the 'New Mathematics'":   If we would like to, we can and do say, 'The answer is a whole number less than 9 and bigger than 6,' but we do not have to say, 'The answer is a member of the set which is the intersection of the set of those numbers which are larger than 6 and the set of numbers which are smaller than 9' ... In the 'new' mathematics, then, first there must be freedom of thought; second, we do not want to teach just words; and third, subjects should not be introduced without explaining the purpose or reason, or without giving any way in which the material could be really used to discover something interesting. I don't think it is worth while teaching such material.

Prof. Richard Feynman

1964  John Engelbrecht's 8th grade math teacher, elderly Mrs. Luther, is very up-to-date with math curriculum and hands-on teaching.  She gets 27 students to get their dads to make cubic-foot, plywood boxes.  The students know 3 cubed is 27, but we can scarcely believe so many boxes can be stacked into one cubic yard!  But each class does the stacking, proving to us that surprising things happen in math.  Mrs. Luther works us through finding square roots (an algorithm along the lines of long division, in the days before pocket calculators), set theory, and bases other than base 10.  Pres. Kennedy's assassination became known at Pearce Jr. High during my math class with Mrs. Luther;  schools were scheduled to be out so students could be at the parade on Congress Avenue, after the prior Dallas parade, so the Austin event never happened.  But schools got out anyway.

1964 approx.  The writer, John Engelbrecht, and brother spend some money on cheap, mail-order science kits.  One is a meteorology kit.  It has supplies to make a barometer from a steel can equipped with a vinyl tube.  Heating the can, dipping the tubing into water, and cooling the can draws water up into the tubing.  This gives a crude barometer.  The highest-tech device is a wind vane attached to a brass tube.  The user paints a pattern onto the tube, presses wires against it, and attaches the wires to resistors in series with neon lamps.  This gives a readout inside the home of wind direction, in eight increments.  It is an effective instrument until the wires rub through the paint.  John is fascinated with the neon lamps.  He eventually learns that the 1/4 watt resistors are the only things protecting the user from electrocution by 120VAC.  There is no neutral connection in this little device;  one reverses the nonpolarized plug until the hot side is admitted onto the resistors, and a faint neon glow is stimulated by stray capacitance to earth ground.

    Subsequent purchases are a real barometer, a Crookes radiometer, a monaural, tube-type tape recorder made in Japan, and a 3" Edmund Scientific reflector telescope.  The telescope is a big disappointment.  Relying on library books, John tests the mirror and finds that it has a bad "turned edge."  

    The anemometer becomes one of John's first DIY projects.  He attaches a homemade switch to the shaft, leads wires inside, and makes a capacitance-diode-meter-9 volt battery circuit that indicates wind speed.  The circuit is built on a home-etched, copper-clad board purchased at Radio Shack or Lafayette mail order.  The resist for the etchant is a thin layer of paraffin melted onto the copper.  Scratching through the paraffin and etching produces "lands" of copper that the components can be soldered to.

1964  Science fiction in libraries has many imaginative tales based on space and planets.

    A story about mining on Mercury.  Solo miners are are found frozen to death.  It is traced to black, slothlike creatures clinging to the mine ceiling which drop down on miners and suck away their body heat.

    A story about mining asteroids.  Similar to a Wild West story.  A boy and his grandfather are mining an asteroid and need to get back to home base on the big asteroid, but find that the oxygen is low.  Once mounted on the snowmobile-like rocket and thrusted in the right direction, the grandfather is able to go into a sleep state that consumes less oxygen, giving the boy enough to get them both back alive.  

    Boy Scouts' Boys Life has a short story about space scouts that find the alien space station that has kidnapped some other scouts.  The scouts gain entry and recover their comrades.

    Men land on Mars and find vegetative life.  After observing one variety in a crater, they find the life form is moving slowly.  One man cuts into a specimen and all the men are shocked to hear the plant scream.  Later, one solitary man disappears.  The others find that he has been abducted by some fast-moving Martians.  They catch up to the abductors as they enter an underground dwelling.  The abducted man is being placed in the large oral cavity of the king plant-like life form.  The man is not harmed;  the king has a cultural memory of when Martians were able to digest, and the king is trying out the old carnivorous practice. 

    A nice planet at another star has a human immigrant population, but only 1000 people.  Something culturally happened to make them all fearful of the germs they pass around.  They each live a solitary life, fearful of the next person-to-person visit that might be forced upon them.  If they have to be near another person, they put filters in their nostrils.

    A similar tale of humans working on an asteroid:  an oddball guy spreads a rumor that people shouldn't have secrets, that could get them in trouble.  After he implants the idea in the work colony, he goes on to other places, but the shunning of secrecy leads the people in the colony to extreme behavior.  They end up showering in transparent stalls, visible along corridors where everyone is walking.  Windows and lighting are installed in all sleeping quarters.

1964  Made-for-TV movies begin.  The number made yearly declines in 35 years, when made-for-cable movies take over.

1964  October  People's Republic of China adds itself to the Atomic Club

1964  global-scale glaciation theory by W. Brian Harland, "snowball Earth"

1964  Penzias and Wilson accidentally discover the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

1964 Aug 28  New York Times:  radar reveals that, inside Venus' dense clouds, it is rotating backwards, compared to other planets, and rotating slowly.

1964  Bell proves that a key assumption in the 1935 Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen argument, the principle of locality, was faulty

1964  superconducting quantum interference device (magnetic quantum sensor) made at Ford Research Labs

1964  IBM System/360 is introduced, becomes a big money maker.  Monolithic integrated circuits are not proven enough until 1968, IBM uses silicon transistor and diode flip chips in thick-film hybrid packages, the Solid Logic Technology.  The modules are not hermetically sealed!  They are coated inside with a sticky, viscous material that immobilizes ions that would otherwise corrode the chips.  Automated equipment manufactures reliable SLT modules at the East Fishkill plant, 60 million in 1965.  http://www.chipsetc.com/the-ibm-slt---solid-logic-technology.html   John Engelbrecht will use a cheap, NPN, SLT transistor array (fast, low-storage-time, gold doped) in 1972 in his first Austin IBM circuit, a 1.875MHz crystal oscillator for a Mag Card II word processor.  By 1968, SLT-style, half-inch-square hybrid packages have multiple monolithic ICs.

1964  National Catholic Reporter founded as a progressive newspaper.  See 1968

1964  UC Berkeley is where the Free Speech Movement starts.  Universities had limits on political expression on campus.  One student who had participated in voter registration in the U.S. South sets up a table to distribute literature at Berkeley.  The university administration has him detained.  Thousands of students protest.  FSM goes on to protest the Vietnam war.

1965  Miniskirt is a sensation.  By 1973, it shows up in IBM Development Lab in Austin.       Due to miniskirt and Bardot, Muslim Brotherhood publishes In the Shade of the Koran, Fundamentalism in Egypt.  "3000 years of power over women seriously threatened."

1965  In 2004 The New Strong-Willed Child by Dobson p. 171:  Palisades High School graduating class in a privileged area of southern California is in Time magazine.  The students are "on the fringe of a golden era."  Investigated by two members of the class in What Really Happened to the Class of '65?  September 12, 1981   Plagued by drugs, personal tragedy.  See the coming 1968 Democrat National Convention riot.  Dobson:  disintegration of moral and ethical principles.  No definite values.  Don't trust anyone over 30.  By 1978 (Dobson's original The Strong-Willed Child), 11% of that privileged graduating class had been incarcerated.  A Pallisades teacher:  "the saddest years of the century."  Dobson:  parents didn't let their children grow up.  They paid court fines and bills, let them live long-term at home, and let them get along without working.  Dobson in 2004 p. 173 says parents need to groom children to be more independent and able to make decisions, sometimes making wrong choices and learning from it.

1965  Northeast Blackout deprives 30 million of power at the evening rush hour;  800,000 subjected to blackout in NY subways.  Fault traced to an overcurrent sensor that was set a little too low.  The first line that tripped out caused slow-acting overloads on other lines, but as more lines tripped out, it cascaded quickly.

1965 The Autobiography of Malcolm X   with journalist Alex Haley  A spiritual conversion narrative that outlines Malcolm X's philosophy of black pride, black nationalism, and pan-Africanism.   Malcolm Little took the name of Malcolm X, following the lead of many American blacks who have no record of their African ancestors.  Malcolm joins with the Nation of Islam, does hajj to Mecca and finds remarkable lack of racism, breaks with Nation of Islam, and is assasinated.   http://thegreatestbooks.org/nonfiction  list is generated from 107 "best of" book lists from a variety of great sources.

1965 http://news.investors.com/ibd-editorials/061413-660084-family-breakdown-worsens-dramatically-since-1965-report.htm  06/14/2013  

Labor Dept sociologist & then Democrat Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan analyzed the "tangle of pathologies" afflicting black America in 1965.  Moynihan "saw the breakdown of the nuclear family as the fundamental source of weakness in the black community" and believed "high non-marital birth rates among blacks and the large share of black children raised in female-headed households created a matriarchal society that undermined the role of black men."

As a result, "black men would abdicate their responsibilities as husbands, fathers, and providers, and the pattern would repeat from one generation to the next." Government exacerbated the problem with plenty of financial assistance [welfare] to unwed mothers.  [AFDC, Aid to Families with Dependent Children]

Moynihan believed "reversing the decay of the traditional two-married-parent family was the key to improving blacks' prospects," but the Urban Institute [2013] insists on ignoring that 800-pound gorilla in the room. It instead recommends an array of politically correct distractions.

They include ending the "mass incarceration of black men for nonviolent drug-related offenses";

the wacky idea of "education for home-seekers," presumably to convince affluents to move into high-crime neighborhoods;

"community reinvestment," i.e. pouring still more government loot into minority communities;

increasing the earned income tax credit — which is welfare masquerading as a tax break — for nonmarried adults in the hope it will "encourage more work among single men," and making them "better positioned to support their future families financially."

The real solution is a nongovernmental restoration of traditional family values, with the incomparable stability they provide. Sadly, for black America and society as a whole, it isn't happening anytime soon.

[Baltimore riots in April 2015 bring to light high spending for benefit of poor neighborhoods, with little evident return, plus generations of Democrat & black control of government, thus no Republicans to blame problems on.]

1965  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_health_care_reform_in_the_United_States   passage of Medicare and Medicaid.  Pres. Johnson's plan was not without opposition, however. "Opponents, especially the AMA and insurance companies, opposed the Johnson administration's proposal on the grounds that it was compulsory, it represented socialized medicine, it would reduce the quality of care, and it was 'un-American.'"  Patel & Rushefsky (2006). Health care politics and policy in America (3rd ed.)

1965  Dr. Marian Diamond shakes neuroscience orthodoxy with ideas of enrichment and brain plasticity.  PBS Mar 22 2017   She is opposed partly because she is a woman.

1965  plate tectonics appears in the literature

1965  first infrared survey of the sky by Neugebauer and Leigthton reveals ten infrared objects that are not there at visible wavelengths.  Followed by infrared spectroscopy that reveals organic molecules in space, emitting infrared due to conformation changes (chair-boat), etc.

1965  Cooley & Tukey publish the power-of-2-based fast Fourier transform (FFT) for use with computers

1965  Single-use flashbulbs have been popular for photography (professionals use expensive, high-voltage strobe lights).  Kodak introduces Sylvania's flashcube, four flashes in one small device.  Later, GE has the Magicube or X-Cube which needs no electrical trigger, it has a cocked spring which strikes a fulminate charge which fires shredded zirconium foil in an oxygen atmosphere.  These single-use flashes generate a lot of heat, sometimes partially melting the plastic enclosure.

1965  200 transistors in typical logic chip, TTL integrated circuits     1975 4500  1985 300,000  1993 4,000,000  2005 600,000,000  2010 1 billion

1965 Aug 11  U.S. House Representative James Roosevelt (CA D) says that Egypt has Soviet tanks and Sidewinder-class air-to-air guided missiles on MIG jets.  Egyptian military is funded at $508 million in 1965, including U.S. foreign aid, while Israel has a much smaller military.  Arabs threaten Israel publicly.    www.jta.org/1964/05/05...

1965 Sept.  Arab leaders meet in Casablanca Hotel in Morocco to talk over how to overrun Israel.  Jordan King Hassan II has different aims and is opposed by Nasser (Egypt) and Syria.  Hassan secretly records meetings and gives tapes to Israel.  Tapes reveal weaknesses in Arab countries.  Syria shells Israeli kibitzes from Golan Heights.  Nasser:  "destruction of the state of Israel."  There are weekly threats from Arab leaders.  Ringing Israel are 500,000 Arab troops, 2800 Arab tanks, 800 planes.  See June 1967.

1960s  The ballpoint pen had been invented long ago but technical problems and high costs limit sales.  Bic pens struggled until the company launched its "Writes The First Time, Every Time!" advertising campaign in the 1960s.  Competition forces down prices.  Before the ballpoint pen, fountain pens were in use.  All Austin high-school students in the 1960s used cartridge fountain pens and refilled the cartridges by buying little glass bottles of ink, black or blue.  When cheap, reliable ballpoints came out, people were relieved of this.

1960s  suds coming out of kitchen water faucets, suds overflowing equipment in water treatment facilities.       Scientists recognize that phosphates in water cause eutrophication.  The disadvantage of using phosphates is that they remain in wastewater.  Product testing by Consumer Reports finds that new detergent formulations without phosphates, but with chemicals such as sodium citrate, polyacrylates, polycarboxylates, and tetrasodium etidronate do not wash dishes as well but are satisfactory replacement products. Similarly, testing finds that phosphate bans in laundry detergent led to newer products which do not clean clothes as well but still compete with the older products containing phosphate.  This is one of the first environment challenges that affects consumer choice.

1960s  Ballistic Missile Submarine (boomer) is Navy’s contribution to America’s strategic nuclear “triad.”  6-month deployments maintain a survivable nuclear deterrent.  See 2016 Sept. 18

1960s  God is Dead philosophers, see 1888 Nietzsche

1960s  Catholic high schools are reduced in number as Catholic brothers and sisters (nuns) retire or leave service.  "Contributed service" had been a way for non-public schools to give education without the taxation that pays public-school teachers.  Nuns teaching elementary school followed the high school story.  American nuns, in total, peak at 180,000 in 1965.  Half that in 1995, another halving by 2015.  New Oxford Review Nov 2023 p. 31:  Social-justice work for brothers and sisters employs more than education.    NOR articles have said for years that many nuns are bitter, they are tied into being nuns because their retirement depends on it.      Nov 2023 p. 31: Social-justice work for brothers and sisters employs more than education.

