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Guiding Question: How can the particles of matter be influenced by heating or cooling?
Particle Theory of Matter
Particle Theory of Matter
Key concepts:
Key concepts:
All matter is made of tiny particles (atoms or molecules).
Particles are always moving. Heating increases particle speed; cooling decreases it.
When particles move faster, they spread apart; when slower, they come closer together.
Different states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) depend on how close and how fast the particles move.
Phase Changes
Phase Changes
Key Concepts:
Key Concepts:
Phase changes: melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, deposition.
During a phase change, mass stays constant, even though volume may change.
Increasing temperature/heat energy:
Evaporation, Melting, Deposition
Decreasing temperature/heat energy:
Condensation, Freezing, Sublimation
Temperature Measurement
Temperature Measurement
key concepts:
key concepts:
Celsius scale: based on water’s freezing (0°C) and boiling (100°C) points.
Thermometers work by expansion/contraction of liquids (often mercury/alcohol).
expansion, contraction, & design
expansion, contraction, & design
key concepts:
key concepts:
Most substances expand when heated, contract when cooled.
Water is unusual — expands when freezes, making ice less dense → ice floats.
Ice layer insulates water life below.
Engineers consider expansion/contraction in construction.
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