MEMORY: Memory is any indication that learning has persisted over time
Three Tasks of Memory:
Two Models of Memory: Three Box/ Information Processing - How we remember?
Levels of Processing - How deep we remember?
Type 1: 3 Stages of Memory: Information Processing Model: Three Box Model (Atkinson and Shiffring)
Three Box model proposes the three stages that information passes through before it is stored:
Sensory, Short / Working and Long Term Memory
Stage 1 - Sensory
Stage 2 -Short-term/Working Memory: Awareness
Stage 3 -Long-term Memory
Long Term Memory is stored in three different formats:
Long Term Memory can be subdivided into two types: Explicit (declarative) and Implicit - Non-declarative
Eidetic Memory is Photographic Memory - Very Rare and is more likely in children before 3 than adults
This theory explains why we remember what we do by examining how deeply the memory was processed or thought about.
Memories are neither short- nor long-term. They are deeply (elaboratively) processed or shallowly (or maintenance) processed.
According to the levels of processing theory, we remember things we spend more cognitive time and energy processing.
This theory explains why we remember stories better than a simple recitation of events and why, in general, we remember questions better than statements.
There are several factors that influence why we can retrieve some memories and why we forget others.
-Primacy / Serial Position effect – more likely to recall items presented at the beginning of a list
-Recency effect- ability to recall the items at the end of a list
-Context - Encoding specificity
-Flashbulb memories – episodic
-Mood-congruent memory- ability to recall a memory is increased when current mood matches mood when stored
-State-dependent memory-
-Constructive Memory – false memories, leading questions can easily influence u
FORGETTING:Why do we forget?
7 Sins TAB – MSB – S
Forgetting Sins: TAB
2. Absent Mindedness – failure to encode
3. Blocking: Interference
-Retroactive interference – learning new information interferes with the recall of older information
-Proactive interference – older information learned previously interferes with the recall of information learned more recently
Serial Position Effect
Primacy Effect
Recency Effect
Distortions in Memory: MSB
4. Misattribution: The memory exists and it is a correct recollection of information but with incorrect recollection of the source of that information. For example, a person who witnesses a murder after watching a television program may incorrectly blame the murder on someone she saw on the television programSuggestibility: Memories of the past can be distorted by a deliberate suggestion or influenced by the manner in which they are recalled. Classic Loftus Experiment – Misinformation Effect will impact on memory construction
5. Suggestibility: Memories of the past can be distorted by a deliberate suggestion or influenced by the manner in which they are recalled. Classic Loftus Experiment – Misinformation Effect will impact on memory construction.For example, a person sees a crime being committed by a redheaded man. After reading in the newspaper that the crime was committed by a brown-haired man, the witness "remembers" a brown-haired man instead of a redheaded man. / scar example
Fabricated Memories: Lost in the Mall –
Recovered Memory Syndrome
6. Bias: The influence of personal beliefs, attitudes, and expectations of memories:Expectancy &Self Consistency
Intrusive Memories - S
7. Persistence: When we can not forget / Usually intense negative emotions / Depressed people, or people with phobias / obsessions
Improve Your Memory:
How memories are physically stored in the brain.
The physical trace of memory – Engram
Hippocampus is important in encoding new memories. Damage can cause anterograde amnesia (can’t encode any new memories)
Long term potentiation- studies of neurons indicate that they can strengthen connections between each other through repeated firings, this might be related to the connections we make in our long-term memory
Consolidation – Story of HM has taught that most long term memories make a stop in the hippocampus before their final destination to the cortex
Language: