Review Sheet
Study Guide for Southeast Asia
China
1. Roots of Chinese Problems
A. 1911 Revolution - Revolutionaries revolt against the Qing Dynasty due
· Imperialism
o Lose to Great Britain in Opium War
o Lose control of Hong Kong
· Lose to Japan in the Sino-Japanese War
o Lose parts of Manchuria and Taiwan
· Russo-Japanese War
o Weakened Qing Dynasty
o Japan claims lands in Northeast
B. Leadership under Sun Yet-sun
· Creation of Kuomintang (Nationalist Party)
· Dreams of a unified China failed for three reasons
o Failure of Western powers to provide aid
o Outbreak of WWI
o Instability in Chinese government
· Chiang Kai-shek takes over in 1925
C. Warlord Era
· China divided into different military factions
· Lack of strong central government
II. China under Chiang Kai-shek
A. Northern Expedition goals
o End feudalism
o End Western Imperialism
o Unify China
o End rule of warlords
B. Seeks help from Soviet Union to help carry out expedition
o Better organized
o Good military advisors
o Better weapons
o Use of Commissars
o Creation of Chinese communist party as a result of this help
C. Chiang Kai-shek emerges as a national hero upon completion of expedition…however
o New warlords arise
o Communist party does not support the political ideas of Chiang Kai-shek
o Start of 20 year long civil war between Communists and Nationalists
III. The Chinese Civil War- 1927-1950
A. War of different political/economic ideological differences
B. Communists win the war for three reasons
o The Long March
o Massive military retreat by the Communists
o Traveled roughly 6,000 miles by foot
o Took 370 days
o Crossed harsh terrain
o Gave communists isolation
o Recuperate army and rebuild army
o Became a glorified event of strength and resilience
o Gained support of peasant class
o Emergence of Mao as a Great Leader
C. Invasion by Japan
o Chiang Kai-shek rather fight communists than Japanese
o Mao wants to eliminate the Japanese first
D. Peasant Support
IV. Mao in power after Chinese Civil War
o Chinese Communist Dictator- 1949-1976
o Defeats Chiang Kai-shek
o Establishes the Peoples Republic of China
o Nationalists forced to flee to Taiwan
V. Policies of Mao
A.The Five Years Plan
o The Great Leap Forward- 1958
- Modernize China’s economy
- Increase farm and industrial output
- Redistribute land to peasants
- Collectivization
- Communes
o The Great Leap Forward Fails
- Party Officials begin to ask the impossible
- Cheaply made equipment
- People overworked
- Backyard furnaces produced shoddy steel
- Bad Weather- Floods and droughts kill crops
- 30 million Chinese people starve to death
B. The Cultural Revolution-1966-1968
- Purging of China’s bourgeois or people who did not support communism.
- Mao’s fear of losing power done as an attempt to reassert his power over his political party
- Targets- Teachers, bourgeois, writers, artists, people of authority
- Use of Red Guard’s to carry out orders
C.Impact of Cultural Revolution
- Schools and factories shutdown
- Economy slowed down
- Outbreak of civil war
VI.. China under Deng Xiaoping
- Mao dies in 1976, Xiaoping takes over
- Deng Xiaoping sets out to modernize China
A.Devises a plan called The Four Modernizations aimed at improving
o Agriculture
o Industry
o Science/technology
o Defense
B.Economic reforms
o Private ownership of farms and businesses
o Government only takes small portion of crops
o Opens trade up with the West
o Free market policies
o Allowed to sell surplus crops
C.Command Economy vs. a Mixed Economy
HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS
· ONE CHILD PER COUPLE
· LABOR CAMPS
· TIANNENMAN SQUARE MASSACRE
Korea
A. Korea Post-WWII
- Japan leaves an occupied Korea
- Russia takes over North Korea
B. Why the U.S. becomes involved in Korea
- Cold War tensions
- The Marshall Plan
- The Truman Doctrine
- Policy of Containment
- The “Domino Effect”
C. Korea becomes two…
- Divided into
- Communist North Korea
- Pro-American South Korea
- Divided by the 38th parallel
- Stalemate -neither side wins war and Korea still remains divided to this day
D. North Korea in 2009
- Current dictator- Kim Jung-Il
- Building up a nuclear arms program
Vietnam
A. Pre North and South Vietnam
· French Indochina
o Laos
o Cambodia
o Vietnam
· 1954 Geneva Convention
o Laos and Cambodia gain independence
o France relinquishes all of its colonies
o Vietnam is divided into two
· 17th parallel serves as the division line for North/South Vietnam
B. North Vietnam
- Communist
- Ho Chi Minh emerges as leader of Viet Minh a.k.a. Viet Cong
- Ho Chi Minh Trail
- Allows for transportation of supplies and soldier
- Passes through Laos and Cambodia
C. South Vietnam
- Pro-American
- Ngo Diem becomes the U.S. supported dictator of South Vietnam
D. U.S. Presidents involved in the Vietnam War
- Truman
- Eisenhower
- JFK
- LBJ
- President during the Tet Offensive- 1968
- Sends the most U.S. soldiers to Vietnam- Escalation of Vietnam war
- Nixon
- De-escalation of the Vietnam War
- Policy of Vietnamization- Withdrawal of U.S. soldiers while training the South Vietnamese Army to take on the brunt of the war
E. The Tet Offensive- 1968
- Occurred on the Vietnamese Lunar New Year
- Surprise attack by North Vietnam on a day of cease fire
- Happened under the presidency of LBJ
- Forces LBJ to withdraw from re-election race
- Attack on U.S. embassy
- Both the North and South are severely hurt by the outcome of the Tet Offensive
- North Vietnamese lose an irreplaceable amount of Soldiers
- The media does not portray the Tet Offensive kindly in the homes of Americans
F. Vietnam today
- Vietnam War ends in 1975
- The U.S. withdraws its soldiers
- By 1976 North Vietnam invades South Vietnam again
- Saigon falls into communist power
- Vietnam is reunified under a communist dictator ship
Cambodia
A. Cambodia
- Phnom Penh is the capital of Cambodia
- Once a powerful Hindu and Buddhist Empire
- Palace of Angkor Wat
- Cambodians known as Khmers
- King Sihanouk in charge of Cambodia pre Pol Pot
B. Cambodia and the Vietnam War
- King Sihanouk takes a neutral stance on the Vietnam War
- As a result, the U.S. attempts a Coup D’etat against Sihanouk-Succeeds
- Ho Chi Minh Trail runs through Cambodia
- U.S. starts bombing Cambodia as a result of the Ho Chi Minh Trail
- U.S. starts pushing many pro-American policies in Cambodia
- Angers many Cambodians
- Benefits the communists
C. Pol Pot- 1975-1979
- Emerges as new communist leader of Cambodia
- Establishes the Khmer Rouge- Red Cambodian
- Sets up a society of pure communism- Money banned, businesses shutdown
- Killing Fields = GENOCIDE
- Targets light skinned Cambodians
- Dark skinned Cambodians glorified
- Work in the rice fields
- Vietnam invades Cambodia in 1979 and puts an end to Pol Pot’s reign of terror