1965  see 2019 Feb 19 in this timeline, Archbishop Vigano looks back to this time of corruption in Catholic seminaries.

1960s  Chaos emerges as a phenomenon that can be studied.  One application is with a magnetic bob suspended over a field of magnets.  There are "basins of attraction" & "fractal boundaries" that the bob's meandering trajectory is very sensitive to in terms of initial conditions, such that the outcome depends on the numerical accuracy of a simulation, such as in the fifth or eighth digit or more.  1963 Lorenz quotes a meteorologist as saying that the energy introduced into the air by a sea gull's flapping its wings vs. not flapping would send the weather on divergent trajectories.  This is later called the butterfly effect, see Wikipedia.  By the 1980s, chaotic behavior is seen in mechanisms, electronics, fluids.

The following figure shows "basins of attraction" for a suspended magnet, free to move over a field of fixed magnets.  The colors show which fixed magnet is the end point of attraction, after the suspended magnet is released from all x,y positions.  The finely mottled areas are susceptible to noise in the initial conditions.

 1970s  high-power circuit breakers in electric transmission networks are using sulfur hexafluoride instead of oil to quench the arc during opening.  Later, SF6 is recognized as a potent greenhouse gas.  In the mid 2010s, vacuum breakers are being developed.  The existence of tiny spikes of metal on the contact surfaces (following even one trip) is suspected to be one mechanism of the re-establishment of a destructive arc after the current zero-crossing (in an A.C. system), and quantum-mechanical tunneling would therefore be a cause of a high-current fault involving over 100,000 amps.  This is a curious juxtaposition of very tiny current and very large current.  Reported in IEEE Spectrum Dec. 2015 p. 43.

up to mid-1970s  Cedar choppers cut fence poles from juniper ("cedar") trees and clear land for farming and ranching.  Their trade comes down from Scotch-Irish (one documented cedar chopper is named Goot Hight) immigrants who chopped in Appalachia and then in the Hill Country of Central Texas.  www.texashighways.com  They are clannish.    

    A Hispanic version of cedar choppers existed for a longer time.  The Bill and Jane Engelbrecht family would visit Mrs. Wiley, widow of a WWI soldier, who had been house mother for Bill's Oak Grove co-op at UT, now the grounds of the Perry-Castenada Library.  She lived in a little farmhouse north of Leander, alongside the railroad tracks.  Bill was the UT student who kept up with her.  She would relate how the ranchers and farmers had to patrol their fencelines to control Hispanic squatters, so that the squatters wouldn't gain squatter rights to land.  

    The Hispanic families were operating in the style of colonia (Wikipedia, Colonia (U.S.)).  The majority of residents are born in the U.S. and thus are U.S. citizens.  These are unincorporated settlements, 2000 of them, hidden by trees and brush with no utilities, no building codes, and no zoning.  Residents build their own homes, bit by bit, often using "found material."  Most have school-bus service from the closest paved road.

1976  Don Woods publishes the text-based video game Adventure.  "Your are standing at the end of a road before a small brick building.  Around you is a forest.  A small stream flows out of the building and down a gully.  Direct me with commands of 1 or 2 words.  (If stuck, type Help for some hints.)     http://www.museumofplay.org/about/icheg/video-game-history/timeline

1976  Ebola virus recognized in Africa.  18 outbreaks to 2014.

1976  (pre-HIV) paper by Kazal, Sohn, Carrasco, Robilotti, Delaney

    GBS: clinico-pathologic correlation in 260 cases       warts, hemorrhoids, proctitis...trauma.     Michael Scarce criticized the concept of GBS in his book Smearing the Queer: Medical Bias in the Health Care of Gay Men (1999),         The B stands for bowel

1976  first detection of black smokers (hydrothermal vents) at Galapagos Rift, 2500 m deep;  benthic community

1976  John Engelbrecht, on vacation in New Mexico, is overnight in Alamogordo and sees posters about the annual Trinity Site tour for the next day.  He joins in with hundreds of others, caravaning through gates onto the White Sands Missie Range and over desert to the fenced Trinity Site's ground zero.  There is a military escort with a big water truck.  There is much less to do than is advertised in 2017 on http://www.alamogordo.com/trinity-site/.  Outside the chain-link fence are dime-sized pieces of green trinitite, still dangerously radioactive if you are around it for years, but inside the fence it has all been collected.  Advice given to visitors is to be inside the fence 20 minutes to limit radiation to the equivalent of a chest X-ray.

1976 more or less     Sinaloa cartel, Juarez cartel, Los Zetas, Mara Salvatrucha 13 (MS-13), Surenos, Asian gangs are outgrowths of illegal drug trade.  Sounds like Ezekiel 9:9, The entire land is full of murder; the city (Jerusalem) is filled with injustice.  A repeated pattern from ancient Amorites & Moabites.  Genesis 6:5.

1960s and 1970s   Famous Catholic writer and professor John Lukacs, who had fled communism in Hungary, was "a traditionalist who tacked Left after reading Tocqueville, and then Right again after watching the New Left mistake liberty for no constraints at all."  New Oxford Review Nov 2019 p.  19

1976  Freedom From Religion Foundation--defend the constitutional separation [really, the constitution protects against establishment of religion by the govt.] between religion and government [using lawsuits].  A state/church watchdog and voice for freethought (atheism, agnosticism, skepticism).  Morality is human-made, not ordained. Freethinkers judge conduct by its intent and consequences to the welfare of individuals, humankind and the planet as a whole.  Morals Shown in Physics Timeline  which has subpages:  Getting Specific About What Morals Are--->Steven Pinker, smart modern atheist plus Dawkins, Hitchens, Maddox

        Dawkins in 1976 publishes The Selfish Gene.  It popularizes neo-Darwinism (the Modern Synthesis) and includes the genetics that Darwin did not know about.  New Oxford Review Dec 2016 p. 44  "Some readers of The Selfish Gene have written to Dawkins over the years to say that his book threw them into depression because it makes the world so meaningless.  His reply in the thirtieth-anniversary edition of the book is," so what?  It's the truth.  We don't need a meaningful cosmos.    evoxcross 

1976  Psychologist Duval writes about "The motivation to feel unique."  Subsequent research associates this with political liberals vs. conservatives.  Politics and the Motivation to Feel Unique

1976 New Oxford Review Apr 2023 p. 29  Thomas Basil "Night Bus Across Baluchistan"  The bus was a worn-out Mercedes van.  The driver was Jan, an American in her 40s, driving from Frankfurt to Kathmandu, taking two months.  Passing into Communist Yugoslavia and Bulgaria from free Austria, "I glimpsed the economic ruins of socialism.  A superhighway meant a two-lane road without shoulders.  A cafe meant unmotivated waiters who massively cheated customers.  A restroom stop meant a latrine hole.  A tourist campground came bundled with intense police surveillance, with passport inspections by flashlight late into the night."  "An uncle who'd fought in Muslim North Africa during WWII confidently told my parents they would never see me again."

1977  Dare to Discipline by Dr. James Dobson:  children really do want limits set on their behavior.  Dobson will found the Family Research Council in 1981.     Some say spanking is child abuse, in 2014 39 countries prohibit corporal punishment in all settings, including at home.

    1977 More from Dr. James Dobson         John E’s recollection of a talk by Dr. Dobson in the 1970s: American culture and advertising hold up beauty (for women) and athletic prowess (for men) as the pinnacles of worth. Since these are competitive qualities (the select and most beautiful and poised (and sometimes airbrushed and augmented) women are seen in advertising, and the most accomplished, handsome, athletic men are held up as role models), the rest of us tend to feel like we have been passed over.

    In 2019, this is still true in American culture. But he opinion of God about a person matters a lot more, and God looks at a person’s heart, not his skills or appearance.

1 Samuel 16:7 - "The Lord does not look at the things man looks at. A man looks at the outward appearance, but the Lord looks at the heart."

Galatians 5:22-23 – “But the fruit of the Spirit is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, self-control. (Not appearance nor skill)

Proverbs 28:6 – “Better is a poor man who walks in his integrity than a rich man who is crooked in his ways.”

    Any young person is ahead when he works on his character and is disciplined to follow the advice of scripture. Generous, faithful, joyful people are the ones that are remembered. A young person with this character is more likely to make a loving home and family.

https://www.azquotes.com/author/4018-James_Dobson

    What is the biggest obstacle facing the family right now? It is over-commitment; time pressure. There is nothing that will destroy family life more insidiously than hectic schedules and busy lives, where spouses are too exhausted to communicate, too worn out to have sex, too fatigued to talk to the kids. That frantic lifestyle is just as destructive as one involving outbroken sin. If Satan can't make you sin, he'll make you busy, and that's just about the same thing.

    If homes are going to survive, it will be because husbands and fathers again place their families at the highest level on their system of priorities.

    Those who control what young people are taught, and what they experience - what they see, hear, think, and believe - will determine the future course for the nation.

    Don't throw away your friendship with your teenager over behavior that has no great moral significance. There will be plenty of real issues that require you to stand like a rock. Save your big guns for those crucial confrontations.

    By learning to yield to the loving authority of his parents, a child learns to submit to other forms of authority which will confront him later in his life — his teachers, school principal, police, neighbors and employers.

    Morality and immorality are not defined by man's changing attitudes and social customs. They are determined by the God of the universe, whose timeless standards cannot be ignored with impunity.

1977  Elvis Presley dies at the age of 42, weighing 350 pounds.  Illnesses include glaucoma, high blood pressure, liver damage, enlarged colon.  On concert tours after 1974, he is handicapped by weight and prescription drug use, and is sometimes unintelligible.     http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2002/10/08/689019.htm     The basic element of Elvis' daily food intake was a foot-long bread roll, stuffed with a pound of bacon, peanut butter, and strawberry jam. Each one had 42,000 calories, and in his final days, he ate two of them per day, together with little midnight snacks of hamburgers and deep-fried white bread.     An NPR web page says the peanut butter and jam per loaf of bread was entire jars of each, and this "sandwich" was deep fried.

1977  Apple II and Radio Shack TRS-80 personal computers

1977  Color TVs are popular

1977  Atari releases Video Computer System, Atari 2600, with joystick, cartridges, color.

1977  Scientific American article by Martin Gardener:  RSA public-key cryptography, named for Rivest, Shamir, Adleman

1977  Bandura advances behaviorism toward cognitive psychology

1978  https://stanfordmag.org/contents/mind-over-misery 2013   Psychiatrist David D. Burns starts alternative therapies for people experiencing panic attacks.  Terri says "I feel dumb" as she tries what Burns asks her to do, run in place in Burns' office. "That's okay," Burns says. "If you have to feel dumb to get well, it would be worth it."  The scene is embarrassing and funny to therapists viewing a video in 2013 because of Burns's quiet audacity. "Could you do this if you were dying?" he asks Terri. "Can you see yourself in an emergency room doing jumping jacks?" Hesitantly, she begins to laugh. Soon she's belly laughing. The joy she feels surges off the screen.  Terri had been experiencing five paralyzing panic attacks a week. She's had only one since Burns taped the session--and that was 20 years ago.  Burns asserts that many pharmaceutical treatments have little or no effect.  Burns advocates for cognitive behavioral therapy.  See this time line 2020 Dec New Oxford Review p. 26.

see 2015 Oct., beginning of the march of the       lobby in the U.S.

Father Alexander Krylov How I Became a Man, A Life with Communists, Atheists and Other Nice People  

1977  P. 33:  Vodka was everywhere.  It was an alternative currency.  Lacking a handyman in the 70-unit apartment,  3.5 ounces of vodka got a neighbor to help with minor fixups.  A complicated job was paid for by a full bottle.  

P. 36:  The local Orthodox priest was treated with suspicion.  Some priests worked for KGB.  

P. 38:  "Only rarely could meat be found in the grocery stores."  P. 137:  When Alexander was older, he helped a girl acquaintance in the store her mother worked at.  Alexander found plenty of food in the storeroom and brought out a cartload to the long queue of shoppers.  They were delighted to grab things they hadn't seen in weeks, and they had money to buy it.  Alexander was warned off of coming back.

1977  Schlafly mobilizes Texas women toward conservatism, helping turn Texas to voting Republican.  See 1995, also 2016 Oct 9 in this timeline, Dr. Albert Mohler.

1977  Paul Vitz publishes Psychology as Religion  The Cult of Self-Worship     Following the next item in this time line, John receiving Jesus' forgiveness, John happens upon this book and finds it in line with Bible thinking, an important influence on John.      critique of modern psychology. Focusing on the pervasive theories which espouse a secular humanism based on worship of the self    He contends that psychology today has become a religion, part of the problem of contemporary life rather than its resolution.     Table of Contents, partial     1. Four major theorists : Erich Fromm ; Carl Rogers ; Abraham Maslow ; Rollo May -- 2. Self-theory for everybody : Encounter groups ; Self-helpers ; est ; Self-help sex -- 3. Selfism as bad science : Psychiatry, biology and experimental psychology ; Are we intrinsically all that good? -- 4. From a philosophical point of view : A question of definitions ; A basic contradiction ; Ethical and scientific misrepresentations -- 5. Selfism and today's society : A creed for the youth culture ; Selfism and language ; Psychology for a consumer society -- 6. Selfism and Christianity: historical antecedents : Feuerbach ; Fosdick and Peale (mother-in-law Annabel Murray in voice school in Manhattan liked Fosdick at Riverside Church (who wouldn't?)    central figure in the Fundamentalist–Modernist controversy within American Protestantism in the 1920s and 1930s  ; Pietism ; The special case of Carl Rogers

     New Oxford Review Oct 2023 p. 20  Prof. Fr. Robert McTeigue attends a lecture by a respected Catholic, in a small, beautiful Gothic church, a "glimpse of Christendom" to McTeigue.  Mass before the lecture is weighed down by women doing nontraditional things.  The priest "was performing for his audience."  "Father enjoyed entertaining the congregation...an adult host...acting childish with other adult children."  In a church "home to a ritual emphasizing the sublimation of self to the point of self-sacrifice, the orientation had been reversed."  "A sacrifice [Eucharist] has become a circle and a confection."  At lunch, McTeigue commented to an associate about the waitress' immodest clothing.  An indignant woman at the next table:  "She has the right to present herself however she wants to!"  McTeigue was tempted to reply, "Are you judging me for my judgment?"  Or, "But I'm speaking my truth!"  McTeigue:  modern Western culture is corroded by the super-self, corroding civility and trust.  A relentless imperium of self-centeredness.    Incivility fosters loss of self-respect, loss of charity...failure to observe and enforce the rule of law.  After all, human dignity is rooted in our being made in the image of God.  Relativism and self-gratification are widespread but were once "the parlor games of university faculties."  "In the sanctuary, we see strutting, imperial self...narcisism."  "The sacrifice of self continues to fade."  

