Review Sheet

Study Guide for Southeast Asia

China

1. Roots of Chinese Problems

A. 1911 Revolution - Revolutionaries revolt against the Qing Dynasty due

· Imperialism

o Lose to Great Britain in Opium War

o Lose control of Hong Kong

· Lose to Japan in the Sino-Japanese War

o Lose parts of Manchuria and Taiwan

· Russo-Japanese War

o Weakened Qing Dynasty

o Japan claims lands in Northeast

B. Leadership under Sun Yet-sun

· Creation of Kuomintang (Nationalist Party)

· Dreams of a unified China failed for three reasons

o Failure of Western powers to provide aid

o Outbreak of WWI

o Instability in Chinese government

· Chiang Kai-shek takes over in 1925

C. Warlord Era

· China divided into different military factions

· Lack of strong central government

II. China under Chiang Kai-shek

A. Northern Expedition goals

o End feudalism

o End Western Imperialism

o Unify China

o End rule of warlords

B. Seeks help from Soviet Union to help carry out expedition

o Better organized

o Good military advisors

o Better weapons

o Use of Commissars

o Creation of Chinese communist party as a result of this help

C. Chiang Kai-shek emerges as a national hero upon completion of expedition…however

o New warlords arise

o Communist party does not support the political ideas of Chiang Kai-shek

o Start of 20 year long civil war between Communists and Nationalists

III. The Chinese Civil War- 1927-1950

A. War of different political/economic ideological differences

B. Communists win the war for three reasons

o The Long March

o Massive military retreat by the Communists

o Traveled roughly 6,000 miles by foot

o Took 370 days

o Crossed harsh terrain

o Gave communists isolation

o Recuperate army and rebuild army

o Became a glorified event of strength and resilience

o Gained support of peasant class

o Emergence of Mao as a Great Leader

C. Invasion by Japan

o Chiang Kai-shek rather fight communists than Japanese

o Mao wants to eliminate the Japanese first

D. Peasant Support

IV. Mao in power after Chinese Civil War

o Chinese Communist Dictator- 1949-1976

o Defeats Chiang Kai-shek

o Establishes the Peoples Republic of China

o Nationalists forced to flee to Taiwan

V. Policies of Mao

A.The Five Years Plan

o The Great Leap Forward- 1958

      • Modernize China’s economy
      • Increase farm and industrial output
      • Redistribute land to peasants
      • Collectivization
      • Communes

o The Great Leap Forward Fails

      • Party Officials begin to ask the impossible
      • Cheaply made equipment
      • People overworked
      • Backyard furnaces produced shoddy steel
      • Bad Weather- Floods and droughts kill crops
      • 30 million Chinese people starve to death

B. The Cultural Revolution-1966-1968

      • Purging of China’s bourgeois or people who did not support communism.
      • Mao’s fear of losing power done as an attempt to reassert his power over his political party
      • Targets- Teachers, bourgeois, writers, artists, people of authority
      • Use of Red Guard’s to carry out orders

C.Impact of Cultural Revolution

      • Schools and factories shutdown
      • Economy slowed down
      • Outbreak of civil war

VI.. China under Deng Xiaoping

      • Mao dies in 1976, Xiaoping takes over
      • Deng Xiaoping sets out to modernize China

A.Devises a plan called The Four Modernizations aimed at improving

o Agriculture

o Industry

o Science/technology

o Defense

B.Economic reforms

o Private ownership of farms and businesses

o Government only takes small portion of crops

o Opens trade up with the West

o Free market policies

o Allowed to sell surplus crops

C.Command Economy vs. a Mixed Economy

HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS

· ONE CHILD PER COUPLE

· LABOR CAMPS

· TIANNENMAN SQUARE MASSACRE

Korea

A. Korea Post-WWII

  • Japan leaves an occupied Korea
  • Russia takes over North Korea

B. Why the U.S. becomes involved in Korea

  • Cold War tensions
  • The Marshall Plan
  • The Truman Doctrine
  • Policy of Containment
  • The “Domino Effect”

C. Korea becomes two…

  • Divided into
    • Communist North Korea
    • Pro-American South Korea
  • Divided by the 38th parallel
  • Stalemate -neither side wins war and Korea still remains divided to this day

D. North Korea in 2009

  • Current dictator- Kim Jung-Il
  • Building up a nuclear arms program

Vietnam

A. Pre North and South Vietnam

· French Indochina

o Laos

o Cambodia

o Vietnam

· 1954 Geneva Convention

o Laos and Cambodia gain independence

o France relinquishes all of its colonies

o Vietnam is divided into two

· 17th parallel serves as the division line for North/South Vietnam

B. North Vietnam

  • Communist
  • Ho Chi Minh emerges as leader of Viet Minh a.k.a. Viet Cong
  • Ho Chi Minh Trail
    • Allows for transportation of supplies and soldier
    • Passes through Laos and Cambodia

C. South Vietnam

  • Pro-American
  • Ngo Diem becomes the U.S. supported dictator of South Vietnam

D. U.S. Presidents involved in the Vietnam War

  • Truman
  • Eisenhower
  • JFK
  • LBJ
    • President during the Tet Offensive- 1968
    • Sends the most U.S. soldiers to Vietnam- Escalation of Vietnam war

  • Nixon
    • De-escalation of the Vietnam War
    • Policy of Vietnamization- Withdrawal of U.S. soldiers while training the South Vietnamese Army to take on the brunt of the war

E. The Tet Offensive- 1968

  • Occurred on the Vietnamese Lunar New Year
  • Surprise attack by North Vietnam on a day of cease fire
  • Happened under the presidency of LBJ
    • Forces LBJ to withdraw from re-election race
  • Attack on U.S. embassy
  • Both the North and South are severely hurt by the outcome of the Tet Offensive
    • North Vietnamese lose an irreplaceable amount of Soldiers
    • The media does not portray the Tet Offensive kindly in the homes of Americans

F. Vietnam today

  • Vietnam War ends in 1975
  • The U.S. withdraws its soldiers
  • By 1976 North Vietnam invades South Vietnam again
    • Saigon falls into communist power
    • Vietnam is reunified under a communist dictator ship

Cambodia

A. Cambodia

  • Phnom Penh is the capital of Cambodia
  • Once a powerful Hindu and Buddhist Empire
    • Palace of Angkor Wat
  • Cambodians known as Khmers
  • King Sihanouk in charge of Cambodia pre Pol Pot

B. Cambodia and the Vietnam War

  • King Sihanouk takes a neutral stance on the Vietnam War
    • As a result, the U.S. attempts a Coup D’etat against Sihanouk-Succeeds
  • Ho Chi Minh Trail runs through Cambodia
    • U.S. starts bombing Cambodia as a result of the Ho Chi Minh Trail
    • U.S. starts pushing many pro-American policies in Cambodia
      • Angers many Cambodians
    • Benefits the communists

C. Pol Pot- 1975-1979

  • Emerges as new communist leader of Cambodia
  • Establishes the Khmer Rouge- Red Cambodian
  • Sets up a society of pure communism- Money banned, businesses shutdown
  • Killing Fields = GENOCIDE
    • Targets light skinned Cambodians
    • Dark skinned Cambodians glorified
    • Work in the rice fields
  • Vietnam invades Cambodia in 1979 and puts an end to Pol Pot’s reign of terror