Top Dogs
Chapter 1: Historical Firsts
Wave 1: Background
- William Wundt – First psychological lab / introspection / structuralism
- William James / Principles of Psychology / Functionalism
Wave 2: Gestalt –Max Wertheimer / The whole / perception
Wave 3: Psychoanalysis – Freud, Jung, Horney and Adler
Wave 4: Behaviorism: Watson / Thorndike and Skinner -conditioning
Wave 5: Multiple Perspectives:
- Humanists – Maslow and Carl Rodgers
- Evolutionary (Sociobiologists)– Darwinian view / natural selection/ phenotype and genotype
- Cognitive – Subjective Interpretation
- Socio-Cultural – culture, gender and race
Chapter 3: Biology
- Phineas Gage – metal rod in front lobe
- Paul Broca - Producing Speech / left frontal lobe
- Wernicke Area – Understanding written and spoken word – Temporal
- Roger Sperry – The first to propose “spilt-brain” surgery to help epileptic patients.
- Gazzaniga -
- Bouchard –Twins - .69 correlation in intelligence with monozygotic twins raised apart
Studying the Brain
Chapter 4:Perception
- Ernest Weber – Weber’s Law – to notice change (Difference Threshold /JND) Change must be proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus to notice a difference
- Eleanor Gibson – The “visual cliff” experiment. Showed that depth perception cues are innate.(Monocular and Binocular Cues)
- Rules of Gestalt -
CHAPTER 5:Consciousness (Levels of Awareness)
- Sigmund Freud – Dream Interpretation (Latent and manifest content)
- Alternate Dream Interpretation
- Activation Synthesis Theory – Dreams are a biological phenomena
- Information Processing Theory – REM is response to daily stress
- Ernest Hilgard –Dissociative Theory - Studies showing that a hypnotic trance includes a “hidden observer” suggesting that there is some subconscious control during hypnosis
- Alternative - Role Theory –Some people are more hypnotized than others.
Chapter 6: Learning
Learning – Long lasting change in behavior
- Ivan Pavlov - Dogs / classical conditioning experiments. (US / UR / NS /CS / CR)
- Garcia – Learned Taste Aversions – Powerful avoidance response on the basis of a single pairing (strong or unusual foods)
- John B. Watson – Famous for the controversial Little Albert classical conditioning experiment.
- Mary Cover Jones – Counter-conditioning
- Edward Thorndike – Puzzle Box – Law of Effect – if consequences are pleasant SR will be stronger and behavior will increase
- B. F. Skinner – Famous for the “Skinner Box” to demonstrate operant conditioning in low level animals.
- COGNITIVE LEARNING – Differs from behavioral view – behaviorists believe learning occurs without thought
- Albert Bandura – Modeling / Observational Learning - “Bo-Bo Doll” Experiment to demonstrate how children imitate anti-social behavior.
- Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
- Wolfgang Kohler – Insight Learning / aha moment / Demonstrated use of “insight” in apes when they used sticks to reach a banana that was out of reach.
- Robert Rescorla - Contingency Model – thoughts influence behavior - Proposed that there is a conscious connections between the CS and the UCS in classical conditioning experiments. (A smoker is aware that a nausea-producing drug will affect his behavior)
- Edward Tolman – Latent Learning – learning is only obvious when a reinforcement is presented and you may not notice gradual changes in behavior – Cognitive Maps
Chapter 7: Developmental: Continuity versus Discontinuity Theories
- Thomas Bouchard - Twin Studies: Monozygotic and Dizygotic – nature vs nurture / separation at birth
- Freud: Psychosexual ( Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital)
- Jean Piaget – Proposed four stages of COGNITIVE development. (Here is a good acronym
- Sally Put On Cold Feet (Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete, and Formal Stages).
- Object Permanence, Egocentric, Concept Of Conservation
- Erik Erikson – Proposed eight stages of Psychosocial development (know these!!)
- TAIIII - GI TA-(I initiate, I’m industrious, I identify and I(intimate) Generate integrity
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy v Doubt
- Initiative v Guilt
- Industry v Inferiority
- Identity v Role Confusion
- Intimacy v Isolation
- Generativity v Stagnation
- Integrity v Despair
- Lawrence Kohlberg – Proposed three stages of MORAL development (all framed around the word conventional. –
- Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional)
- This theory was criticized as it only tested young children by framing hypothetical situations for them and their responses to these.
