Top Dogs

Chapter 1: Historical Firsts

Wave 1: Background

  • William Wundt – First psychological lab / introspection / structuralism
  • William James / Principles of Psychology / Functionalism

Wave 2: Gestalt –Max Wertheimer / The whole / perception

Wave 3: Psychoanalysis – Freud, Jung, Horney and Adler

Wave 4: Behaviorism: Watson / Thorndike and Skinner -conditioning

Wave 5: Multiple Perspectives:

  • Humanists – Maslow and Carl Rodgers
  • Evolutionary (Sociobiologists)– Darwinian view / natural selection/ phenotype and genotype
  • Cognitive – Subjective Interpretation
  • Socio-Cultural – culture, gender and race

Chapter 3: Biology

  • Phineas Gage – metal rod in front lobe
  • Paul Broca - Producing Speech / left frontal lobe
  • Wernicke Area – Understanding written and spoken word – Temporal
  • Roger Sperry – The first to propose “spilt-brain” surgery to help epileptic patients.
  • Gazzaniga -
  • Bouchard –Twins - .69 correlation in intelligence with monozygotic twins raised apart

Studying the Brain

Chapter 4:Perception

  • Ernest Weber – Weber’s Law – to notice change (Difference Threshold /JND) Change must be proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus to notice a difference
  • Eleanor Gibson – The “visual cliff” experiment. Showed that depth perception cues are innate.(Monocular and Binocular Cues)
  • Rules of Gestalt -

CHAPTER 5:Consciousness (Levels of Awareness)

  • Sigmund Freud – Dream Interpretation (Latent and manifest content)
  • Alternate Dream Interpretation
  • Activation Synthesis Theory – Dreams are a biological phenomena
  • Information Processing Theory – REM is response to daily stress
  • Ernest Hilgard –Dissociative Theory - Studies showing that a hypnotic trance includes a “hidden observer” suggesting that there is some subconscious control during hypnosis
  • Alternative - Role Theory –Some people are more hypnotized than others.

Chapter 6: Learning

Learning – Long lasting change in behavior

  • Ivan Pavlov - Dogs / classical conditioning experiments. (US / UR / NS /CS / CR)
  • Garcia – Learned Taste Aversions – Powerful avoidance response on the basis of a single pairing (strong or unusual foods)
  • John B. Watson – Famous for the controversial Little Albert classical conditioning experiment.
  • Mary Cover Jones – Counter-conditioning
  • Edward Thorndike – Puzzle Box – Law of Effect – if consequences are pleasant SR will be stronger and behavior will increase
  • B. F. Skinner – Famous for the “Skinner Box” to demonstrate operant conditioning in low level animals.
  • COGNITIVE LEARNING – Differs from behavioral view – behaviorists believe learning occurs without thought
  • Albert Bandura – Modeling / Observational Learning - “Bo-Bo Doll” Experiment to demonstrate how children imitate anti-social behavior.
      • Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
  • Wolfgang Kohler – Insight Learning / aha moment / Demonstrated use of “insight” in apes when they used sticks to reach a banana that was out of reach.
  • Robert Rescorla - Contingency Model – thoughts influence behavior - Proposed that there is a conscious connections between the CS and the UCS in classical conditioning experiments. (A smoker is aware that a nausea-producing drug will affect his behavior)
  • Edward Tolman – Latent Learning – learning is only obvious when a reinforcement is presented and you may not notice gradual changes in behavior – Cognitive Maps

Chapter 7: Developmental: Continuity versus Discontinuity Theories

  • Thomas Bouchard - Twin Studies: Monozygotic and Dizygotic – nature vs nurture / separation at birth
  • Freud: Psychosexual ( Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, Genital)
  • Jean Piaget – Proposed four stages of COGNITIVE development. (Here is a good acronym
    • Sally Put On Cold Feet (Sensorimotor, Pre-operational, Concrete, and Formal Stages).
    • Object Permanence, Egocentric, Concept Of Conservation
  • Erik Erikson – Proposed eight stages of Psychosocial development (know these!!)
  • TAIIII - GI TA-(I initiate, I’m industrious, I identify and I(intimate) Generate integrity
    • Trust vs Mistrust
    • Autonomy v Doubt
    • Initiative v Guilt
    • Industry v Inferiority
    • Identity v Role Confusion
    • Intimacy v Isolation
    • Generativity v Stagnation
    • Integrity v Despair
  • Lawrence Kohlberg – Proposed three stages of MORAL development (all framed around the word conventional. –
    • Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional)
    • This theory was criticized as it only tested young children by framing hypothetical situations for them and their responses to these.
    • It did not test cross-culturally and between the genders. –Gilligan’s response
  • Carol Gilligan – Studied gender differences. Males value accomplishments and women value relationships.
  • Parenting Styles : (Authoritarian, Authoritative, Permissive) Ø Harry Harlow – Attachment :Showed importance of physical touch over nourishment in infant monkeys.
  • Mary Ainsworth - The Strange Situation - Secure infants have good bonds with mothers.(Secure / Avoidant / Anxious Ambivalent)