1977  The writer, John E., looks at life and decides things are definitely wanting.  An IBM manager, Howard Tanner, a member at Allandale Baptist (later Great Hills Baptist), invites John to Sunday worship.  John forgets which church and goes to Hyde Park Baptist because the pastor, Dr. Ralph Smith, is on the radio.  Dr. Smith is interesting, mostly because he is confident of his message, which is mostly from the Bible.  Dr. Smith wastes no time with hand wringing about whether this or that can be trusted.  He is sure the Bible means what it says.  There is a definite time after the sermon, an "invitation," that is not present in Presbyterian church.  The next Sunday, John finds singles Sunday Schools, and finds Jim Hoe, an IBM manager known to John, teaching! 

    At this time in U.S. and Russian history, the threat of nuclear war is a big threat to everyone.  John is aware of some of the technical aspects of hydrogen bombs.  (See more information about 13 lines below.) It leads John to be cynical, skeptical, and maybe a bit nihilistic.  Asp. Sy. is a problem for John but it will be 2014 before that is uncovered. 

    Two men from the Sunday School, Jim Ph. and Clifton Cook, visit John at the duplex on a Saturday.  Why two single men would spend time visiting Sunday-School visitors is a puzzle.  There is nothing in it for them.  But they clearly are in-line with Dr. Smith's message.  These men have spiritual interests.  They leave two Campus Crusade tracts. 

    After a week or two, John sits down to read the tracts.  The blue one, Have You Made the Wonderful Discovery of the Spirit-Filled Life?, is more appealing.  It is more logical and less emotional. Again, it speaks of spiritual things, and it says you shouldn't put emotions ahead of belief.  That appeals to an engineer.  John decides this three-way verification of spiritual things is trustworthy, and John accepts Jesus' 1947-year-old offer of forgiveness.  Then after a month, John responds at Dr. Smith's invitation time and publicly states his acceptance of Jesus and is baptized.

    Read up and down from this time-line entry.  Look at the strange and scary things happening.  You start to get an idea of why an engineer might have fears, but also spiritual interests.  James Dobson, Freedom From Religion Foundation, Moonies, Scientology, Lukacs, Dr. Raymond Moody, Women's Ordination Conference, 1978 June 8 "A World Split Apart," Three Mile Island and Brown's Ferry,  Ted Kaczynski.  AIDS will be killing 1.2 million South Africans every year by 2011, and AIDS will traumatize h   populations in the U.S. in 1983, see in this time line 1983 PBS Frontline The Age of AIDS, "The Castro was awash in fear and anger."     See 1978 Sakharov, "our [Russian] leaders [who want to bring the Soviet life style to the world] are soulless automatons."  See 1980 China's one-child policy, 1980 Sartre, 1980 U.S. divorce rate peaks, 1981 Nancy Reagan & Joan Quigley.     There are things that ruin people's lives.  How can an individual avoid ruin?  How can an individual choose what is good when so many people have competing and conflicting claims to goodness?  John sees that orthodox Christianity is the way to see clearly, it gives a basis to love people, and it assures people that the one God of the universe is personal, offers forgiveness, and loves the individual.

    To extend the reader's understanding of what thoughtful people were exposed to in 1977, here is more information about what hydrogen bombs do.  This is from the copyrighted site http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/nuclear/nukergv.html .  This is the best tale I have come across on the topic of people burning up in a hydrogen-bomb attack.  If you read Robert Johnston's web page (13 pages when printed at 12 pitch), you are the one person in 3000 in the U.S. who has read of the horror of such an attack.  Of all who read such information, about one in three can comprehend the physics-related reasons for the burns and fires, and really understand the horror. 

    The Johnston fictional story is about three hydrogen bombs blowing up the Rio Grande Valley in the Harlingen area.  How many of these awful warheads currently exist?  It is hard for the layman to find out.  A web site says the U.S. has 1800 nuclear warheads deployed, many in submarines.  Some of those are merely fission bombs, not nearly as powerful as the fusion (hydrogen, thermonuclear) bombs.  Russia has a comparable number.  The reader should understand that a hydrogen-bomb WWIII would blow up hundreds of cities in each of the U.S. and Russia.  Such a full-scale war would kill most of the people in the Norther Hemisphere, and most of the deaths would not be from burns at the attack sites.  The bulk of the deaths would be slow deaths from lower-level radiation poisoning, some from fallout and some from contaminated food and water, and also famine and dysentery because sewage treatment would cease.  (Lack of sewage treatment would be less of a concern if 90% of a city is dead!)  The tens of millions getting sick from radiation would not be treated at all because most hospitals would be shut down. 

    The Johnston web page mentions that people out in the open, within three to nine miles of a 500,000-ton-equivalent bomb air burst, ignite.  This is shocking to the average reader.  At larger distances, he says that people melt.  Here is what is happening.  The thermal, visible-light, and ultraviolet radiation from the fireballs is so intense that thermal radiation passes right through the skin and heats the subcutaneous fat under the skin.  The heating is so vicious that the fat melts!  This is a terrible thing to think about.  As the fat is melting, the skin is charring or igniting, like a marshmallow over a campfire, but faster.  The melted fat instantly wicks out to the surface and burns like a paraffin candle.  This happens over all the body facing the fireball.  As terrible as this sounds, it hardly matters, because the blast wave, out to 10 or 15 miles, pulverizes glass and other material, which blows around and shreds people and animals.  Human victims who are conscious would be in shock and hardly aware of what is happening, and would die from blood loss within minutes. 

    These terrible things all happened for real at Hiroshima and Nagasaki, though on a smaller scale because the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombs were not thermonuclear.  A person can find accounts of real people dying of these injuries.  These real stories are too terrible to mention in this time line.

    The writer brings all this up because he was aware of some of it in 1977, and when a person is living during the threat (not just reading about it 40 years later) and wondering if he should take some survival measures, it can be depressing or traumatizing.  The writer lived about twelve miles from Bergstrom Air Force Base where, in about 1958, eight B-52s could be seen, 500 feet from Highway 71.  We didn't know it then, but those B-52s were fully loaded with clips of hydrogen bombs, and they were ready to take off, refuel several times in flight, fly over the North-Pole area, and bomb Russia.  Russian bombers were ready to do the same to the U.S., and before the SAGE system was operational in the early 1960s, there was hardly any coordinated surveillance to detect incoming bombers.  Then the ICBMs obsoleted the bombers and hastened the time from decision to explosion to 35 minutes.  Then the sub-based MIRV missiles enhanced the threat, because a Russian sub can wipe out the District of Columbia (and 15 other places) in seven minutes.  In 2020, this is the threat we still have.  The more a person understands all this, the awfuller it sounds.  When a spiritually oriented person has received Jesus' forgiveness, knows that death is not the end of a person, and knows that God hears prayer, it really helps.

      2015 Feb 25  https://thebulletin.org/2015/02/what-would-happen-if-an-800-kiloton-nuclear-warhead-detonated-above-midtown-manhattan/#:~:text=What%20would%20happen%20if%20an%20800kiloton%20nuclear%20warhead,could%20not%20pass%20over%20it%20for%20days.%20   By Steven Starr, Lynn Eden, Theodore A. Postol      adapted from City on Fire by Lynn Eden, originally published in the January 2004 issue of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists.      Some of this is probably copyrighted so here is a little of it.

0.8MT bomb detonated  a mile above the city, to maximize the damage created by its blast wave.

After one second, the fireball would be roughly a mile in diameter.

instantly ignite fires over a total area of about 100 square miles. 

single, gigantic fire. The energy released by this mass fire would be 15 to 50 times greater than the energy produced by the nuclear detonation. 

bronze statues in front of the UN would surface-melt from the infrared radiation

Nine miles from ground zero...bright enough to cause [blindness and] first- and second-degree burns to those in line of sight. About 36 seconds after the fireball, the shockwave would arrive and knock out all the windows, along with many interior building walls and some doors. 

street pavement would be so hot [from fires] that even tracked vehicles could not pass over it for days. Buried, unburned, [hot] material from collapsed buildings throughout the fire zone could burst into flames when exposed to air—months after the firestorm had ended. 

Radiation would kill additional people.

[JE:  A first-strike attack would use hundreds of bombs, at least.  Or a North Korea or PRC attack could use smaller numbers.  If 300 bombs are used, some would be double-up targeted to insure destruction of important sites.  Imagine the national damage from 150 sites being wiped out, including Texas cities as small as Lubbock, Corpus, El Paso, Laredo, Brownsville, Amarillo, Killeen.  All the Dallas-Ft. Worth metro area would be wiped out.]

1977  Why are the elements concentrated into ores, rather than being uniformly spread through the earth's crust?  One reason is density:  heavy elements tend to sink.  But more important are crystal and chemical reasons, see the extract below of a web page that refers to Spooner 1977.  Cosmology indicates that the inner planets are swept almost clean of light elements (mainly hydrogen and helium), but the outer "gas giants" are mainly light elements.  This serves man well, we need heavy elements to make things.

    The 1992 book by Heiserman, Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds, has many references to cosmic and crustal abundances of the elements, and it tells about ores.

    Some reasons for elements to become concentrated are:  chemistry in plate tectonics and subduction zones, calcium carbonate concentrated into limestone by algae, clams, and coral, and silica concentrated by diatoms.  Uranium compounds are concentrated by certain microorganisms.

    Our Sudbury, Ontario vacation showed us there is a 70-mile-long area of nickel mines.  We didn't see a claim that it is from the fall of a large, nickel-iron asteroid, but the thought occurred.  During our Michigan Upper Peninsula vacation in 2003, we saw cross-section diagrams of mountains showing iron ores (sulphide, various oxides).  Mining has removed great bodies of rich iron ore.  There is an old iron mine that gets tourists into a mountain with a mined-out cavern that seems to be 200 yards across.  The overlying rocks are low iron content and were left in place.  They are strong enough that they do not cave in to the cavity.  When ores are shallow, they are strip mined.

    http://www.le.ac.uk/gl/art/gl209/lecture2/lecture2.html   See diagrams 2/3 down the web page.

    Sulphide deposits have been found on East Pacific Rise...hydrothermal systems ("black smokers"). On Cyprus ore bodies are 500 m x 350 m x 50 m, and consist of pyrite and chalcopyrite with accessory marcasite, sphalerite and galena...ore bodies may have formed in 100,000 yrs. Fluid inclusion studies suggest that the temperature of the plume of rising hydrothermal fluid was 300 - 350°C...ocean crust ore sulphide may be largely of reduced seawater sulphate origin.

    At subduction zones chlorine- and sulphide-rich fluids are released during dehydration. Could this give us a possible explanation for porphyry copper deposits that occur commonly at continental margins like the Andes? Spooner has stressed that water is needed as transport medium, chloride for metal complexing and sulphur for fixing the metals as solid phases. All these are present in ocean crust as it is subducted.

    [Seafloor] sulphide ores common in ophiolites...potentially important ore reserves in terms of total volume, but individual deposits are too small to mine economically, even by remote techniques...we can find them, but to exploit them is another matter.  [manganese nodules]

1970s The Moonies, followers of Korean Sun Myung Moon, bother many travelers in airports, pushing Moon's books and attracting those gullible enough to accept mind control.  John and a fellow IBM business traveler are accosted at the top of an escalator by two Moonies;  they are so effective that John's associate buys the book.

1978  In 11 years, theory advances from explaining some aspects of just gravity and electromagnetism to all four of the fundamental forces.  Sakharov had written important work about elementary particles but it was not appreciated until now.

1978  Rubin and Ford find good evidence for dark matter:  outer regions of galaxies orbit too fast

1978  Mitchell establishes chemiosmotics for mitochondria; the organelle that converts the potential energy of food into ATP

1978  GUT, Grand Unified Theory, is coined by CERN researchers Ellis, Buras, Gaillard, Nanopoulos

1978  Sakharov, two years before internal exile, is influencing Russian leadership since he has access at the top;  Solzhenitsyn, who suffered ten years in gulag, tells him, "our leaders are soulless automatons who have their teeth clamped on their power and benefits."

1978  Nov 18   Cult leader Jim Jones, Marxist,  has deluded 918 followers from San Francisco to set up a commune in the steamy jungle of Guyana, South America.  His henchmen abuse people.  U.S. Representative Leo Ryan goes to the commune to investigate.  The henchmen follow Ryan back to his airplane and murder Ryan and four others.  Jim Jones figures that this is the end of the commune.  He orders the carrying out of what had been rehearsed several times, mass suicide by cyanide, administered in Flavor Aid.  The Guyana state pathologist arrives after some time to find the bodies rotting and crawling with insects.  Most are placed in steel coffins, flown to the U.S. (Guyana wants them out of country!), and buried in California.     Similar mass suicide:  1997 March 26   39 dead in San Diego home, Heaven's Gate cult.

1978  Cable TV reaches 7.5% of U.S. Americans.  Rooftop antennas and indoor "rabbit ears" decline, but even in 2022 there are TV ads for indoor rabbit ears as a way to economize by avoiding the still-high cost of cable.  In the 2010s, streaming TV over Internet comes out.  In 2022, JE sees two channels drop out of what we receive with rabbit ears in our apartment;  we break down and add Spectrum cable TV.  The DIY kit has a new cable modem for the computer and a TV receiver and remote.  Lots of setup but it works and has a  lot of programs available.

1978 June 8   "A World Split Apart," Commencement Address Delivered At Harvard University  Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn    the calamity of an autonomous, irreligious humanistic consciousness...On the way from the Renaissance to our days we have enriched our experience, but we have lost the concept of a Supreme Complete Entity which used to restrain our passions and our irresponsibility.  Today it would be retrogressive to hold on to the ossified formulas of the Enlightenment.  Solzhenitsyn Addresses Harvard  is a sub-page of this web page, find it by searching my Google site for Solzhen.

