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PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this experiment, students will have experienced:
(CLO1). Explain basic chemical concepts related to chemical changes, energy, and properties of matter.
(CLO2). Apply the methods of scientific inquiry
(CLO3). Analyze evidence to decide if generalizations or conclusions based on the obtained data are warranted
(CLO4). Interpret and utilize mathematical formulas while solving problems
(MLO1) Explain the number and location of atom or molecules in the unit cell (lattice point, side, edge or face) for simple cubic, body centered cubic, face centered cubic/cubic close packed and hexagonal close packed unit cells
(MLO1) Calculate the atomic radius of an atom given its density and unit cell packing.
(MLO1) Identify key characteristics and examples of the major types of crystals: ionic, covalent, molecular, or metallic.
Experiment 24 discusses the properties of solids with crystaline structures and unit cells.
The assignments that must be completed are:
The assignments that must be completed are:
Complete the pre writing assignment for the laboratory notebook
Complete the pre laboratory problems before coming to the class meeting.
Using the resources and the data collected in the lab to complete all parts of the laboratory report
Complete the conclusion paragraph for this assignment.
Pre laboratory assignments
Pre laboratory assignments
Complete the pre laboratory writing assignment in your laboratory notebook. The prewriting must be completed before the laboratory session begins. The writing should include a purpose/hypothesis of the experiment, a discussion or theory, a detailed step by step summary of the procedure explaining what data will be collected and how you will collect it. Data Tables or space to collect the data should be included within the procedure discussion. Look up any SDS on chemicals that you are not familiar.
Attempt the pre laboratory problems before coming to the class meeting.
Procedure
Procedure
Part I. Crystal structure and Unit cells
Part I. Crystal structure and Unit cells
We will build models using the Solid State Model Kit. The manual for the kit contains directions for building 100 different solid state structures. We will be building specific structures for this lab. You may have to draw or take pictures of the models to include in your report.
The following websites contain cell structures that also can be used to answer these questions
3D crystal models: http://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/Cryst/Cryst.htm
Interactive 3D Chemistry: https://www.chemtube3d.com/
Cubic close packed (ccp) and the hexagonal close packed (hcp) structures.
http://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/Cryst/FCCcp.html versus http://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/Cryst/hex.html
Simple cubic structure or Primitive Cubic
https://www.chemtube3d.com/simple-cubic-lattice/
http://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/Cryst/Cubic4.html
Body centered cubic structure
https://www.chemtube3d.com/_bccfinal/
http://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/Cryst/BCC2.html
Cubic Close packing/Face centered cubic
https://www.chemtube3d.com/ccp-cubic-close-packing/
http://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/Cryst/FCC.html
Hexagonal close packing - https://www.chemtube3d.com/hexagonal-close-packing/
CsCl - https://www.chemtube3d.com/_csclfinal/
CaF2 (Fluorite) - https://www.chemtube3d.com/_fluoritefinal/
NaCl - https://www.chemtube3d.com/_rocksaltfinal/
http://www.ibiblio.org/e-notes/Cryst/NaCl2.html
ZnS (zinc blend) - https://www.chemtube3d.com/_blendefinal/
Experiment 24 procedure
Exp 24 manual condensed directions.pdfPart II. Density and atomic radius.
Part II. Density and atomic radius.
We will determine the atomic radius of a metallic element from a cube of the pure metal after determining the density of the metal.
Complete the calculations for the atomic radius of both a bcc and ccp unknown. compare the atomic radius to the accepted radius of the element and answer the questions in the assignment.
Once you have determined the density of the unknown. determine it's identity using the density of elements from least to greatest: https://www.angstromsciences.com/density-elements-chart
Density of the elements can also be looked up on https://www.webelements.com/
The elements pack as different unit cells. We will be using metal elements that pack as cubic close pack (ccp) or body centered cubic (bcc) as possible unknowns. See the table for possible unknowns.
Atomic radii of the elements can be found on webelements under atomic properties of the element or on the website: https://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/atomicradius.html Generally the atomic radius is given in pm (picometers) but this last link gives the radius in an older unit of angstrom (1 A = 100 pm)
Unit Cell Chemistry, Atomic Radius, Density & Edge Length Calculations, Close Packed Structures
Unit Cell Chemistry, Atomic Radius, Density & Edge Length Calculations, Close Packed Structures
Engineer Thileban Explains - This video tutorial explains how to solve unit cell chemistry problems associated with closed packed structures such as the body centered cubic structure and the face centered cubic structure also known as the cubic closest packing structure. This video explains how to calculate the atomic radius, edge length and density of a cubic crystal lattice structure. You need to know the coordination number or number of atoms per unit cell associated with a given cubic crystal structure. This video contains plenty of examples and practice problems.
Report and Conclusion Paragraph
Report and Conclusion Paragraph
Complete the data and result tables, graphs, calculations and answer all required questions.
Complete a conclusion paragraph using the RERUNS method. A discussion of how to write a conclusion paragraph is given in Appendix D: How to Write a Formal Laboratory Report
The Virtual laboratory assignment uses the websites and images the document with the images of the measurements for the density cubes.
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