CHAPTER 8:Motivation is the drive / Emotion is the response

Motivation:

  • Darwin – Instinct Drive Theory
  • Drive Reduction Theory - Homeostasis
  • Arousal Theory – Yerkes Dodson Law
  • Opponent Process Theory -
  • Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs / Self actualization

Types of Motivation

  • Hunger – Role of Hypothalamus / lateral (Want to eat) ventromedial (satiety / Stop eating) / Set point and metabolism
  • Sexual – Masters and Johnson – Sexual Response Cycle (excitement, plateau, orgasm, & resolution)
  • Achievement – Extrinsic / Intrinsic /
  • Management Theory – Theory X and Theory Y
  • Motive Conflict – Approach and Approach / Avoidance and Avoidance / Approach Avoidance / Multiple Approach

Emotion

  • James and Lange – Physical before cognitive when appraising an emotional situation.
  • Cannon and Bard – Emotions and cognitive appraisal at the same time.
  • Schachter-Singer Experiment – Two Factor Theory This showed that emotions have both a physical and a cognitive component.

Stress

  • Holmes and Rahe – Measure Stress ( SRRS / LCU)
  • Hans-Selye – General Adaptation Syndrome (stress responses)
  • Perceived Control- Less stress when you believe you are in control of stress levels

Chapter 9 : Cognition and Memory

  • ATKINSON AND SHIFFFRIN – Information Processing Model of memory – three stages – Sensory / Short or Working Memory / Long Term Memory
  • H. Ebbinghaus Memory Curve
  • Elizabeth Loftus – Recovered or Constructed Memories “misinformation effect” shown in memory studies.

Language

  • Noam Chomsky (Language Acquisition Device)
  • Whorf – Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

Chapter 10:Personality

Trait Theorists

  • Cattell – 16 Traits / Factor Analysis
  • Eysenck - Two Factor - Factor Analysis (Neuroticism and Extroversion)
  • Allport – Cardinal and Central Dispositions
  • OCEAN –

Temperament – Heritability of Personality

  • Hippocrates – 4 Humours
  • William Sheldon – Somatype Theory / Body Type – Endomorph, Mesomorph, Ectomorph
  • Jerome Kagan – Studies to indicate that in-born temperament may explain many behaviors.

Social Cognitive Theorists

  • Albert Bandura – Triadic Reciprocality – reciprocal determinism – Environment, behavior and cognition all play a role in personality and Self-Efficacy
  • George Kelly – Personal Construct Theory
  • Julian Rotter – Locus of Control

Psychoanalytical

  • Freud – Talk Therapy / Transference / Dream Analysis / Hypnosis
  • Projective Tests: Rorshach Ink Blot Tests / TAT / DAP
  • Carl Jung – Collective Unconscious / Personal Unconscious . Archetypes
  • Karen Horney - Anxiety
  • Alfred Adler - Compensation

Humanist

  • Abraham Maslow – Self Actualization /
  • Carl Rogers –Unconditional Positive Regard

Assessment (Personality Tests

  • Self Report Inventories
  • MMPI – built in lie scales both reliable and valid
  • Myers-Briggs – All did personality tests to validate the trait perspective.
  • Projective Tests – TAT / Rorschach

Chapter 11: Testing and Intelligence:

Theories of Intelligence:

Two types of intelligence: fluid and crystallized

  • Charles Spearman – Mr G-
  • Thurstone – Big 7
  • Guilford – Rubrik’s Cube – 150 facets of intelligence (Factor analysis)
  • Gardner – Multiple Intelligences – Big 8( Linguistic, body - kinesthetic, inter and intrapersonal, nature, logical/mathematical, spatial, musical) added Existentialist - Philosopher
  • Daniel Goleman – Emotional Intelligence
  • Robert Sternberg – Triarchic Theory – CAP

