• • gallrey

    • photos of alfred Nobel and scientists.

• • His early life

• Gamal A

  • • Alfred BernArd born in October1833,die in 10 DECEMBER 1896 was A Swedish chemist,engineer,innovator,And Armaments manfacturer. He is the inventor of dynamite. Alfred Nobel was the third son of Immanuel Nobel.On 21st October1833,he went with his family to Saint Petersburge in 1842, where his father started a ''torpedo' works.

  • His education

• Gamal A Editor: Mrs Mohamed Yousef

  • • Alfred studied Cemistry with Professor Nikolay. When Alfred was 18, he went to the United States to study Chemistry for four years and worked for a short period under John Ericsson.In 1859, the factory was left to the care of the second son Ludvig Nobel ,who greatly improve the bussiness .Alfred ,returning to Sweden with his father , after the bankruptcy of their family business , devoted himself to the study of explosives, and especially to save the manufactur and the use of Nitrolgycerine .Abig explosion occured on 3 September 1864 at their factory in Helenborg in Stockholm , killing five people , Among them , alfred's younger brother Emil.

    • Despite the lack of formal secondary and tertiary level education, Nobel gained proficiency in six languages: Swedish, French, Russian, English, German and Italian. He also developed literary skills to write poetry in English

  • His lovers

• Mrs Mohamed Yousef

  • • Alfred's outbiography shows that he remained unmArried and he had at least three loves. The first was agirl called Alexandra where he met her in Russia .She rejected his proposal.

    • The second was Bertha Kinsky who became his secretary in 1876, but she let him to marry her previous lover, Baroun Arther.Though her personAl contact with Alfred had been breif, she corresponded with him untill his death And it is believed that she has A great influence in his decision in his will.Berth was awarded Nobel Peace prize for her sincer activities for peace in 1905.

    • Nobel third and long- lasting love with flower girl from Vienna called Sofie Hess.This liasation lasted for 18 years through exchanged letters.Nobel addressed his love with' Madam Sofie Nobel'. After his death , Alfred's letters kept secret within Nobel Institude in Stockholm and they were released only in 1955 to be included with the biographicAl data of Nobel.This is whAt his biographers tell us.

    • What is dynamite?

    • Mrs Mohamed Yousef

  • • • Dynamit is An explosive material based on the explosive potential of netrlogycerin, initially ,using diatomaceaus earth or another substance as sawdust as absorbent.ITS Latin literary name means 'connected with power'. It is usually sold in the form of a stick About 20 cmlong and2.5cm in diametre with a weigtht About 0.25kg.Dynamite is a high explsiove.

      • Another form of dynamite conists of netrlogycerin and nitrocellulos and a small amount of ketone .This form of Dynamite is similar to cordite and is much safer than the simple six of of nitroglycerin and diatomaceous earth.Military Dynamite achieves more stability by avoiding netrlogycerin.

      • *How NOBLE discovered it;

      • Nobel founded that when nitrlogycern was incorporated in absorbant inert substance like Kieselguhr, it became safer and more convenient to handle, this as A dynamite .Nobel demonstrated his explosive for the first time in England in1867.

      • Nobel later combined nitroglycerin with verious nitrocellulose compounds ,similar to collodion, but settled on more efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly- like substancewhich was more powerful explosive thAn dynamite.'Gelignite',or blasting gelatin, as it was named patented in1876,was followed by a host of a similar cobinations,modified by the addition of Potassium nitrate and various other substances.Gelinite was more stable, trasportable and conveniently,formed to fit into bored holes, like those used in drilling and mining , than the previous used compound and was adopted as the stAndArd technology for mining in the age of engineering bringing Nobel a great amount of finincial success ,though at a significant cost to his health. An off-shoot of this research resulted in Nobel's inventionof ballistite' the precuser of many modern smokless powder explosives and still used as a rocket propellant.

• Nobel Prizes

• Mrs Mohamed Yousef

  • On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris , Nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk

    • of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes , to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality. He died of a stroke on 10 December 1896 at Sanremo , Italy. After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will gave 31,225,000 Swedish kronor (equivalent to about 1.8 billion kronor or 250 million US dollars in 2008) to fund the prizes.

    • The first three of these prizes are awarded for eminence in physical science , in chemistry and in medical science or physiology ; the fourth is for literary work "in an ideal direction" and the fifth prize is to be given to the person or society that renders the greatest service to the cause of international fraternity , in the suppression or reduction of standing armies, or in the establishment or furtherance of peace congresses.

    • Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been honoring men and women from all corners of the globe for outstanding achievements in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and for work in peace. The foundations for the prize were laid in 1895 when Alfred Nobel wrote his last will, leaving much of his wealth to the establishment of the Nobel Prize. But who was Alfred Nobel? Articles, photographs, a slide show and poetry written by Nobel himself are presented here to give a glimpse of a man whose varied interests are reflected in the prize he established. Meet Alfred Nobel - scientist, inventor, entrepreneur, author and pacifist

  • • Facts and Lists

  • Mrs Mohamed Yousef

    • • The Nobel Prize in Physics

      • Physics was the prize area which Alfred Nobel mentioned first in his will. At that time, in the end of the nineteenth century, many people viewed physics as the foremost of the sciences, and perhaps Nobel saw it this way as well. His own research was also closely tied to physics.

      • In 1901 the very first Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Wilhelm Röntgen for his discovery of X-rays. In more recent years, the Physics Prize has been awarded for both pioneering discoveries and groundbreaking inventions.

