4.3.4.2 Conjunctive Adverbs (p. 142-143)

Remember that we learned about a special type of adverbs named conjunctive adverbs. They are adverbs functioning as conjunctions to connect two related clauses. They are on the periphery of conjunctions and adverbs, hence the name conjunctive adverbs.

In writing, they are often preceded by a semi-colon. They can signal various kinds of relationships between the two conjoined clauses.

1. Contrast/Opposition:

• however, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, still, anyway

e.g., Margot’s friends made reservations at an expensive restaurant; however, they couldn’t really afford to eat there.

2. Addition:

• also, besides, furthermore, in addition, moreover, in fact

e.g., My driver’s license has expired; furthermore, my bus pass has lapsed.

3. Cause and effect, conclusion

• accordingly, as a result, consequently, hence, therefore, thus

e.g., The electricity is off; as a result, everything in the freezer has melted.

4. Example, restatement

1. • for example, for instance, namely, that is

e.g., Robert is a serious collector of jazz recordings; for example, he owns practically everything Milde Davis ever recorded.

5. Time

1. • afterwards, earlier, finally, in the meantime, later, meanwhile, then, subsequently

e.g., On the way here, I received a speeding ticket; afterwards, I had a flat tire.

6. Choice

1. • otherwise

e.g., Please join the meeting at least three minutes before it begins; otherwise, you will not be allowed to enter the room.

Subordinating conjunction vs. Preposition: (p. 145)

1. He insulted me before {he left the room}.

subordinator + a clause

2. He insulted me before [our dinner].

preposition = prep. + a noun phrase