Intelligence Tests (achievement and aptitude)

  • Criteria - Valid and reliable
  • Stanford-Binet – Modern IQ formula. Mental age/chronological age x 100.
  • David Wechsler - Modern IQ tests with specialized subtests and use of factor analysis(WAIS, WISC, WPPSI) - .(15 SD with the mean as 100)

Studies on Intelligence

  • Flynn Effect
  • The Bell Curve – Controversial Book about race, ethnicity and intelligence

Chapter 12: Abnorma Behavior (Mental or Psychological Model)

Rosehan Study - Be careful of labeling a patient

Bible - DSM-IV TR (No etiology and no treatment is part of this text - just symptoms)

Approaches to Abnormal Behavior

  • Psychoanalytical - Unconscious Conflict
  • Humanistic - Failure to strive -
  • Behavioral - Reinforcement
  • Socio-cultural - dysfunctional society
  • Biomedical - Organic - biochemical - genetic

Anxiety (Apprehension / fear ) - Antianxiety - Xanax- Benzodiazepines

GAD, PTSD, OCD, Panic Attacks, Phobias (Specific, Agoraphobia, Social Phobia)

Somatoform Disorders (Body)

  • Conversion Disorder (hysteria) and Hypochondriasis
  • Dissociative Disorders (disruption in the consciousness)
  • Amnesia, Fugue, Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple - Personality)

Mood/ Affective Disorder (Emotion)

  • Unipolar - Major Depression, SAD, Post Partum, Disthymia (SSRIs- Prozac)
  • Bi-polar - Manic Depression - Lithium

Schizophrenia - Psychotic Illness - Hallucinations and Delusions

  • Disorganized
  • Catatonic
  • Undifferentiated
  • Paranoid

Personality Disorders

  • Antisocial (Sociopath)
  • Dependent
  • Histrionic
  • Narcissistic
  • Borderline

Developmental Disorders

Autism / Aspergers

ADD / ADHD

Tourettes

Down Syndrome - extra chromosome (21)

Chapter 13: Treatment

  • Maslow and Rogers – The humanistic perspective and therapy approach.
  • Aaron Beck – Cognitive therapy approach.
  • Albert Ellis – Rational emotive therapy (RET is a form of cognitive therapy)
  • Martin Seligman – “Learned Helplessness Experiment” with dogs. Showed the external locus effect in animals (generalized to depression with humans)

frontal and Transorbital Lobotomy - No longer used today

ECT

Somatic Therapy / Chemotherapy - Drug Therapy

Psychopharmocology

Chapter 14: Social Psychology (How we relate to one another

  • Lapiere Study: Will you serve Asians? Relationship between attitude and behavior is not perfect- What you say and you do are two different things
  • Fetzinger and Carlsmith - Boring Task pay 1 or 20 dollars who enjoys it more? The $1 dude - cognitive dissonance theory
  • Attribution Theory:
  • Harold Kelly - Attribution Theory - how do people explain what they observe consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
  • Rosenthal and Jacobson - Pygmalion in the Classroom -self-fulfilling prophecy

Attributional Biases

  • Fundamental Attribution error (dispositional and situation)
  • False Consensus Effect
  • Self-serving Bias
  • Just World Bias

Stereotypes,Prejudice, Discrimination, Ethnocentrism

  • In and Out Group Bias
  • Modeling
  • Combating Prejudice
  • Contact Theory - Reduce Prejudice
    • Robber's Cave Study by Serif - Superordinate Goal

Prosocial Behavior

Kitty Genovese Murder

Bystander Effect and Diffusion of Responsibility

Pluralistic Ignorance - negative evaluation - take your cues from others

Attraction

Sternberg's Triarchic Hierarchy of Love (CIP)

Factors that are important - mere-exposure, reciprocal liking, similarity, and proximity

Influence of Other on Behavior

  • Social Facilitation / Social Impairment
  • Solomon Asch - Conformity
  • Milgram - Obedience Study
  • Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Experiment - Group Dynamics

Group Polarization - group makes more extreme decisions than as an individual

Group Think - we go along with the group rather than dissent

Deindividuation - we get swept up by the group and lose self-restraint

Social Loafing - group lazy

Compliance Strategies

  • Foot in the Door
  • Door in the Face
  • Norms of Reciprocity