      • The Nobel Prize in Chemistry

      • Chemistry was the most important science for Alfred Nobel’s own work. The development of his inventions as well as the industrial processes he employed were based upon chemical knowledge. Chemistry was the second prize area that Nobel mentioned in his will.

      • In 1901 the very first Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacobus H. van 't Hoff for his work on rates of reaction, chemical equilibrium, and osmotic pressure. In more recent years, the Chemistry Laureates have increased our understanding of chemical processes and their molecular basis, and have also contributed to many of the technological advancements we enjoy today.

      • The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded by the RoyalSwedishAcademy of Sciences

      • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

      • Alfred Nobel had an active interest in medical research. Through Karolinska Institutet he came into contact with Swedish physiologist Jöns Johansson around 1890. Johansson worked in Nobel’s laboratory in Sèvran, France for a time that year. Physiology or medicine was the third prize area Nobel mentioned in his will.

      • In 1901, Emil von Behring was awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on serum therapy, particularly for its use in the treatment of diphtheria. The Medicine Prize has subsequently highlighted a number of important discoveries including penicillin, genetic engineering and blood-typing.

      • The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded by the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet

      • The Nobel Prize in Literature

      • Alfred Nobel had broad cultural interests. The interest that he developed in literature during his early youth lasted throughout his life. His library holds a rich spectrum of literature in different languages. Further evidence of Nobel’s literary interest was that during the last years of his life, he began writing fiction again. Literature was the fourth prize area Nobel mentioned in his will.

      • The very first Nobel Prize in Literature was awarded in 1901 to the French poet and philosopher Sully Prudhomme, who in his poetry showed the "rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect". Over the years, the Nobel Prize in Literature has distinguished the works of authors from many different languages and cultural backgrounds. The Literature Prize has been awarded to unknown masters as well as authors acclaimed worldwide.

      • The Nobel Prize in Literature is awarded by the SwedishAcademy.

      • The Nobel Peace Prize

      • Alfred Nobel was interested in social issues. He developed a special engagement in the peace movement. An important factor in Nobel’s interest in peace was his acquaintance with Bertha von Suttner. Perhaps his interest in peace was also due to the use of his inventions in warfare and assassination attempts? Peace was the fifth and final prize area that Nobel mentioned in his will.

      • Henry Dunant, founder of the Red Cross, shared the first Nobel Peace Prize in 1901 with Frédéric Passy, a leading international pacifist of the time. In addition to humanitarian efforts and peace movements, the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded for work in a wide range of fields including advocacy of human rights, mediation of international conflicts, and arms control.

      • The Nobel Peace Prize is awarded by a committee of five persons who are chosen by the Norwegian Storting.

      • Prize in Economic Sciences

      • In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) established the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, founder of the Nobel Prize. The Prize is based on a donation received by the Foundation in 1968 from Sveriges Riksbank on the occasion of the Bank's 300th anniversary. The first Prize in Economic Sciences was awarded to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen in 1969.

      • The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies

    • Mrs Mohamed Yousef

      • • The Nobel Laureates take center stage in Stockholm on 10 December when they receive the Nobel Prize Medal, Nobel Prize Diploma and document confirming the Nobel Prize amount from King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden . In Oslo , the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates receive their Nobel Peace Prize from the Chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee in the presence of King Harald V of Norway . An important part is the presentation of the Nobel Lectures by the Nobel Laureates. In Stockholm , the lectures are presented days before the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony. In Oslo , the Nobel Laureates deliver their lectures during the Nobel Peace Prize Award Ceremony

• • • • • • After the war, Sadat began to work toward peace in the Middle East. He made a historic visit to Israel (Nov. 19–20, 1977), during which he traveled to Jerusalem to place his plan for a peace settlement before the Israeli Knesset (parliament). This initiated a series of diplomatic efforts that Sadat continued despite strong opposition from most of the Arab world and the Soviet Union. U.S. Pres. Jimmy Carter mediated the negotiations between Sadat and Begin that resulted in the Camp David Accords (Sept. 17, 1978), a preliminary peace agreement between Egypt and Israel. Sadat and Begin were awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1978, and their continued political negotiations resulted in the signing on March 26, 1979, of a treaty of peace between Egypt and Israel—the first between the latter and any Arab country

Mohamed ElBarade

iMrs Mohamed Yousef

• • • International Atomic Energy Agency

    • The Nobel Peace Prize 2005 was awarded jointly to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and Mohamed ElBaradei "for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"

    • Dr. Mohamed ElBaradei is the Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), an intergovernmental organization that is part of the United Nations system. He was appointed to the office effective 1 December 1997, and reappointed to a third term in September 2005.

• • From 1984, Dr. ElBaradei was a senior staff member of the IAEA Secretariat, holding a number of high-level policy positions, including Agency's Legal Adviser and subsequently Assistant Director General for External Relations.

    • Dr. ElBaradei was born in Cairo, Egypt, in 1942, son of the late Mostafa ElBaradei, a lawyer and former President of the Egyptian Bar Association. He gained a Bachelor's degree in Law in 1962 at the University of Cairo, and a Doctorate in International Law at the New York University School of Law in 1974.

    • In October 2005, Dr. ElBaradei and the IAEA were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for efforts "to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way." In addition, he has received multiple other awards for his work. These include the International Four Freedoms award from the Roosevelt Institute, the James Park Morton Interfaith Award, and the Golden Plate Award from the Academy of Achievement. Dr. ElBaradei is also the recipient of a number of honorary degrees and decorations, including a Doctorate of Laws from New York University and the Nile Collar – the highest Egyptian decoration.

      • • matches sticks

• • • • Gamal A

• • • Gamal A

• • • • My own experience

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