The underlying practices that govern the prescribing workflow (process) are at the heart of a successful implementation. A list of toolkits provide resources to help analyze workflow and calculate benefits of process improvement. Workflow related articles for e-prescribing and medication management are also provided.
My article on e-prescribing workflow has been published:
King, N. (2013) 'Exploring the Impact of Operating Model Choice on the Governance of Inter-Organizational Workflow: The Us E-Prescribing Network', European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 548–568.
The study suggests IT alignment in networks (e.g., aligned workflow) may be better achieved through governing operating models rather than the traditional IT governance focus on organizational forms.
Toolkits
AHRQ A Toolset for E-Prescribing Implementation in Physician Offices
AMA ePrescribing Learning Center
University of Victoria eHealth Observatory Workflow Modeling
Michigan State University EMR E-prescribing Toolkit
State of Oregon E-prescribing Toolkit 2011 - A Practical Resource for Pharmacies
NHS ePrescribing
Articles
Bell, D.S. (2009) 'Modeling E-Prescribing Processes to Understand Design Trade-Offs'. Paper presented at the National Web Conference on E-Prescribing and Medication Management.
Bell, D.S., Marken, R.S., Meili, R.C., Wang, C.J., Rosen, M., Brook, R.H. & Rand Electronic Prescribing Expert Advisory Panel (2004) 'Recommendations for Comparing Electronic Prescribing Systems: Results of an Expert Consensus Process', Health Affairs, Vol. 1, No. w4.305-w4.317.
Bell, D.S., Schueth, A.J., Guinan, J.P., Wu, S. & Crosson, J.C. (2008) 'Evaluating the Technical Adequacy of Electronic Prescribing Standards: Results of an Expert Panel Process', AMIA Annual Symposium.
Beuscart-Zéphir, M.-C., Pelayo, S., Anceaux, F., Maxwell, D. & Guerlinger, S. (2007) 'Cognitive Analysis of Physicians and Nurses Cooperation in the Medication Ordering and Administration Process', International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 76, No. Supplement 1, pp. S65-S77.
Beuscart-Zephir, M.C., Pelayo, S., Anceaux, F., Meaux, J.-J., Degroisse, M. & Degoulet, P. (2005) 'Impact of CPOE on Doctor-Nurse Cooperation for the Medication Ordering and Administration Process', International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 74, No. 7-8, pp. 629-641.
Cafazzo, J.A., Trbovich, P., Cassano-Piche, A., Chagpar, A., Rossos, P.G., Vicente, K.J. & Anthony, C.E. (2009) 'Human Factors Perspectives on a Systemic Approach to Ensuring a Safer Medication Delivery Process', Healthcare Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. Special Issue, pp. 70-74.
Cunningham, T.R., Geller, E.S. & Clarke, S.W. (2008) 'Impact of Electronic Prescribing in a Hospital Setting: A Process-Focused Evaluation', International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 77, No. 8, pp. 546-554.
eHealth Initiative (2008) A Guide for Health Care Payers to Improve the Medication Management Process. The Center for Improving Medication Management.
Englebright, J.D. & Franklin, M. (2005) 'Managing a New Medication Administration Process', Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol. 35, No. 9, pp. 410-413.
Halbesleben, J.R.B., Savage, G.T., Wakefield, D.S. & Wakefield, B.J. (2009) 'Rework and Workarounds in Medication Administration Processes: Implications for Patient Safety', Academy of Management Annual Meeting.
Johnson, K.B. & FitzHenry, F. (2006) 'Activity Diagrams for Integrating Electronic Prescribing Tools into Clinical Workflow (Case Report)', Journal of American Medical Informatics Association, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 391-395.
King, N. (2013) 'Exploring the Impact of Operating Model Choice on the Governance of Inter-Organizational Workflow: The US E-Prescribing Network', European Journal of Information Systems, Vol. forthcoming.
King, N., Christie, T. & Alami, K.M. (2007) 'Process Implications of E-Prescribing Information Integration Models: United States Versus a Middle East Approach', E-service Journal, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 15-38.