- It did not test cross-culturally and between the genders. –Gilligan’s response
- Carol Gilligan – Studied gender differences. Males value accomplishments and women value relationships.
- Parenting Styles : (Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive) Ø Harry Harlow – Attachment :Showed importance of physical touch over nourishment in infant monkeys.
- Mary Ainsworth - The Strange Situation - Secure infants have good bonds with mothers.(Secure / Avoidant / Anxious Ambivalent)
CHAPTER 8:Motivation is the drive / Emotion is the response
Motivation:
- Darwin – Instinct Drive Theory
- Drive Reduction Theory - Homeostasis
- Arousal Theory – Yerkes Dodson Law
- Opponent Process Theory -
- Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs / Self actualization
Types of Motivation
- Hunger – Role of Hypothalamus / lateral (Want to eat) ventromedial (satiety / Stop eating) / Set point and metabolism
- Sexual – Masters and Johnson – Sexual Response Cycle (excitement, plateau, orgasm, & resolution)
- Achievement – Extrinsic / Intrinsic /
- Management Theory – Theory X and Theory Y
- Motive Conflict – Approach and Approach / Avoidance and Avoidance / Approach Avoidance / Multiple Approach
Emotion
- James and Lange – Physical before cognitive when appraising an emotional situation.
- Cannon and Bard – Emotions and cognitive appraisal at the same time.
- Schachter-Singer Experiment – Two Factor Theory This showed that emotions have both a physical and a cognitive component.
Stress
- Holmes and Rahe – Measure Stress ( SRRS / LCU)
- Hans-Selye – General Adaptation Syndrome (stress responses)
- Perceived Control- Less stress when you believe you are in control of stress levels
Chapter 9 : Cognition and Memory
- ATKINSON AND SHIFFFRIN – Information Processing Model of memory – three stages – Sensory / Short or Working Memory / Long Term Memory
- H. Ebbinghaus Memory Curve
- Elizabeth Loftus – Recovered or Constructed Memories “misinformation effect” shown in memory studies.
Language
- Noam Chomsky (Language Acquisition Device)
- Whorf – Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis
Chapter 10:Personality
Trait Theorists
- Cattell – 16 Traits / Factor Analysis
- Eysenck - Two Factor - Factor Analysis (Neuroticism and Extroversion)
- Allport – Cardinal and Central Dispositions
- OCEAN –
Temperament – Heritability of Personality
- Hippocrates – 4 Humours
- William Sheldon – Somatype Theory / Body Type – Endomorph, Mesomorph, Ectomorph
- Jerome Kagan – Studies to indicate that in-born temperament may explain many behaviors.
Social Cognitive Theorists
- Albert Bandura – Triadic Reciprocality – reciprocal determinism – Environment, behavior and cognition all play a role in personality and Self-Efficacy
- George Kelly – Personal Construct Theory
- Julian Rotter – Locus of Control
Psychoanalytical
- Freud – Talk Therapy / Transference / Dream Analysis / Hypnosis
- Projective Tests: Rorshach Ink Blot Tests / TAT / DAP
- Carl Jung – Collective Unconscious / Personal Unconscious . Archetypes
- Karen Horney - Anxiety
- Alfred Adler - Compensation
Humanist
- Abraham Maslow – Self Actualization /
- Carl Rogers –Unconditional Positive Regard
Assessment (Personality Tests
- Self Report Inventories
- MMPI – built in lie scales both reliable and valid
- Myers-Briggs – All did personality tests to validate the trait perspective.
- Projective Tests – TAT / Rorschach
Chapter 11: Testing and Intelligence:
Theories of Intelligence:
Two types of intelligence: fluid and crystallized
- Charles Spearman – Mr G-
- Thurstone – Big 7
- Guilford – Rubrik’s Cube – 150 facets of intelligence (Factor analysis)
- Gardner – Multiple Intelligences – Big 8( Linguistic, body - kinesthetic, inter and intrapersonal, nature, logical/mathematical, spatial, musical) added Existentialist - Philosopher
- Daniel Goleman – Emotional Intelligence
- Robert Sternberg – Triarchic Theory – CAP
Intelligence Tests (achievement and aptitude)
- Criteria - Valid and reliable
- Stanford-Binet – Modern IQ formula. Mental age/chronological age x 100.
