Chapter 6 Review Sheet

A Review of Classical and Operant ConditioningWhat Is Learning?

• Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience.
• Learning resulting from conditioning depends on reinforcement.
• Reinforcement increases the probability that a particular response will occur.

Types of Learning:

Classical = an association is made between two stimuli

Operant = an association made between a behavior and a consequence

Observational = behavior is the result of imitation or experienc

Classical Conditioning: (PAVLOV / WATSON - LITTLE ALBERT)

Acquisition: Learning begins with an association between a CS and a UCS

(The bell introduces the food and the dog salivates to the bell only)

Extinction: The behavior stops when the CS no longer introduces the UCS.

(The dog no longer salivates to the sound of the bell since no food is presented with the bell)

Spontaneous The behavior resumes when the CS again is presented with the UCS after

Recovery: extinction and a rest period.

(The dog again salivates to the bell alone)

Generalization: A CR occurs to any stimulus that is similar to the original CS.

(The dog responds to any bell similar to the one first presented).

Discrimination: A CR only occurs to a certain stimuli even if similar to the original CS

(The dog only responds to certain bells or the first one presented)

Operant Conditioning: (THORNDIKE - LAW OF EFFECT AND SKINNER)

Acquisition: Learning occurs when a behavior is rewarded or punished.

(A child is given a dollar for a good grade.)

Extinction: The behavior stops when the consequences stop

(The child stops making good grades since there is no reward.)

Spontaneous The behavior resumes after extinction and a rest period when a consequence is again

Recovery: presented with the behavior.

(The child resumes making good grades fro getting a dollar.)

Generalization: The behavior occurs to any reward similar to the original reward.

(The child makes good grades for a dollar or a quarter)

Discrimination: The behavior occurs only to the original reward.

(The child makes good grades for a dollar, but not for a quarter)

APPLICATION

Taste Aversions

• Association of food with illness:
• Garcia - Coyotes and Sheep
• Taste Aversions and chemotherapy

Important terms associated with Operant Conditioning:

Shaping

Reinforcements - Positive and Negative

Skinner Box

Contingencies of Reinforcement - timing and frequency

Token Economy

Punishment (positive and negative / omission training)

A COMPARISON OF REINFORCEMENT VS. PUNISHMENT