Law, A.V., Ray, M.D., Knapp, K.K. & Balesh, J.K. (2003) 'Unmet Needs in the Medication Use Process: Perceptions of Physicians, Pharmacists, and Patients', Journal of the American Pharmacists Association, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 394-402.
Mäkinen, J. & Nykänen, P. (2009) 'Process Models of Medication Information', Proceedings of the 42nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii.
Murray, M.D. (2000) 'Information Technology: The Infrastructure for Improvements to the Medication-Use Process', American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, Vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 565-571.
Nassaralla, C.L., Naessens, J.M., Chaudhry, R., Hansen, M.A. & Scheitel, S.M. (2007) 'Implementation of a Medication Reconciliation Process in an Ambulatory Internal Medicine Clinic', Qual Saf Health Care, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 90-94.
Niazkhani, Z., Pirnejad, H., Bont, A.d. & Aarts, J. (2010) 'CPOE in Non-Surgical Versus Surgical Specialties: A Qualitative Comparison of Clinical Contexts in the Medication Process', Open Medical Informatics Journal, Vol. 4, pp. 206–213.
Niazkhani, Z., Pirnejad, H., van der Sijs, H. & Aarts, J. (2011) 'Evaluating the Medication Process in the Context of CPOE Use: The Significance of Working around the System', International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 80, No. 7, pp. 490-506.
Nykänen, P., Mäkinen, J., Kortekangas, P. & Toivanen, A. (2009) 'Approaching Harmonised Medication Information Management through Process and Information Modelling', In: K.-P. Adlassnig, B. Blobel, J. Mantas & I. Masic (eds.), Medical Informatics in a United and Healthy Europe: Proceedings of Mie 2009, Volume 150 Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, (pp. 557-567), IOS Press.
Pirnejad, H., Niazkhani, Z., van der Sijs, H., Berg, M. & Bal, R. (2008) 'Impact of a Computerized Physician Order Entry System on Nurse-Physician Collaboration in the Medication Process', International Journal of Medical Informatics, Vol. 77, No. 11, pp. 735-744.
Rahmner, P.B., Gustafsson, L.L., Larsson, J., Rosenqvist, U., Tomson, G. & Holmstrom, I. (2009) 'Variations in Understanding the Drug-Prescribing Process: A Qualitative Study among Swedish GPs', Family Practice, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 121-127.
Rothschild, J.M. (2007) Impact of E-Prescribing on Clinical Practice: Quality, Safety and Workflow. Brigham and Women’s Hospital.
RxHub LLC (2002) The Challenges of Today's Prescribing Process. RxHub LLC.
Schnipper, J.L., Hamann, C., Ndumele, C.D., Liang, C.L., Carty, M.G., Karson, A.S., Bhan, I., Coley, C.M., Poon, E., Turchin, A., Labonville, S.A., Diedrichsen, E.K., Lipsitz, S., Broverman, C.A., McCarthy, P. & Gandhi, T.K. (2009) 'Effect of an Electronic Medication Reconciliation Application and Process Redesign on Potential Adverse Drug Events: A Cluster-Randomized Trial', Archives of Internal Medicine, Vol. 169, No. 8, pp. 771-780.
Sweidan, M., Williamson, M., Reeve, J., Harvey, K., O'Neill, J., Schattner, P. & Snowdon, T. (2010) 'Identification of Features of Electronic Prescribing Systems to Support Quality and Safety in Primary Care Using a Modified Delphi Process', BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, Vol. 10, No. 1, p. 21.
Virk, P., Bates, D.W., Halamka, J., Fournier, G.A. & Rothschild, J.M. (2006) 'Analyzing Transaction Workflows in an Eprescribing System', AMIA Annu Symp Proc.
Wogen, S.E., Fulop, G. & Heller, J. (2003) 'Improving the Efficiency of the Prescription Process: Costs and Complexity of the Prescribing Process', Drug Benefit Trends, Vol. 15, No. 9, pp. 35-40.
Wong, C., Geiger, G., Derman, Y.D., Busby, C.R. & Carter, M.W. (2003) 'Redesigning the Medication Ordering, Dispensing, and Administration Process in an Acute Care Academic Health Sciences Centre', 2003 Winter Simulation Conference.