1978  Polish  Catholic bishop Karol Józef Wojtyła is elected Pope and takes the name John Paul II.  He grew up under communist oppression.  Wikipedia:  "has been credited with being instrumental in bringing down Communism in Central and Eastern Europe."  See 1989 in this time line, Solidarity.     In 1983, the government unsuccessfully tried to humiliate John Paul II by falsely saying he had fathered an illegitimate child.

1978  Catholic writer Frank Sheed in Christ in Eclipse:  people whose lives are unchanged by Christ fill the Church today.  From a Protestant view, this is a result of Catholics not making disciples of laity.  But the same is true in Protestant churches.

1978  Only 20% of world population is protected by laws from abortion

1978 through 1997  PBS series Connections, an Alternative View of Change "rejects the conventional linear and teleological view of historical progress. James Burke contends that one cannot consider the development of any particular piece of the modern world in isolation...a web of interconnected events, each one consisting of a person or group acting for reasons of their own (e.g., profit, curiosity, religious) motivations with no concept of the final, modern result of what either they or their contemporaries' actions finally led to. The interplay of the results of these isolated events is what drives history and innovation."  John Engelbrecht's comment:  there are numerous accounts like Burke's work, and this time line is my own contribution.           2016 June  PBS is showing Michael Mosley in The Story of Science: Power, Proof and Passion, or maybe the T.V. version is The History of Science.    Both of these programs inspire me to write Physics Time Line.

1978  U.S. Park Service changes 100 year old policy of fire suppression in forests    https://www.npca.org/articles/1157-then-and-now    PBS Nova Inside the Megafire 2019  but more people live in forests, reducing ability to use prescribed burns to clear out accumulated wood fuel.    "Forest fire is the enemy" dates from 1910 megafires in Washington, Idaho, and Montana that darkened sky to New York.

1978   Hermit Ted Kaczynski starts sending crude bombs to random people he takes to be technology leaders who are harming the environment.  He steals from a neighbor to make his bombs.  He vandalizes lumbering equipment.  His bombs gain national attention but Kaczynski removes identifying marks and fingerprints.  He stays below the FBI's radar.  See 1971, 1985.

1978  Alpha radiation coming from ceramic used in dynamic RAM packaging causes "soft errors."  T.  C.  May  and  M.  H.  Woods,  “A  New  Physical  Mechanism for  Soft  Errors  in  Dynamic  Memories,”  in Proc.  16th  Annual Reliability Physics Symp, 1978, pp. 33–40    See 2009           Clay used to make the ceramic was significantly radioactive.  A source of low-radiation clay had to be found.

1979  UNIX computers are linked on Usenet, one of the precursors of Internet

1979    failed-open coolant valve at Three Mile Island nuclear-powered generating plant leads to partial meltdown & radiation exposure to some residents;  warning device on control panel was obscured by a paper maintenance tag

1979  Weinberg theorizes baryon assymetry, following Sakharov in 1967, and writes The First Three Minutes, which to JE's thinking shows remarkable correspondence to Genesis creation

1979  British Supertramp brings out the curious "The Logical Song," which is bumper music for Coast to Coast AM on April 17, 2020.

But then they sent me away to teach me how to be sensible

Logical, oh, responsible, practical...dependable, intellectual, cynical

There are times when all the world's asleep

The questions run too deep

Won't you please, please tell me what we've learned?

But please, tell me who I am.

    Roger Hodgson, courtesy of Wikipedia:  being sent away to boarding school for ten years, "Throughout childhood we are taught all these ways to be and yet we are rarely told anything about our true self. We are taught how to function outwardly, but not guided to who we are inwardly. We go from the innocence and wonder of childhood to the confusion of adolescence that often ends in the cynicism and disillusionment of adulthood. In The Logical Song, the burning question that came down to its rawest place was 'please tell me who I am,' and that's basically what the song is about. I think this eternal question continues to hit such a deep chord in people around the world and why it stays so meaningful."

    John E's comment:  Hodgson asks questions that are best answered spiritually, from the Bible.  And the answers are there, for sure.  Even in childhood, around age 8, one can hear what the Bible says.  It says that many aim for God but their arrows fall short.  This is the sin problem, to use an old term.  A modern phrase is "disobedience to God."  Enlightenment Man, reinforced by Freud and Nietzsche and so many others, thinks that "free thinking" is the way to be, but these supposedly enlightened thought leaders deceive themselves and most of the world.  A sober comparison of our world in turmoil to the Bible shows that the sacrifice that Jesus made, plus our reception of his offer of forgiveness, answers most questions.

    I have written about these questions.  At https://sites.google.com/site/solderandcircuits/home/more-circuit-design, look for "essays."     

    Also look at a famous Russian, https://sites.google.com/site/solderandcircuits/home/more-circuit-design/physics-timeline/physics-time-line-1900-present/solzhenitsyn-addresses-harvard    He spoke at Harvard while Roger Hodgson was writing The Logical Song.  In this time line, see  1978  Sakharov, also 1978 June 8  Solzhenitsyn.

    "Two hundred or even fifty years ago, it would have seemed quite impossible, in America, that an individual be granted boundless freedom with no purpose, simply for the satisfaction of his whims.

    The current of materialism which is farthest to the left, and is hence the most consistent, always proves to be stronger, more attractive, and victorious."      As an example of ruthless materialism, read the next entry in this time line, 1980  Communist China's ... one-child policy.  Then read about 1980 Scientology.

 1979  Conakry, Guinea (French West Africa)  Marxist tyrant Sékou Touré imprisons, tortures, and executes thousands who oppose him.  Catholic Archbishop Raymond-Marie Tchidimbo has been in prison since 1970 and is tortured but not executed.  His replacement is Robert Sarah.    The Day is Now Far Spent Roman Catholic Cardinal Robert Sarah a Black African from sub-Sahara Guinea in conversation with French Nicolas Diat Ignatius Press 2019 page188   "The sole response to the violence of the revolutionary dictatorship was in the passion of love...We had to sow love.  We did not have to fear.  [Sarah was on a death list.]  "All our arrested brothers were being tortured...henchmen showed the utmost perversity...it was necessary to lead the people of Guinea to love and to forgive."  

1980  Communist China's government rolls out the one-child policy that takes birth rate from 6 (in 1967) to 1.5 per family, to reduce food consumption and avoid repeat of the 1962 famine, when 30 million starved.  On communes, women with a child but found pregnant again are taken by farm cart to clinics where the babies are forcibly aborted.  Women are employed to snoop into family homes to assess the number of children and health of families.  The clear preference for male offspring causes many girl babies to be "exposed" after birth, and the father and mother try again, hoping for a boy.  In 2017, male to female birth ratio will be 115 boys for every 100 girls, one of the most skewed in the world, leaving tens of millions of men without wives.  https://www.npr.org/2018/07/16/629361870/despite-the-end-of-chinas-one-child-policy-births-are-still-lagging    See 2015 in this time line.

1980  Guth proposes cosmic inflation from 10^-35 to 10^-32 second after Big Bang, the universe increasing in size by 1026 (smaller than proton to size of a grapefruit).  Solves problems:  horizon, flatness, magnetic monopoles.  Flatness is where the universe appears to be finely tuned between flatness and hyperbolic or spherical.

1980  magnetic field detected on a star other than the Sun

1980  height of Dianetics and Scientology (L. Ron Hubbard).  They continue to center at universities, seeking gullible converts who can afford expensive self-help indoctrination.  The Hollywood enclave offered “clear” for $100,000 and “Operating Thetan” $300,000.  Tom Cruise, John Travolta                 More recently, see books Ruthless, Beyond Belief:  My Secret Life Inside Sci... and My Harrowing Escape, Blown for Good, Behind the Iron Curtain of Sci...     On Wikipedia, "Hubbard's followers engaged in a program of criminal infiltration of the U.S. government," Operation Snow White...IRS... "one of the most litigious religious movements"  "attempts to legally force search engines to censor"      forced abortions among pregnant women in the Sea Org, which operated in international waters, beyond the reach of governments.     Scientology arose from the 1950s American individualism and the spiritual marketplace.  Hubbard drew on the weird ideas of Freud.        Wikipedia:  much of the galaxy was ruled by the Galactic Confederacy.  Sea Org is modeled after the Loyal Officers who overthrew the tyrant Xenu....Sea Org operates outside the purview of IRS and FDA, UK, and Australia.

    George Carlin:  I went to a bookstore and asked the saleswoman, 'Where's the self-help section?' She said if she told me, it would defeat the purpose.

    Mid-1990s:  self-help section of bookstores is prominent.

1980  Luis Alvarez, Walter Alvarez, Frank Asaro, and Helen Michel discover that sedimentary layers found all over the world at the K–Pg boundary contain a concentration of iridium many times greater than normal.  K/T boundary.  A 10 km diameter asteroid could have been the source of the iridium.  The Chicxulub crater, an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula, is identified as the likely landing place.  The Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, the end of the dinosaurs.

1980  Sartre in his final months turns from atheism and Marxism toward Messianic Judaism.

    https://probe.org/influential-intellectuals/   Paul Johnson concludes that “Sartre, like Bertrand Russell, failed to achieve any kind of coherence and consistency in his views on public policy. No body of doctrine survived him.”  Apparently he stood for very little other than to be linked to the liberal Left.  Sartre advanced modern Marxism.  He viewed conformity [such as conformity to the Bible] as oppressive and spiritually destructive.

Father Alexander Krylov How I Became a Man, A Life with Communists, Atheists and Other Nice People  

1980  P. 40:  The image of Lenin was everywhere, but not Stalin.  Wikipedia:  Lenin brought the police state, and secret police knocking at night, to the people.  The State was totalitarian.  Book by Sebestyen 2017, Lenin:  The Man, The Dictator, and the Master of Terror.  His gulag starved and froze millions.  JE comment:  starvation is such a convenient way of disposing of people.  A starving person is weak and puts up no resistance.  Once dead, the starved corpse is lightweight and easier to bury or burn.

P. 43:  Alexander's mom was German.  Lutheran friends would visit in the Catholic home.  There were heated theological debates, but in the end common prayer was important.

P. 44:  In a dream, Alexander's father visited him at night, having come from the father's hospital in Moscow.  The next day, a telegram announced the death of the father.  

P. 55:  "In Soviet philosophy, everything belongs to the people, and the people feel justified in arbitrarily making use of the people's property."

P. 57:  "Soviet students did not believe in God but, rather, in the power of the human intellect and in scientific progress."  "We had atheism classes."  "Priests are criminals."  But people secretly prayed.  "The meaning and goal of life" are "prefabricated world views and Party dogmas, ideological magic tricks."  

P. 62:  Sometimes we managed to hear Vatican Radio.  "We were united with an invisible worldwide Church."  JE comment:  radios emit the "intermediate frequency" which reveals what the radio is tuned to.  Teams from KGB patroled up and down streets with detection vans, looking for people listening to forbidden frequencies.

P. 70:  Soviet communism strove for the emancipation of women from family and even their own children.  "Many recommendations for abolishing the family."  As it was, "housekeeping and cooking were understood to be exclusively women's work."  Men didn't know how to do these things.  P. 115:  "As time went on, even the Communists understood that no society can have a future without the family made up of father, mother, and children."

1980  Sociologist Robert Nisbet defines five "crucial premises" of the Idea of Progress in History of the Idea of Progress, a blend of the Enlightenment and Western confidence, the linear-progressive concept that is opposed by the cyclic or "spiral-shaped" dialectic progress of Hegel and Marx, both of which stand apart from orthodox Christianity

• value of the past

• nobility of Western civilization

• worth of economic/technological growth

• scientific/scholarly knowledge obtained through reason over faith

• the intrinsic importance and worth of life on Earth

1980  Carl Sagan's book, Cosmos, and the 13-episode TV series popularize astrophysics.  Sagan and Jacob Bronowski's Ascent of Man both deliver a science-oriented, humanistic view of the cosmos and man in it.   Both steer clear of attributing to God any creative power.  https://sheseeksnonfiction.blog/2021/08/15/carl-sagan-was-wrong/ Rebekah, atheist, gushes about Cosmos.  "Cosmos is neither a religious book or an anti-religious book. It’s just an honest book. But with honesty (and with wonder at the Cosmos) comes the truth that in a lot of ways, organized religion has held society back throughout history."  Rebekah finds that Sagan incorporated tales that turn out to be wrong.  She thinks he was too Eurocentric.  John E looks at the mounting evidence against macroevolution in the 2010s and sees that these atheist writings keep so many people from recognizing Jesus' offer of forgiveness.  Sagan definitely worships the creation rather than the Creator.    In this time line, also see Neil deGrasse Tyson singing the Sagan-Bronowski tune at 2014 August and 2018 June 26.  Also see in this time line the essay, When God Painted Himself Into a Corner (on the page More Circuit Design), and the web page that links off of that, Creation Evolution Personal Blog.

        https://fisheswithfeet.blogspot.com/2014/03/ is another atheist web site.  This one is by a person who gave up on Jesus (deconverted).  "Fog created by more than 20 years of trying to reconcile infantile, bronze-age explanations of life and the origin of our universe with what I saw through the lens of a microscope."

        Three years before Sagan's Cosmos, John E's spiritual experience happened, see this time line, 1977  The writer, John E., looks at life and decides things are definitely wanting.  

1980  5.25" diskette introduced, 1.2MB

1980  Pac-Man is introduced as an arcade game and for Atari 2600.

1980  TEMPEST school at Lackland AFB certifies 200 people a year, John E. attends a two-week class in 1985

1980 spring    After the mass exodus from the Port of Mariel (including many criminals), farmers’ markets are allowed, food returns, and Cubans reach highest living standards since the 1960s.    Cuban-American community in South Florida, coming from voluntary exiles, becomes the standard of comparison.    https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/06/cuban-revolution-fidel-che-raul-castro/

1980  U.S. divorce rate peaks for marriages in the 1970s and early 1980s.  http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/02/upshot/the-divorce-surge-is-over-but-the-myth-lives-on.html?_r=0    This may be tied in with feminism.  But fewer people are getting married, they live together without being married, and that is a social situation more difficult to define and study.  “Two-thirds of divorces are initiated by women,” said William Doherty, “so when you’re talking about changes in divorce rates, in many ways you’re talking about changes in women’s expectations.”  See the graph on the web site, it shows how it is hard to think about divorce rate because it changes over time, and the cumulative divorce rate for people married 10 years ago is still rising sharply.  There is a lot more history available when your marriage was 40 years ago.  John Engelbrecht's opinion is that women leave so much because men are being unfaithful, men are looking at the bodies of models and getting dissatisfied with wives.

    http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/religion/2011-03-14-divorce-christians_N.htm

    Divorce among U.S. evangelicals is sometimes said to be identical to the general population.  Bradley Wright, a Univ. of Conn. sociologist who recently wrote Christians Are Hate-Filled Hypocrites ... and Other Lies You've Been Told,  found worship attendance has a big influence on the numbers.  60% of evangelicals who never attend had been divorced or separated, compared to just 38% of weekly attendees.

