The following are sources of data sets. Some of the repositories may be potential sites for depositing your own data.
A Couple of Good Places to Start:
Global Change Master Directory
Pangaea; Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science (click the Map tab on the left for geographic searching)
Registry of Research Data Repositories http://www.re3data.org/
See also: Other Lists of Data Sources (below)
AAPG GIS Open Files (Petroleum Geology) - " a GIS/spatial library comprised of peer-reviewed projects. Many files are available (free) to the public and can be downloaded from this GIS Open Files page, whereas other projects may be part of the subscription-based GIS-UDRIL program within AAPG Datapages." Divided into 3 groups: Global Framework, Geothematic, and Geographic.
Antarctic Environmental Data Centre - data held by the Polar Data Centre at the British Antarctic Survey British Antarctic Survey
AuScope DiscoveryPortal - Australian Geoscience Data
CSIRO Data Access Portal - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is Australia's national science agency
Digital Earth Project - The Digital Earth Project "is a global database created by the Institute for the Study of the Continents (INSTOC) at Cornell to make accessible geological information accumulated by Cornell researchers over the last eight years. The GIS includes over 100 different data sets..."
Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE)
Earthscope - EarthScope is a program of the National Science Foundation (NSF) that deploys thousands of seismic, GPS, and other geophysical instruments to study the structure and evolution of the North American continent.
EUR-OCEANS Southern Oceans Data Portal (ESODAP) - circumpolar ecosystem data
GEON - 3 and 4 Dimensional Earth Science Data
Global Change Master Directory
Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center
Hydrology/Hydrography (see Water)
Illinois State Geological Survey - Data - Maps
Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS)
Interdisciplinary Earth Data Allianca (IEDA) - Marine and Other
Marine Geoscience Data System - Data
Mineralogy & Mineral Physics
National Archive of Marine Seismic Surveys (NAMSS) - USGS
National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC)
Neotoma Paleoecology Database - Online hub for data, research, education, and discussion about paleoenvironments
Paleobiology
Pangaea: Network for Geological and Environmental Data
USA - Data.gov
USGS - Data
AAPG GIS Open Files - " a GIS/spatial library comprised of peer-reviewed projects. Many files are available (free) to the public and can be downloaded from this GIS Open Files page, whereas other projects may be part of the subscription-based GIS-UDRIL program within AAPG Datapages." Divided into 3 groups: Global Framework, Geothematic, and Geographic.
Alaska Satellite Facility Remote Sensing Data Access
ATSR (Along Track Scanning Radiometer) Inrared images of Earth
Australia, Satellite ASTER Geoscience Map of Australia - CSIRO
Canadian Geological Survey Geologic Maps
Canadian Topographic Maps – Toporama
Digital Geologic Maps of U.S. States
Digital State Geologic Maps – USGS
Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) - Satellite Land Remote Sensing Data
Federal Geographic Data Committee
GeoFacets, from Elsevier (many from Lyell Collection & Elsevier publications; 75% georeferenced for integration with GIS)
GeoGratis - Canadian Geospatial Data
Geological Maps - Natural Resources Canada
GEON - 3 and 4 Dimensional Earth Science Data
National Geologic Map Database– USA
National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) MetaData Sites
OneGeology.org - an international initiative of the geological surveys of the world, with links to national surveys
SWGEONET - Server for processing and delivery of georectified Aster satellelite image data for the Southwestern US and northern Mexico.
US Bureau of Land Management Maps
USGS Folio Maps - TAMU (search "usgs folio")
USGS Geospatial Data Clearinghouse
Global GIS (from AGI and USGS)
National Directory of Geoscience Data Repositories [No longer available] (from AGI; physical data such as cores, samples, paper logs)
U.S. Geological Survey Field Records Collection (Denver Federal Center)
U.S. Geological Survey Field Photograph Collection (Denver Federal Center)
Surfer Contouring and Surface Mapping Software
PetraSim (simulation capabilities for fluid flow and heat transfer in porous and fractured media)
Software for Structural Geology
Dryad - "Dryad hosts research data underlying scientific and medical publications."
Databases & Repositories - from Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
By lej; 11/2011