- David Wechsler - Modern IQ tests with specialized subtests and use of factor analysis(WAIS, WISC, WPPSI) - .(15 SD with the mean as 100)
Studies on Intelligence
- Flynn Effect
- The Bell Curve – Controversial Book about race, ethnicity and intelligence
Chapter 12: Abnorma Behavior (Mental or Psychological Model)
Rosehan Study - Be careful of labeling a patient
Bible - DSM-IV TR (No etiology and no treatment is part of this text - just symptoms)
Approaches to Abnormal Behavior
- Psychoanalytical - Unconscious Conflict
- Humanistic - Failure to strive -
- Behavioral - Reinforcement
- Socio-cultural - dysfunctional society
- Biomedical - Organic - biochemical - genetic
Anxiety (Apprehension / fear ) - Antianxiety - Xanax- Benzodiazepines
GAD, PTSD, OCD, Panic Attacks, Phobias (Specific, Agoraphobia, Social Phobia)
Somatoform Disorders (Body)
- Conversion Disorder (hysteria) and Hypochondriasis
- Dissociative Disorders (disruption in the consciousness)
- Amnesia, Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple - Personality)
Mood/ Affective Disorder (Emotion)
- Unipolar - Major Depression, SAD, Post Partum, Disthymia (SSRIs- Prozac)
- Bi-polar - Manic Depression - Lithium
Schizophrenia - Psychotic Illness - Hallucinations and Delusions
- Disorganized
- Catatonic
- Undifferentiated
- Paranoid
Personality Disorders
- Antisocial (Sociopath)
- Dependent
- Histrionic
- Narcissistic
- Borderline
Developmental Disorders
Autism / Aspergers
ADD / ADHD
Tourettes
Down Syndrome - extra chromosome (21)
Chapter 13: Treatment
- Maslow and Rogers – The humanistic perspective and therapy approach.
- Aaron Beck – Cognitive therapy approach.
- Albert Ellis – Rational emotive therapy (RET is a form of cognitive therapy)
- Martin Seligman – “Learned Helplessness Experiment” with dogs. Showed the external locus effect in animals (generalized to depression with humans)
frontal and Transorbital Lobotomy - No longer used today
ECT
Somatic Therapy / Chemotherapy - Drug Therapy
Psychopharmocology
Chapter 14: Social Psychology (How we relate to one another
- Lapiere Study: Will you serve Asians? Relationship between attitude and behavior is not perfect- What you say and you do are two different things
- Fetzinger and Carlsmith - Boring Task pay 1 or 20 dollars who enjoys it more? The $1 dude - cognitive dissonance theory
- Attribution Theory:
- Harold Kelly - Attribution Theory - how do people explain what they observe consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
- Rosenthal and Jacobson - Pygmalion in the Classroom -self-fulfilling prophecy
Attributional Biases
- Fundamental Attribution error (dispositional and situation)
- False Consensus Effect
- Self-serving Bias
- Just World Bias
Stereotypes,Prejudice, Discrimination, Ethnocentrism
- In and Out Group Bias
- Modeling
- Combating Prejudice
- Contact Theory - Reduce Prejudice
- Robber's Cave Study by Serif - Superordinate Goal
Prosocial Behavior
Kitty Genovese Murder
Bystander Effect and Diffusion of Responsibility
Pluralistic Ignorance - negative evaluation - take your cues from others
Attraction
Sternberg's Triarchic Hierarchy of Love (CIP)
Factors that are important - mere-exposure, reciprocal liking, similarity, and proximity
Influence of Other on Behavior
- Social Facilitation / Social Impairment
- Solomon Asch - Conformity
- Milgram - Obedience Study
- Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment - Group Dynamics
Group Polarization - group makes more extreme decisions than as an individual
Group Think - we go along with the group rather than dissent
Deindividuation - we get swept up by the group and lose self-restraint
Social Loafing - group lazy
Compliance Strategies
- Foot in the Door
- Door in the Face
- Norms of Reciprocity