    Wright questions the approach of The Barna Group, evangelical pollsters based in Ventura, which is often cited and finds plenty of divorce among evangelicals.  Nominal conservative Protestants, those inactive in faith, were 20% more likely to divorce than the religiously unaffiliated.  "There's something about being a nominal Christian that is linked to a lot of negative outcomes when it comes to family life," Wilcox said.

    http://www.religioustolerance.org/chr_dira.htm has more data but it is hard to think through.  U.S. regions have different divorce rates and it is easy to pin high divorce on regions and their faith reputations.

1980 approx.  The human retina is found to work by 70 different types of neurons.  The complexity is astounding.  In a developing human fetus, throughout the body, neurons are added at 1/4 million neurons per second.

1980 approx.  David Mermin, the quantum physicist, holds to the instrumentalism (see p. 31 in Love, Kepler and the Universe) view of physics, where theory helps make predictions but does not have metaphysical importance.  He tells his students to "shut up and calculate."  This quote has been attributed incorrectly to Richard Feynman.

1981 Chariots of Fire musical score by Greek electronic composer Vangelis Papathanassiou for the British film Chariots of Fire.  Wins four Academy Awards including Original Music Score.    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire_%28album%29#A_new_style      "Vangelis played all the instruments, including synthesizers, acoustic piano, drums and percussion, and recorded the score in his Nemo studio.  The music that he came up with, mostly electronic for a period film, initiated a new style in film scoring. The use of synthesizers in film scores beyond mere textures, and their convenience in allowing directors, producers, and studios to hear preliminary versions of full scores found its roots in Chariots of Fire."

1981  Mario appears in Nintendo's Donkey Kong.

1981  MS-DOS introduced with IBM PC, with tape drive or optional floppy drive (no hard drive initially, see 1983).  It is made with hundreds of DIP TTL chips.  MS-DOS is based on QDOS and CP/M.

1981  early IGBT, insulated-gate bipolar transistor, for high-power switching, uses annealing after electron irradiation, designed by Jayant Baliga

1981  Nancy Reagan begins regular consultations with Hollywood mediums including Joan Quigley.  Nancy Reagan comes to control the president's schedule in accordance with the mediums until 1987.

1981  British Sir Fred Hoyle first came to the God conclusion by reflecting on what would later be known as “Anthropic Principle” – the amazing coincidences and fine-tuning of the physical constants that appear to favor the emergence of carbon-based life. “Some supercalculating intellect must have designed the properties of the carbon atom,” he said.    “A superintellect has monkeyed with physics, as well as with chemistry and biology, and that there are no blind forces worth speaking about in nature. The numbers one calculates from the facts seem to me so overwhelming as to put this conclusion almost beyond question.”     http://turingchurch.com/2016/05/23/a-for-almighty-fred-hoyles-cosmic-theology/          See Hoyle 1954, 1957 in this time line.  Hoyle becomes theistic, the universe appears to be a "put-up job."  (The Intelligent Universe)  Hoyle never gets a Nobel prize, he is too politically incorrect.      evoxcross

1981  Francis Crick of DNA fame, atheist, in his book Life Itself:  “An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, could only state that in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle, so many are the conditions which would have had to have been satisfied to get it going. But this should not be taken to imply that there are good reasons to believe that it could not have started on the earth by a perfectly reasonable sequence of fairly ordinary chemical reactions. The plain fact is that the time available [should this be "time required"? ] was too long, the many microenvironments on the earth’s surface too diverse, the various chemical possibilities too numerous and our own knowledge and imagination too feeble to allow us to be able to unravel exactly how it might or might not have happened such a long time ago, especially as we have no experimental evidence from that era to check our ideas against.”    See Crick also at 1953, 1957 in this time line.  evoxcross      Crick also said, "Almost all aspects of life are engineered at the molecular level, and without understanding molecules we can only have a very sketchy understanding of life itself."  The writer of this time line, John E, took Organic Chem I at age 40 and is able to comprehend quite a bit of biochemistry.  The 2020 book by Michael Denton, The Miracle of the Cell, is largely understandable to John, but people who haven't had organic chemistry are at a loss about much of that book's content.

1981  New Oxford Review  Nov 2023 p. 40  Richard Upsher Smith Jr.    "The Halifax School and the Fallacy at the Heart of Anglicanism"

This article looks back across 42 years and gives some clues about how Western Hemisphere Episcopalians (Anglicans) ran off the rails, and probably applies to Anglicans in Britain.  Liberalism had, by 1981, diverted most Canadian and U.S. Episcopalians away from Christian orthodoxy.  In Halifax, Canada, an important university is Univ. of King's College, and it is allied with Dalhousie Univ.  Orthodox Episcopalians made a stand at these universities;  if they are called by any name, it is The Halifax School.  They had some influence from Hegel and Heidegger, and to J.E. that means trouble.  Dr. Hankey (died 2022) had "the political will to confront faculties at King's and Dalhousie, then the hierarchy of the Diocese of Nova Scotia, and finally the liberal ecclesiastical establishment in both Canada and the U.S."  It was "the only hope for Anglicanism at the end of the 20th century.  But it failed because "the power of the Broad Church Liberals was overwhelming...they controlled finances, clergy appointments, synods, and diocesan courts."  (U.S. Baptists avoid a lot of trouble by having none of that hierarchy, since Baptist churches are each independent.)  Episcopalians went with the ordination of women, the hallmark through decades of liberalizing.        From a Baptist perspective, Episcopalians were handicapped by their focus on extra-Biblical documents:  Book of Common Prayer, Ordinal, Thirty-nine Articles, and Book of Homilies.  Baptists claim to be driven by the Bible alone.  Hankey:  "community and tradition cannot in principle be reduced to the New Testament."  "Development" seems to have been critical for Catholics and Episcopalians, while development seems to not be a concern at all for orthodox Baptists.  Hankey:  only the Roman Magisterium is able to deal with innvovations such as women ordination.           Smith:  "ideas are the ephemera of their times and places and cannot be true for other discrete epochs."  (J.E. doesn't understand this.)      Some of Smith's writing seems to support the idea that Truth varies with time--relativity.      See 1993 in this time line, decline of orthodox Episcopalians.

1981 July 3 The New York Times Lawrence Altman   Doctors [Dr. Alvin E. Friedman-Kien] in New York and California have diagnosed among homosexual men 41 cases of a rare and often rapidly fatal and painful form of cancer, Kaposi's Sarcoma. Eight of the victims died less than 24 months after the diagnosis was made...violet-colored spots anywhere on the body...The cause of the outbreak is unknown, and there is as yet no evidence of contagion [but there will soon be evidence, for homosexual contact and heterosexual]. But the doctors who have made the diagnoses, mostly in New York City and the San Francisco Bay area, are alerting other physicians who treat large numbers of homosexual men to the problem in an effort to help identify more cases and to reduce the delay in offering chemotherapy treatment.  See Dugas in next item, also 1983 Frontline

1981 French Gaetan Dugas, an airline steward, brings AIDS to San Fran and N.Y. homosexual bathhouses, continues to infect men (and tells them they are going to die) after he knew he was communicable.  He shows his sodomy partners the violet splotches on his body.  2,500 male partners by the time he dies at 31.  See 1983.

1981   “Scientists, like others, sometimes tell deliberate lies, because they believe that small lies can serve big truths.” – Lewontin, R.C., The Inferiority Complex, New York Review of Books, 22 October 1981, p. 13.    https://borne.wordpress.com/2011/10/25/the-secular-humanist-conspiracy/

1981  Physicist Richard Feynman:  "Nature isn't classical [physics] and if you want to make a simulation of nature, you'd better make it quantum mechanical, and by golly it's a wonderful problem, because it doesn't look so easy."  Quantum computing has precious few physical demonstrations by 2019.

1982 - 2009  Solar-System stability studies show potential chaos in orbits of Mercury, Mars, and Pluto.  LONGSTOP, Digital Orrery, Laskar #1, Laskar & Gastineau

1982  Hafez al-Assad brings tanks, torture, and mass killings against resistance in Hama, Syria for 27 days.  Up to 25000 die, mostly non-combatants.

1982  Alain Aspect does CHSH photon experiments showing particle entanglement

1982  first of several over-the-counter drug-poisoning cases kills several in Chicago;  cyanide;  tamperers steal bottles from stores, introduce cyanide, place some back on shelves to make it look like a serial poisoner is on the loose but retain a bottle to kill family member for insurance proceeds.  Prompted Congress to require tamper-evident packaging.

1982  Audio CD introduced (compact disk), depends on cheap, infrared, laser diode.  About 1994, the CD is adapted for computer use.

1982  one of the dates concerning the pseudo-science idea of orgone, see Wikipedia.  Freudian psychologists have strange ideas.

1983  IBM PC-XT has 10MB hard drive.  Compare to 2 TB in 2020.

1983  Texas Instruments brings out TMS32010, a commercial success in digital signal processing. It works on 16-bit numbers.  Follows 1978 Speak & Spell using linear predictive coding.

1983   Neodymium-Iron-Boron permanent magnet developed.     GM and Sumitomo develop powerful permanent magnets based on neodymium.  Motors using them are useful for electric vehicles.  Though it is a rare earth, it is almost as abundant as copper and zinc.  http://www.rare-earth-magnets.com/t-history-of-magnets.aspx

1983   first, large, water Cherenkov detector, IMB-1 with 2048 photomultiplier tubes, operates 80 days & finds neutrinos passing through the earth and interacting in the detector, but no proton decays into positron-neutral pion; detector has 3,300 tons water in a 15 meter cube, 600 meters underground to avoid overload from cosmic rays

1983   the meter is defined by how far light travels in a vacuum in 1/299 792 458 of a second, relative uncertainty of 10−10, 40 times better than 1960.  This is the first time that a length measure is defined in terms of non-length measures;  it is because the speed of light and time are known to greater accuracy.  17th CGPM defines speed of light to be 299792.458 meters per second.

1983   Pioneer 10 passes the orbit of Pluto;  in 80,000 yrs will be closer to another star than the Sun

1983   French government rolls out a text-based, video-terminal system, Minitel, that beats Internet by over a decade.  "Pink chat rooms," of interest to men, employ young men posing as women, "animatrices," to keep paying customers online to maximize revenue.  Anonymity (including billing) facilitates this.

1983   staff of Episcopalian New Oxford Review become Catholic, fleeing increasingly liberal Episcopalians.  See 2012 July 8.

1983   Cuban troops overthrow government of Grenada in the Caribbean (the last large island leading down toward Venezuela).  800 American students are at St. George’s University Medical School.  Pres. Reagan diverts U.S. Marines headed by ship toward Lebanon to head off the Cubans.

1983   Pope John Paul II uses a new phrase, "new evangelization," as he talks to bishops from South American countries where Marxist liberation theology is a trend.  (New Oxford Review May 2016 p. 21.)  New evangelization means evangelization from the bottom up, starting with a laity that can evangelize.  The old, top-down model, evangelism starting from a Christian head of state, worked less and less after Catholics were forced out of French life during the French Revolution.  (See this timeline 1789 and following)

    In the 1990 Redemptoris Missio, the Pope writes of culturally Catholic nations like Poland, and says cultures lacking such a Christian anchor need evangelization in the mission mode of the first-century apostles.  The Pope writes that the increasing secularization of cultures cuts man off from his ultimate end in God.  "The temptation today is to reduce Christianity to merely human wisdom, a pseuo-science of well-being...[these anti-Christian cultures are in errror when there is striving] for the good of man, [because this is a] man who is truncated, reduced to his merely horizontal dimension...[where there] are programs and struggles for a liberation which is socio-economic, political...closed to the transcendent."         

    The Protestant evangelical view of this Catholic thinking is that, even in Poland, an overarching Catholic milieu is not sufficient.  What the Spirit works through best is people confronted by the message that "being good," or works salvation, doesn't work.  Ephesians 2:8-9, "By grace you are saved through faith, and that not from yourselves, it is the gift of God, not by works."  This happens with the best results when individual Christians or churches lovingly confront individuals with the fact that no one can be perfect, everyone sins and falls short of what God requires, Romans 3:23.  But Jesus offers the gift of forgiveness, which can be rejected or accepted.  If the gift is accepted, a person is best served by learning to be a disciple, to use his spiritual gifts.      In churches where orthodox Christian doctrine is doubted, such as doubt of the resurrection of Jesus or doubt of the futility of being saved by works, doubt clouds what the Bible says about everything else, so churches which champion orthodoxy are the ones where evangelism is more likely to be effective.  The orthodoxy (the unadulterated, faithful message from the Bible) of Hyde Park Baptist Church in Austin gave the writer, John, in 1977 a clear message about the need to receive Jesus'  forgiveness.

    Continuing from the New Oxford Review May 2016 p. 23, being "closer to" Jesus, or "continually developing a relationship with him," is where people never really are faced with the need to accept Jesus' forgiveness.  The NOR article is correct on p. 25, Catholics are not coming back (Catholics and anyone else) when they are taken in by "consumerism, radical individual autonomy, unlimited freedom, and the other reigning cultural paradigms" which crowd out Jesus' message.

    Comments about Catholic priests and what they do:

    "There is a crisis in the priesthood [priest abuse of boys, not enough priests for the parishes] because everyone has forgotten what a priest is.  He is not a counselor, social worker, agony aunt...He offers a sacrifice to reconcile God and Man, banish Satan, forgive sins and heal the sick."  Father Dwight Longenecker in a tweet March 29 2019  New Oxford Review Nov 2019 p. 28 comments by Pieter Vree      Vree:  "young men aren't drawn to the modern priesthood, because it looks a lot like...franchise management.  What does attract young men to the priesthood is its heroic, sacrificial character.  But as modern theology came to consider the Mass not so much a Holy Sacrifice as a memorial meal, the priest came to be known as a presider...emceeing the proceedings as a gaggle of laywomen flits about."  "The Sacrament of Holy Orders empowers [a priest] to...forgive sins and consecrate the Eucharist...confers a gift of the Holy Spirit that permits the exercise of a 'sacred power'...act in the power and place of the person of Christ."

