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Guiding Question: In what ways can interactions lead to physical change?
Internal & External Forces
Internal & External Forces
Internal Forces
Internal Forces
(act from inside the object)
Tension: pulling apart (e.g., rope under strain).
Compression: squeezing (e.g., bridge column under weight).
Shear: layers sliding opposite directions (e.g., scissors cutting paper).
Torsion: twisting (e.g., wringing a towel).
External Forces
External Forces
(act from outside)
Applied Force: a push/pull by a person or object (e.g., pushing a door).
Friction: force resisting motion between surfaces (e.g., sliding box slows down).
Elastic/Spring Force: produced by stretched or compressed material returning to shape (e.g., spring, rubber band).
Elasticity & Plasticity
Elasticity & Plasticity
Elastic Materials
Elastic Materials
Return to original shape after the force is removed (rubber band, spring).
Plastic materials
Plastic materials
Keep their new shape when bent (paper clip, clay).
Why it matters
Why it matters
Engineers choose materials based on whether they need to bend or stay rigid (e.g., bridges use both).
Newton's Third Law
Newton's Third Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Rocket thrust pushes gases backward.
↓
Rocket moves forward.
Jumping off the ground.
↓
Ground pushes back, lifting you.
The swimmer pushes water backward.
↓
Water pushes swimmer forward.
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