    These traditional Catholic ideas are very different from Protestant ideas, and Protestants do well to understand differences.  "He offers a sacrifice" is about the Eucharist, what Protestants call the grape juice or wine and bread of the Lord's supper or communion.  The Catholic position is, in the words of Wikipedia, "the change of substance or essence by which the bread and wine offered in the sacrifice of the sacrament of the Eucharist during the Mass, become, in reality, the body and blood of Jesus Christ."  Why Catholics call the Eucharist a sacrifice is a mystery to Protestants, who indeed consider the Lord's Supper to be a memorial meal.  Traditional Catholic teaching is that the carbohydrate of bread and sugar, phenol, acid, ethanol, and protein of red wine become, respectively, human tissue of Christ and his blood, based on Luke 22:19-20.  Traditional priests treat the trans-substantiated bread and wine with great respect.  Traditionalists do not discard leftovers, which would be an insult to Christ.  They consume them with thanksgiving.  This rarely becomes an unpleasant duty, when a bitter parishioner sips some wine from the common cup, swishes it in the mouth, mixes it with some reserved, thick mucous (which would normally be spat out on pavement), and expectorates it back into the common cup, all in one second.  The priest consuming the remnants of the cup can tell there is adulteration!   

    The reconciliation of God and man is, in Protestant thinking, the sacrifice that Jesus made on the cross, alright, but coupled with a person's reception of the gift of forgiveness, which is an individual thing, done once in a lifetime (and possibly followed by repentance from persistent sins in the future). 

    A priest forgiving sins is alien to most Protestant thinking.  Jesus made the sacrifice, after all, and the resurrected Jesus offers forgiveness.  Why a priest can forgive sin is a mystery to most Protestants.  But WELS Lutheran ministers do this, also, every Sunday.   Typical Version of the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1997)   875: … No one can bestow grace on himself; it must be given and offered. This fact presupposes ministers of grace, authorized and empowered by Christ. From him, bishops and priests receive the mission and faculty (“the sacred power”) to act in persona Christi Capitis.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_persona_Christi

    The gaggle of laywomen flitting about is about more women than men attending Mass.  During Mass, parishioners queue up in the center aisle and await the priest giving the Eucharist.  After receiving it, they return to their seats.

    The Sacrament of Holy Orders is a grand Catholic ceremony (a sacrament as baptism and the Eucharist are sacraments) when a priest becomes a priest.  Catholic men who engage in this sacrament but later fail or leave the priesthood can be thought of as having failed in some aspect of the Sacrament of Holy Orders, not really becoming a priest in the first place.

    Protestants who have not been brought up in Catholic practices can't understand a lot of this.  But it means a lot to traditional Catholics, such as Catholics in Poland, and traditional Catholics view Protestants with pity and sometimes contempt. 

    The Day is Now Far Spent Roman Catholic Cardinal Robert Sarah a Black African from sub-Sahara Guinea in conversation with French Nicolas Diat Ignatius Press 2019 page 319   "Brother priests who despair because you are collapsing beneath the weight of your tasks without seeing any results...insist on the teaching of the catechism both to adults and to children."  [http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM]  "Serious errors being taught in the Catholic universities...many Catholics do not know what they believe...everywhere there is...dissension, hostility, and suspicion."

1983  PBS Frontline The Age of AIDS (broadcast in 2006, Larry Kramer looking back at 1983)   http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/aids/interviews/kramer.html     "...one of the main problems that caused AIDS -- it's been very difficult to publicly criticize what we do [s_____] because it's considered a civil right and a private thing, which it certainly is. But when you start killing everybody [by passing around a virus], it sort of passes on into another category."  [Public health officials certainly considered it another category.  These officials had to deal with promulgators of STDs who were politically protected.]        http://castrocbd.org/history-of-the-castroupper-market/  Before drug treatment was available, the immune system was devastated resulting in multiple HIV-related opportunistic infections and death within months.  [Pain, wasting that looks like starvation, vomiting, fear, anger, despair because friends don't visit (sometimes because the friends have all died).]  The Castro was awash in fear and anger.  AIDS emerged in the Tenderloin, Mission, Potrero Hill, and Hunters Point.  Before AIDS became debilitating, infected men had "gaunt faces, thinning hair, and emaciated bodies swimming in clothes that had fit a few months ago."      Many were ashamed of themselves for contracting such an STD and infecting other         (through anonymous, random,      relations), but were conflicted by friends who told them to be proud of themselves.  In 1984, San Francisco Board of Supervisors shuts down the       bathhouses.   See 1981 July 3, 1984 GLAD, 2013 Nov 29     See 2008 Ronald G. Lee

1983  A new question appears on blood-donor questionaires, "from 1977 to the present, have you had sexual contact with another male, even once?" because it has become known that         blood donors are the source of HIV virus that is infecting hemophiliacs who receive Factor VIII, the clotting factor.  At this time, Factor VIII is obtained from pooled blood components (pooled from up to 22,000 donors), & even one HIV carrier contaminates the Factor VIII used to treat many hemophiliacs.  See 1981.  13-yr-old Ryan White, a hemophiliac, contracts HIV this way & dies at 18.  In March 1985, FDA begins testing the blood supply for HIV.  Average life expectancy for hemophiliacs peaks at 57 but drops to 40 after HIV-infected blood runs it's course.  In 2010, a movie, Blood, Sweat and Tears.

1984  First cell phone $4000 in Baltimore, Washington, or Chicago.  The high price helps to build out the cell towers.

1980s  sonar reveals Nuuanu debris avalanche, a million years ago, which carried away a third of Oahu Island.  Tsunami washed completely over some Hawaiian islands.  Debris covers 9,000 sq miles undersea, NE of Oahu, out to 140 miles.  GLORIA sonar (1980s), JAMSTEC surveys (late 1990s)

1980s  Surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters combine low cost with high-frequency, bandwidth, stop-band, and voltage-tuning characteristics superior to what can be achieved with the larger, discrete (cap-transformer with slug tuning) filters that had been used since the 1930s.  Cellular telephones are the volume demand, followed by digital TV (HDTV).  SAW takes over some of the filtering formerly done by expensive, eight-crystal lattice filters.  By 2010, three SAW filters are typical in an HDTV tuner, along with one quartz crystal, two ceramic (3-pin) filters, and four integrated circuits.  UHF inductors made of close-wound, single-layer helices only 2-3 mm diameter are the tuning inductors of choice, and are tuned by inserting a ceramic knife at mid-inductor to spread the inductor, while test equipment indicates the tuning.  Tuners utilize some of the highest densities of tiny surface-mount parts in all of mass-production electronics manufacturing.  The printed-circuit-board layout, two-sided, is compacted maximally using CAD.   See also 1965.

1980s Shining Path is active in Peru;   violent Maoist, communist terrorists

1980s early   New Oxford Review Nov 2021 p. 5  John Fay   In Princeton N.J. ... the local Left considered Strategic Defense Initiative ['Star Wars,' advanced by Pres. Reagan] to be highly immoral because it could destabilize the uneasy peace of MAD.  Their solution:  lay down our arms and hope the Soviet Union would treat us well.      Princeton is a center of leftist intellect.    Same issue, same page:  James Pawlak says MAD worked.

1980s  Wang Corporation sells $75 million in TEMPEST products to U.S. military/military contractors;  IBM Austin's product line doesn't gain a foothold

1984  Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, owner of many Rolls Royces, poisons hundreds in Dalles, Oregon, with Salmonella  to rig elections in his cult's favor;  first bioterrorist attack in the United States

1984  OSI Reference Model for computer networking & Internet published by ISO & CCITT.  See 2002.

1984  Internalional symbol (ISO standard) on signs for prohibition, no, or not.  It is the diagonal slash with circle.  Unicode code point U+20E0    ⃠  Combining Enclosing Circle Backslash    See Wikipedia for No Symbol.  Before this symbol, signs had the word No in text, but the symbol gets across the idea faster.

1980s  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernist      Post modernism is one of many buzzwords that regular folks could care less about, but post modernism is how many professors indoctrinate students.  Post modernism is a follow-up to the 1960s sexual revolution and is behind a lot of our political problems.  (See 1959 Belmondo in this timeline for sexual revolution.)  When you see "morals" in this section, that is merely "the right way to act."  Everyone except the anarchist has morals.

Look at Bill Nugent's background before we go on.

http://bnugent.org/the-1960s-revolutionfrom-modern-to-postmodern/

The Teaching Ministry of Bill Nugent   These web sites are copyrighted.  Text is edited by JE, this is a critical review.

Three systems of thought in the West are Christian, modern, and postmodern.

The orthodox Christian says morals are given to us by God.  They are for all people and all times.  (Orthodox doesn't mean Russian or Greek, it means holding to the fundamentals of the faith.)

The modernist says moral absolutes can be discovered by human reason alone without the aid of divine revelation. Modernism retains Christian concepts of justice and morality. It starts with Natural Law, which is more familiar to Catholics.  Man is perfectible. There are moral absolutes.  Descartes to Hume came up with modernism.  The French Revolution is Modernism.

The postmodernist view is that no moral absolutes exist. Morals are cafeteria style.  Post modernism is outside of reason, emotional, sophistic, barbaric, pessimistic, existentialistic, and radically individualistic.  Deconstructionism is part of post modernism.  There is no need to search for truth because one person's truth is not necessarily another person's truth.  (Substitute "reality" for "Truth" and you see the implication.)  Black Lives Matter is people with their own reality.

Post modernism denies objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress. Postmodern thinkers say that old ways of thinking get in the way of progress.  Pluralism is one consequence of post modernism. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodernism    common targets of postmodern critique include universalist notions of objective reality, morality, truth, human nature, reason, language, and social progress. Postmodern thinkers frequently call attention to the contingent or socially-conditioned nature of knowledge claims and value systems, situating them as products of particular political, historical, or cultural discourses and hierarchies. Accordingly, postmodern thought is broadly characterized by tendencies to self-referentiality, epistemological and moral relativism, pluralism, and irreverence.

https://www.merip.org/mer/mer187/marxism-postmodernism   Post modernism is literary and cultural theory rooted in a Nietzschean -- as opposed to a Marxian -- critique of bourgeois modernity.  (See 1888 in this timeline for Nietzsche, 1843 for Marx.)  Post modernists hold that reason -- the leading principle of European post-Enlightenment modernity -- is not universal, but merely masks relations of power.  (See this timeline for Enlightenment, between 1746 and 1748.)  They regard power as dispersed and reproduced in every form of social discourse. History is irrelevant because history is a story promulgated by the powerful.  Even language and dictionaries are suspect, they come from the powerful.

They do not think about the origins of things because origins are bound up with the authorities who have a choke hold on the story.  There is no correct analysis of anything, but only an infinite variety of “readings.”  If you try to talk sense to a postmodern teacher or professor, he is likely to be ambivalent to sense.  He may put more stock in non-sense than sense.

Ideas leading to post modernism, culled from John Engelbrecht's Physics Timeline

1513 Machiavelli

1637 Descartes is an early leader in breaking free from God's morals

1651 Hobbes

1713 Discourse of Free-Thinking

Brian T. Brown in 2019, Someone is Out to Get Us:  A Not so Brief History of Cold War Paranoia and Madness, Coast to Coast AM Nov 6-7 20191755 Rousseau abandons his own babies and sets the stage for Marxism and modern free love

1788 Kant ignores Bible, says the world just needs democracy and international cooperation

1828  materialist theory of the mind;  everything originates in matter and remains matter

1899 apostolic letter, Testem Benevolentiae Nostrae, by Pope Leo XIII

1907 Pope Pius X names the heresy that Pope Leo wrote of:  Modernism

1912 Sanger...modernist values of pre-WWI Greenwich Village

1912 Woodrow Wilson's speech: coordinated, perfected beehive

1913 Nonrepresentational art

1968 Humanae Vitae

1968 National Organization for Women

1965 to 1975  New Oxford Review Chene Richard Heady  Vatican II

1969 Dec 6  Altamont Speedway concert...ended "the idea that, left to their own inclinations, the young people of the new generation will create a higher, gentler, more loving grassroots order

1969  popular song, My Way

2006 Weigel...public square shorn of religiously informed morals

2011 Benjamin Wiker...the secular left makes religion the antonym of thought 

2016  Hating Jesus by Matt Barber, secular left is not people with whom one may reason.  They demand abolition of the biblical worldview. 

https://sites.google.com/site/solderandcircuits/home/more-circuit-design/physics-timeline/physics-time-line-1900-present/solzhenitsyn-addresses-harvard            If you don't know who Solzhenitsyn is, find out.

https://sites.google.com/site/solderandcircuits/home/more-circuit-design/physics-timeline/physics-time-line-1900-present/morals-shown-in-physics-timeline/radical-individualism-autonomy     liberal democracy in this radically individualist, post-Christian culture will eventually devolve into tyranny      Dostoevsky has Shigalyev say “Proceeding from unlimited freedom, I end with unlimited despotism.”     Nihilists are fervent believers in science, who want to destroy the religious and moral traditions.

1984 Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders (GLAD) advocates for confidentiality of HIV status for individuals, in light of alarm and rumors about HIV communicability and advocacy by some for quarantine of HIV-positive people.  People worry that HIV, an incurable virus, can be transmitted by mosquitos and "casual contact" such as skin-to-skin contact and doorknobs.  "Bodily fluids," "MSM," and "at-risk behavior" are new phrases.  Doctors are sued for letting out HIV-positive status, then formal legal rights are established through GLAD activism.  Exceptions exist:  a spouse or sexual partner must be informed if the HIV-positive person is believed to present a risk of passing infection.  https://www.glad.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/ri-hiv-overview.pdf  "to protect the rights of all people with HIV.  Fighting discrimination and establishing strong privacy protections have been important for people with HIV since the beginning of the epidemic."  See 1994 Sidney Abbott, 1983 PBS Frontline, 1985 Rock Hudson

1984  newcriterion.com  Frenchman Paul-Michel Foucault dies of AIDS at age 57.  "Long a darling of the same super-chic academic crowd that fell for deconstruction, Jacques Derrida, and other aging French imports."  Foucault attempted suicide more than once.  Foucault was "vicious and perverted."  S&M, during his visit to San Francisco he found it "exorbitant," "dumbfounding excess."  "The 1960s a moral and political debacle."  Marcuse was most influential with "false freedom."  Foucault was revered in liberal American universities..."hermetic arguments about sex and power are pursued with" laughable carelessness "by the untidy and" stubbly-bearded.  Foucault tried to out-do Sartre.

1980s sometime   New Historicism (see Wikipedia) started by Greenblatt, will be influential in the 1990s.  See New Oxford Review Ap 2020 page 34.  It is an alternative to historical contextualization.  "No discourse...gives access to unchanging truths, nor expresses inalterable human nature."  It is thus part of post modernism, see green section above.   Marxism is part of new historicism.  "Paglia has suggested that new historicism is "a refuge for English majors without critical talent or broad learning in history or political science."

Father Alexander Krylov How I Became a Man, A Life with Communists, Atheists and Other Nice People  

1984  P. 74:  Despite State atheism and denial of Easter, a common Easter greeting was, "Christ is risen."  The response was, "Truly He is risen."  These greetings were shared in private, even with Communists.

P. 121:  Marx:  "From each according to his abilities, to each according to his needs."  The popular conception was to work only as much as you wish, and consume as much as you wish.  But there were practical limits.  The State owned everything, even farm crops and machinery, housing, and the few cars, and shopping queues limited what any shopper could purchase.  (Many people were allowed garden patches, and could do what they wished with the produce.)  Shoppers were free to purchase anything that was in the stores, but bare shelves were often their lot.  The present was socialism and the future promise was communism.  New apartments had the tiniest of kitchens, for communal cafeterias were expected to be the source for food, sometime in the future.  (The school food was disdained by the students, but there was hope that the coming cafeterias would have wonderful food.)  "We were exhorted to keep tightening our belts for just a little while."  (From another book, rivalries within the Kremlin, and rivalries at all levels of bureacracy, sometimes left a railroad car full of produce to rot in a railyard.)  

P. 123:  "Lecturers from the Society for Political Education...'We still must attain Communism, but we have already built socialism.'  The state provides not only equal rights [but don't get charged with a crime, the judge knows how to rule before evidence is presented] but also just distribution.  It plans everything, thinks everything through, and gives meaning to society.  It directs everything to the well-being of the people.  The best housing laws [free rent once you recieved a unit, but you might wait 15 years for it], the best medical facilities [p. 124 long waits in the narrow corridors], the best public transportation [buses in the city did not run on a schedule and were dirty], the best productivity."  Alexander:  "I had my doubts about this whole construct."            Computers in the U.S.S.R. lagged greatly behind computers in the West.

P. 130:  At election time, there were celebrations so that people liked the elections.  Special cafeterias at the election places had rare delicacies for sale.  At the ballot box, "toss previously filled-in ballots into the ballot box."  "On the ballot there was always only a quota  candidate anyway, who certainly could not be crossed off."  An old veteran patted Alexander on the shoulder.  "You cannot find such a free country anywhere in the  world."  But East Germans trying to escape into West Berlin were shot in the no-man zone before reaching the Berlin Wall.  When the Olympics were held in free countries, the Olympic competitors were monitored by agents to prevent defection.

P. 132:  "Many people praised the Communist Party at official events and criticized it at home.  Duplicity was a natural rule of behavior."

1984  Rev. Robert Schuller, of Crystal Cathedral fame (or infamy), publishes Self Esteem New Reformation.  Conservative Christians heap scorn on it.  Schuller wrote a letter that was published in the October 5, 1984 issue of Christianity Today...“I don’t think anything has been done in the name of Christ and under the banner of Christianity that has proven more destructive to human personality and, hence, counterproductive to the evangelism enterprise than the often crude, uncouth, and unchristian strategy of attempting to make people aware of their lost and sinful condition.”  As a writer for Time put it in an article in 1985, “For Schuller, an acknowledgment of self-worth, more than a confession of sinfulness, is the path to God.”  The Crystal Cathedral TV show and mortgage were too much for the "ministry's" income.  Financial difficulty starting in 2002, bankrupt in 2010.  Roman Catholic diocese, needing larger cathedral, bought the cathedral and remodeled it to look more Catholic.

1980s sometime   about evolution and the dilemma of how a self-reproducing cell could arise--The Oparin-Haldane 1929 hypothesis established the foundations of research on the chemistry of abiogenesis, but the lipid-world and RNA-world scenarios have gained more attention since the 1980s with the work of Morowitz, Luisi and Szostak.  There is interest in coacervates as protocells.  (2012, 2018)  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coacervate     evoxcross

1984  https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9343940/     (1997...) The mycoplasmas are the smallest and simplest self-replicating organisms, being built of a plasma membrane, ribosomes, and a circular double-stranded DNA molecule-the typical prokaryotic genome.  [See my essay in this web site, When God Painted Himself Into a Corner]    The idea of using mycoplasmas as models for defining in molecular terms the entire machinery of a living cell was raised by Morowitz in 1984. The goal has been to prove the dogma of the completeness of molecular biology, that is, that the logic of life is finite, relatively simple and subject to full exploration... The recent [1997] complete sequencing of the genome of the human pathogen Mycoplasma genitalium brings us much closer to achieving this goal...During evolution the mycoplasmas have lost the cell wall.  [Thus simplifying the genes necessary for this organism.]  Read in 2022, there is a puzzling statement, here, "relatively simple."  The more that is known of the working of a cell, the more complex it is seen to be.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9RUHJhskW00&t=22s  Dr. Ron Vale on dynein and kinesin molecular motors walking along actin or microtubule fibers, moving loads during mitosis.  This was uncovered between 1997 and 2002.  Research continues.  The purple section above also mentions "dogma" and "full exploration."  Yes, science has dogma.  "Full exploration" is a reach;  the dynein motor was found because it is large;  other complex cell equipment is smaller and harder to discover.  "During evolution" is the hubris of the evolution crowd, which wants Intelligent Design to dry up and blow away.  Dynein was named in 1963.

The purple web page goes on to mention several cell systems that mycoplasma doesn't have, saving lots of genes, but on the other hand it requires extra genes for adhesins, attachment organelles and variable membrane surface antigens directed towards evasion of the host immune system.  It is a tradeoff, but the net of it is that the gene count is far below what an average cell needs.  In this time line, around 2002, is more about the hand-over-hand motion of the molecular machines.

Cross Reference      See also 2002  Biochemists,  https://sites.google.com/site/solderandcircuits/home/more-circuit-design/when-god-painted-himself-into-a-corner     See footnotes on this web page, and the green cross-referencing.    Use site-search and page-search "evoxcross" to search for similar paragraphs.

1985  Columbian volcano Nevado del Ruiz causes lahar (mudslide) burying 20,000 in city of Armero

1985  Rock Hudson dies of AIDS (see 1981)

1985-Jan 1987     Several installations of a cancer-treatment linear electron accelerator, Therac-25 with computer control by PDP-11, overdose six patients after two years of normal operation.  Some die after weeks of painful deterioration.  The turntable that is supposed to interpose a lead target into the electron beam, to generate X-rays, is not always being given time to come into position after being used at low current for direct, electron-beam use on other patients.  The machine operator, at a control panel, takes more or less time to enter parameters;  operators with much experience are setting up parameters and initiating treatment while the turntable is still turning, and there is no hardware interlock.  Patients who are overdosed experience what they describe as immediate, very painful burning and/or a feeling of being kicked.  Physicians note through-body burns.  The manufacturer assures hospitals that the machine cannot make overdoses, but the manufacturer does not comprehensively accumulate notices of accidents.  Software "races" are noted by the manufacturer when it investigates the accidents.  The PDP-11 software (assembly code) is modified in two different areas after a recall, and many more changes come from meetings with customers and FDA.        The electron current for X-ray use is 100 times higher, so patients are getting 100x a therapeutic current when the target is supposed to be there but isn't.  The software lacks checks for overexposure due to incorret setup.  Hospital personnel have trouble pinning injuries to the accelerator because each machine is giving normal therapy almost all the time.  Quoting from therac.pdf p. 22, "focusing on particular software 'bugs' is not the way to make a safe system."  P. 37 notes an overflow problem in an 8-bit counter, causing a lack of a check every 256 times.

1985 http://www.str.org/articles/the-jesus-seminar-under-fire#.VpGHV1KIa70  excerpts from Stand to Reason     The Jesus Seminar is cited in the press as a modern authority about the New Testament.  Only 14 of the 74 participants are scholars.  Half of the 74 come from ultra-liberal schools: Harvard, Claremont, and Vanderbilt.  Their goal: separate historical fact from mythology.  Since 1985, by meetings and voting, they have rejected as myth the resurrection of Jesus, the virgin birth, all Gospel miracles, and 82% of Jesus' teachings.  Only two words of the Lord's Prayer survive as authentic: "Our Father."  Founder Robert Funk says, "Jesus was perhaps the first stand-up Jewish comic. Starting a new religion would have been the farthest thing from his mind."  The Jesus Seminar believes we live in a closed universe of natural order, with God locked out of the system.  If miracles can't happen, then miracles in the New Testament must be fabrications. An orthodox Christian is not so encumbered.  He believes in the laws of nature, is open to God's intervention, and takes seriously Jesus' offer of forgiveness.   For other skeptics, see 1637 1768 1835 1899 1967  1960s (Christopher Dawson)   2006 (Lawrence Auster)   2011 (Benjamin Wiker)

1985    part of the story of Modernism in the Western Christian church, the Modernism that has been going on since 1887 or so             http://lcmswomenpastors.com/2014/03/27/katies-story/               In a Lutheran church..."Who should come to our door but the pastor, the council president, and the treasurer.  Three men come to have a little chat with my mother, come to set her straight about a woman’s place in the church.  They told her that she could work in the Sunday School or help in the kitchen, but she had no place preaching.  It was the first step for me down the long road of feminist theology...[This] just kills me.  Jesus is traveling with his new disciples, with Simon, Andrew, James, and John.  ... He goes to what Mark names as “Simon’s mother-in-law’s house.”  ... her daughter, Simon’s wife, doesn’t get a name either.  Just women in the background.  So at the disciple’s insistence Jesus goes and takes [sick] Simon’s mother-in-law by the hand and lifts her up... healed after an untold number of days on a sick bed...And what does she do?  Does she go at Jesus’ command to preach the gospel, to heal others, to join the disciples in their quest?  No, none of these...'She began to serve them.'  Its enough to make you want to pull out your hair.

1985 Microsoft Windows 1.01 for the IBM PC uses mouse but is limited to box-graphics characters, is text based, not graphics.  Earlier (1973) Xerox PARC developed Alto computer with 3-button mouse on a windowing system.

1985  Stephen Wolfram suggests that much of the work on sensitivity to initial conditions (the Butterfly Effect) might be better explained by intrinsic randomness.  Much hostility from younger proponents of chaos theory. 

1985 The C++ Programming Language published by Stroustrup.  This is a breakthrough for object-oriented computer languages.  Graphical user interfaces, such as Microsoft Windows, and event-driven programs depend on OOP.  Windows 1.0 ships in 1985, with mouse but it is not graphical, it is all text mode with box graphics.  Later OOP is Java, Microsoft .NET, Python, and Ruby.

1965 in an integrated circuit 200 transistors  1975 4500  1985 300,000 transistors in 32-bit microprocessor    1993 4,000,000  2005 600,000,000  2010 1 billion

1985 Aug 2 6:05PM  Delta Flight 151 crash-lands onto a plowed field, one mile short of the runway at Dallas-Fort Worth Airport.  This is part of a longer story the writer tells in this time line, as follows.

    Having been an IBM employee at this time and a business flyer while designing TEMPEST modifications for IBM office products (computer, monitor, printer) and flying to testing vendors and manufacturing vendors and TEMPEST symposia and certification testing for me, flight safety was a big thing for me.  The number of fatal crashes was more at this time than after 2000, maybe two fatal crashes per year in the U.S.  I learned that a plane disintegrates if it hits the ground with a velocity of a free fall from just fifty feet.  From just twenty feet or so, wing fuel tanks rupture and nothing inhibits the spread of a fuel fire.  Airplanes just don't have the strength when they are banged around, though wing strength when passing through a thunderstorm is good.  

    The cargo space below the passenger deck of a plane is extensive.  I once imagined that baggage and freight below the passengers would absorb a lot of shock, but that apparently does not keep passengers alive because there is a lot of shredding of airplane structure during a crash.

    The Flight 151 problem was a microburst downdraft from a thunderstorm.  Microbursts were not understood at the time and could not be detected from a distance.  But three fatal crashes attributed to microbursts caused FAA to research and spend a lot of money to develop radar detection.  The problem with a microburst downdraft is threefold.  The width of a microburst is perhaps a third of a mile, small when you consider that a plane flies that far in 4 seconds.  The downdraft pushes the plane down toward the ground.  And when a low-flying plane emerges from the downdraft, it is emerging into air that is spreading out at around 50 mph from the center of the microburst.  This robs the plane of 50 mph of air speed, a serious reduction of lift.  The combination is easily fatal for a low-flying (such as landing) airplane.

    On my one trip to Boca Raton, Florida, with Charles Haight, to talk to the IBM PC designers and encourage additional grounds on plug-in adapter boards for PS/2, to reduce the RF voltage on the I/O flange at the back of the computer, I observed thunderstorms around the airport as we arrived for a morning takeoff.  We arranged to fly on a later flight, hoping that thunderstorms would dissipate.  That is how much I was concerned.  

    The Delta Flight 151 crash is well documented on Internet.  The airplane was a big one, on the cockpit voice recorder you hear "Flight 151 heavy" so Air Traffic Control understands the size of the plane.  Flight 151 was one of several planes that landed through the same thunderstorm, using instrument flight rules (IFR).  The plane broke out of rain at 700 feet altitude, and the flight controller had been directing the pilot to throttle back to keep enough distance from the preceding Lear Jet.  But  the microburst caused so much loss of air speed that the plane dropped right down onto a plowed field a mile short of the runway, at a ground speed of 200 mph.   The engines had been throttled up by the pilot when he felt the downward acceleration of the downdraft, in an effort to get more air speed, and the plane actually got back into the air for some seconds.  I see in the second of the animations (below) that a wing-root fire was already burning before the highway crash happened.  But the wind conditions (wind shear) and the fact that the highway at the airport perimeter is built on a raised roadbed, to keep the pavement from flooding, caused the plane to crash back down onto the highway and a wing engine smashed a car, killing the driver.  The second animation depicts the plane as being down, below sight, as it approaches the highway, then it appears and is onto the highway in just 0.2s.  There was enough impact, and enough sideways movement, of the plane that it amounted to a crash, and pieces of landing gear and wings were shedding.  

   The forward speed of the plane carried it into a glancing crash at perhaps 150 mph into large water tanks that were well off the runway centerline.  Most passengers that died were pulverized by the high impact speed against the tanks.  Survivors of that impact were mostly killed by a large fuel fire.  Twenty-six people survived.  They were mostly in the rear seats.

    Among the dead were 13 IBM employees and family members.  Phil Estridge, head of the IBM PC Division, and his wife died.  They were on a vacation trip.  Estridge's death probably did not interfere with the commercial success of the PC.  The PC-AT had come out the year before the crash and PS/2 came out two years after the crash.

    There are two YouTube animations.  m.youtube.com/watch?v=5UvsgpSzb2M    m.youtube.com/watch?v=iPR9fmfklPY (with a lower case L,P,Y)  .  The first one shows the two water tanks well to the left of the runway.  The first one incorrectly shows the fuselage threading between the tanks;  the actual path was to shear the left wing, and the animation suggests that the fuselage disintegrated in milliseconds.

    The largest-ever airplane crash was in 1977 in thick fog at Tenerife Island.  Two 747s crashed.  One, KLM, was taking off while the other, Pan Am. was moving on the same runway in the opposite direction, at low speed.  KLM attempted to rotate (rotate on the wing-to-wing axis, for takeoff) and didn't clear the great height of the Pan Am fuselage.  61 survived, 583 died.  Fire trucks found the burning KLM and started firefighting (the fire burned for several hours) but were not aware for some minutes that the Pan Am plane was wrecked in the fog, but not burning wholesale, a third of a mile away. 

1985  Hermit Ted Kaczynski's continued bombing kills for the first time.  See 1967, 1971, 1993.

1980s  tokamaks routinely fuse deuterium and tritium, but plasma instabilities burn out sections of the (sometimes tungsten) wall in 2% or so of shots

1980s  CAD, computer aided design, software is commercially available to develop VLSI integrated circuits;  it runs on mainframe computers & minicomputers

1986  Avogadro's number is updated, based on X-ray studies of silicon crystals, to 6.0221367 x 1023 but 6.0221415 is another recent value (when?)

1986  Aug 21  Lake Nyos in Cameroon (Africa) releases about 200,000 tons (0.29 cubic mile) of carbon dioxide, which is heavier than air and suffocates 1,746 people and 3,500 livestock

1986  Chernobyl power-plant explosion in Unit 4 irradiates large area of Ukraine & neighboring Belarus, covered up by Kremlin.  The concrete-and-steel, 2000-ton lid over the reactor is blown askew by a runaway reaction, long feared because of an inherently unstable mode of the reactor design.  White-hot graphite and fragments of the uranium cores are blown out of the reactor building.  A wall and roof are blown out.  The wind blows an intensely radioactive cloud of gas and dust over part of the city of Pripyat, population 45000.  Dust raining out onto sunbathers gives them a "radioactive tan."  Radiation falling into a pine forest is so lethal that the forest dies.  It is called the Red Forest.  Most trees were knocked down by bulldozers and buried in trenches.  Pollution of groundwater is feared in coming decades.  Wikipedia "Chernobyl disaster effects."  Radiation release is 20x Nagasaki plus Hiroshima, because a large nuclear power reactor has much more radioactive material than a bomb, tons compared to pounds.  Soldiers are brought in to search for and extract lumps of graphite from the open area around the reactor.  They are not instructed about the hazard, and many receive radiation overdoses.  The death toll is 28 within some months.  (Radiation poisoning is sometimes a slow death.)  Much radiation rained out to the north, in Belarus near the Russian border.

https://petapixel.com/2019/08/27/the-sarcophagus-photographing-the-most-radioactive-places-in-chernobyl/

1986  Richard Rhodes, and probably a staff, write The Making of the Atomic Bomb, from 1981 to 1986.  788 pages of text are followed by 95 pages of notes, bibliography, and index.

Father Alexander Krylov How I Became a Man, A Life with Communists, Atheists and Other Nice People  

1986  P. 155:  In the mid-1980s, "the speeches and addresses became more and more meaningless and tautological."  They treated us like children.

P. 162:  "All over the world [like in Greece and the New York Times], there are people who find socialist ideas, Communism, or other authoritarian or totalitarian world views attractive."  JE comment:  these are people who think that people can be perfected, at odds with the nature of people revealed in the Bible.  They think that the free-minded conservatives must be dragged into a new world for their own good.    "Many attempts to free our planet not only from religion and Church but also from God.  With childish naivete..."

1980s  Prof. Paul Kengor's Cold War Big Seven:  Ronald Reagan    John Paul II     Margaret Thatcher    Gorbachev    Yeltsin    Walesa in Poland     Vaclav Havel       New Oxford Review July-Aug 2018 p. 5

    According to author Brian T. Brown in 2019, Someone is Out to Get Us:  A Not so Brief History of Cold War Paranoia and Madness, Coast to Coast AM Nov 6-7 2019, Yeltsin was severely handicapped by vodka;  Putin's rise in 2012 might have been stymied had Yeltsin not been handicapped.

How a hydrogen bomb blows up

1986  https://www.acep.org/news-media-top-banner/emtala/   The Emergency Medical Treatment and Labor Act...anyone coming to an emergency department to be stabilized and treated, regardless of their insurance status or ability to pay, but since its enactment in 1986 has remained an unfunded mandate...closing many emergency departments...Emergency physicians provide the most charity care of all physicians (AMA 2003).  American College of Emergency Physicians advocates for recognition of uncompensated care as a legitimate practice expense for emergency physicians.  JE: it is common experience for decades that an ER is a slow way to get care, you are waiting on people who can't pay to get regular doctor care. People who appear to be able to pay a bill are usually overcharged, and sometimes complain and are told it is to compensate for those who can't pay.

1987 Jan 1   Nature publishes an article, all genetic lines converge on one woman.  "all current human mtDNA originated from a single population from Africa, at the time dated to between 140,000 and 200,000 years ago."  (Wikipedia, Mitochondrial_Eve#1987_publication)    Detracts from multiregional hypothesis and boosts the theory of the recent origin model.

1987 supernova 1987a found in the Large Magellanic Cloud (outside Milky Way, 100,000 light years away), is visible to the unaided eye for several days;  first such supernova since 1604.  Neutrino flux is so strong that Cleveland IMB detector and Japan's Kamiokande record 19 neutrino events in 10 seconds.  Japan funds Super-Kamiokande.

1987  "Surface-mount devices" become mainstream, miniaturizing printed-circuit boards below what can be done with "through-hole" parts.  Smallest SMD is 42 to the inch, .023" long.

1987 3.5" diskette introduced, 1.44MB

1987 N reactor at the Hanford Works shuts down, ending plutonium production.  The earlier reactors had to be shut down because some parts swelled physically from neutron absorption. 

1980s late   South Africa makes its first atom-bomb test

1987 Goiania Brazil radiation incident from pub815_web.pdf

A medical clinic with a heavy, therapeutic, cesium-137 chloride irradiation machine is not relocated to a new building due to a dispute about the building.  The old clinic is abandoned to vagrants.  Men using simple tools remove the cesium capsule, intact inside a heavy wheel assembly, and sell it to a succession of junkyards in urban Goiania.   People are exposed to gamma and beta radiation since shielding no longer surrounds the cesium capsule.  A person punches a screwdriver through a 1mm thick stainless lid and scoops out some of the 93 grams of powdery cesium chloride.  Seen at night, it glows blue.  Such a curiosity prompts numerous people to handle the material.  People with gastrointestinal and skin problems are seen by doctors but radiation is not suspected.  The intensely radioactive powder spreads and spreads.   

The cesium is spreading because the powder dissolves in water.  On the 18th day, a man takes what material is available, in a bag, by bus for 15 minutes, to Vigilancia Sanitaria where the material is deemed suspicious.  A visiting physicist borrows a uranium-prospecting monitor from another office.  He turns it on at a distance from the medical facility, finds radiation coming from many directions, and has the area evacuated.  Knowledgable authorities from Rio and locally gather to treat 100 victims at a stadium and organize a cleanup.  About 10% of the cesium chloride has made it to Vigilancia Sanitaria, the rest is at several sites and dispersed into mud and onto roofs and plants.  Victims with symptoms are sent to a hospital. 

Personnel are increasingly organized to properly manage recovery.  At the 3-week point, ten people are flown to a hospital in Rio.  Four die from hemorrhage in many organs and infection.  Four main contamination zones are found, and 42 sites have slight contamination.  Prussian Blue (ferric ferrocyanide) at 3 to 10 grams per day is given to 62 patients  to promote decorporation of cesium, and radioactivity of feces is prominent as the cesium is eliminated.  Care is taken to collect all excreta, even sweat, of hosptial patients, to control exposure of hospital workers.  Site decontamination involves 500 people.  Cesium is found to have been dissolved in rainwater, incorporated into mud, then dispersed into the air when dried mud is pulverized.  Helicopter and car surveys are made.  Seven homes are demolished and disposed.  Difficulty is encountered in removal of soil because of rain.  Politics interfere with selection of a waste disposal site.  5000 sizable containers (about 55 gallon) are filled.  Fifty cars are decontaminated.  The much-publicized explosion of the Chernobyl reactor had happened the year before; 29 workers died, and the Brazilian public is much alarmed by the Goiania incident in their own country.  Television is used to inform the public, after initial sensationalism that scares the public.

1987 Aug 15  The day before the Aug 16-17 "Harmonic Convergence," the John Engelbrecht family visits Enchanted Rock with children ages 3 and 6.  We have a room in Fredericksburg, Friday into Saturday morning, and don't know about the Convergence until we see posters in town.  Not knowing how many people will be flocking early to the giant granite monadnock and knowing that the park closes the entrance when the parking lots are full, we are early to arrive at the state park and find practically no one there so early.  Our early arrival at the 600 foot-elevation-gain summit beats the heat that happens later in the day.

http://www.texfiles.com/enchantedrocktexas/harmonic-convergence/preface.htm    The planetary convergence is not a straight-line convergence, it is an equilateral-triangle arrangement that is not so rare.  The 5-year astrological cycle of Earth's "cleansing" (Wikipedia), starting with the Convergence, encompasses the "fall" of the U.S.S.R. in December 1991, loosening the grip of communists on eastern Europe.  The feared KGB is split up.  http://academic.mu.edu/meissnerd/kgb.html

From Wikipedia, Enchanted Rock is the surface expression of a large igneous batholith or pluton called the Town Mountain Granite of the middle Precambrian, aged a billion years!  This area is one of the few metamorphic and igneous areas of Texas.  Though the Rock seems to be a high place, it actually is exposed because a valley in Edwards limestone is eroded down to the pluton.

1987 Italian surgeon Zocchi pioneers external ultrasonics for liposuction, liquefying fat in cells.  Liposuction development continues.  The first use of liposuction in 1920s killed a famous Parisian model when gangrene developed.

1980s late   depression therapy advances beyond 1950 era with new families of antidepressants, fewer side effects:  fluoxetine

1988 Sales of TEMPEST systems & services to reach $2.9 billion by 1992; Endorsed TEMPEST Product List (ETPL) begins after Industrial TEMPEST Program is restructured

1988 Tamil Tigers in Ceylon (Sri Lanka), which invented suicide vest, continue to raise funds in western Europe & Canada & kill thousands yearly.  They are Indian Hindu refugees whereas Sri Lanka is Buddhist.

1988  Pakistani men in Rotherdam, England exploit 1400 poor English girls through 2014.  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherham_child_sexual_exploitation_scandal#Reception  "Sexist attitudes toward the working-class victims; fear that the perpetrators' ethnicity would trigger allegations of racism; the Labour council's reluctance to challenge a Labour-voting ethnic minority; desire to protect the town's reputation."  Victims' families seek help from police and are rebuffed.  The Rotherham Council "had a bullying, sexist culture of covering up information and silencing whistleblowers."

1988  geneticists store megabytes of digital data in DNA form.  DNA sequencing.

1988  smoking on U.S. flights banned;  for some years, smoking had been limited to the back rows.

1988  uncertainty in the Hubble Constant continues as different astronomers contribute findings, it isn't known even to +-10%

1989  Nintendo introduces Game Boy.

1989  book:  An Empire of Their Own:  How the Jews Invented Hollywood (in the early days of Hollywood, up to about 1946)

1989  FDA sets national requirements for all over-the-counter products to be tamper-resistant after copycat poisonings continue

1989  Art Bell begins Coast to Coast AM radio talk show at night.  Topics often paranormal & conspiracy theories, also up-to-date news of space flights.  By 2014, 560 stations.

1989 May 14   https://thetruthbehind.tv/bob-lazars-first-interview-in-1989-about-s4-and-area-51-findingufo/    Las Vegas   Bob Lazar interviewed by George Knapp (who is on Coast to Coast AM through 2019), working on Alien Spacecraft at S4 (a secret military sub-base near Area 51). George Knapp has been the only journalist to take a hard look at the UFO issue at the risk of his professional reputation.   PBS Nova or other shows about 2010, Area 51 workers interviewed, there were regular flights from Las Vegas for engineers and researchers.     See 1996 Independence Day movie

1989  cyanide-tainted grapes from Chile found at port in Philadelphia, poisoned in Chile in relation to poor working conditions in Chile (said a caller to embassy)

1989  Polish trade union Solidarity negotiates with Polish communist government and achieves semi-free election.  With help from Polish Pope John Paul II, Poland is pulling free from Kremlin when the U.S.S.R. crumbles.  See 1989 Dec 5 in this time line.

1989 Dec 5    Vladimir Putin, to be Russian President in 2012, is stationed in the KGB building in Dresden in the dreary and oppressed East Germany.  "Crowds storm the Dresden headquarters of the Stasi, the East German secret police, who suddenly seem helpless."  A crowd turns across the street to the KGB building but are threatened by KGB officer Putin.  The crowd retreats.  "He rang the headquarters of a Red Army tank unit to ask for protection.  The answer he received was a devastating, life-changing shock.  'We cannot do anything without orders from Moscow,' the voice at the other end replied. 'And Moscow is silent.'"

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32066222     Putin's wife liked her electric laundry equipment in Germany;  the machines actually worked.  When Putin was transferred back to Russia, he took the machines with him.  Brian T. Brown in 2019, Someone is Out to Get Us:  A Not so Brief History of Cold War Paranoia and Madness, Coast to Coast AM Nov 6-7 2019

Physics Time Line 1990-present