Angela Garcia

Angela Garcia • MS Geology • Idaho State University • email: garcang4@isu.edu

Deadlines:

July 15:

- First draft of comparison/contrasting images with brief text explanations, must include sorting based on distance of rock from vent;

- examples of degrees of alteration of phenocrysts, secondary precip,

--add arrows to points of interest

--add the correlated SEM maps to images with that data

- point counts in pie form with context

-- need to collect NA100-031-E data

--need to recount NA100-068I

-- completely altered could be Ol of Px bc all I can see are the shapes. all are consistent with Ol but shape does not completely rule out possibility of Px

- MEO related to spatial distribution (interior/exterior, in-seep vs. further away), make plots (Harker/Fenner diagrams)

--I only have MEO for NA100-30-I and NA100-31-E so I cannot do this yet

-- I have all trace vent and morph samples but still exploring data

--made TE Vs Zr plots (bc Eric did), what else to make? what groupings do I make? (distance to vent: at, near, and distal? internal/external?)

-- open/closed symbols to show pairs (open triangle and closed triangle for internal and external of a sample, then open/closed circle, etc.)

-- Look at all of TE data, not just from vents - does this help your story, or just add noise?

- Email EC to confirm receipt, ask about furnace

- Glance at morph thin section (do not count) to determine whether they are altered (a lot? a little? not?)

July 22:

- Clean up draft from previous week

- clarify points of interest to discuss in manuscript

- Write first draft of interpretations

- Clean up target figures

- Trace element statistical analysis

*SEM may be down soon so I need to work on collecting more maps this week

- Re-do comparison using binary (more/less) classification

- do all together, and do as separated into groups of enrichment vs. depletion

- Talk to VM about water chem

July 29 (no meeting):

- Write first draft of results section

- Write first draft of methods section

- Write outline of intro/background, including 15+ citations

- Read up on trace element interpretation

August 5:

- Make spider diagrams of trace elements

- Add trace element results/discussion/figures to drafts, and integrate smoothly into text

- Write first draft of discussion and conclusions

August 12:

- Revised complete draft of manuscript due

- write first draft of Intro/Background chapter

August 19:

- Revise draft

- write first draft of conclusions chapter

August 28:

- draft of Colloquium slides due

- practice Colloquium

- revise drafts

Sept 4:

- Colloquium

- Complete draft of manuscript

Oct 4:

- Complete thesis draft

Oct 10:

- Thesis due to Shannon

Oct 20:

- Revise thesis!

Nov 1:

- Thesis due to committee

Nov 7:

- Mock defense and associated revisions

Nov 15: DEFEND-

7/8/19

If no XRF, what is the alternative? sent 3 emails in 2 months no response. I sent samples to them in Feb and March. I asked for a priority order and I asked for samples back if they cant do it

- send samples to some where else or make changes to thesis

- In depth thin section chemical mapping and study of samples proximal and distal to vent sites? (still need confirmation with John to make sure this is even possible)

-- Motivation: to contribute to the state of knowledge about the microbial habitability potential of an expanded range of analog vent systems for Enceladus. micro-habitats?

-- Research Question: To what extent hydrothermal fluids on the seafloor basalts influence ambient seafloor alteration processes and hence which elements are present and in what distribution (Vs what concentrations) they are readily available for microbes to use as energy sources

-- Dataset: Hand samples and thin sections from five spatially distinct vent sites (M2, M31, M34/M38, M57a, and M58b) and from X samples away from vents (NA100-056 pillow, NA100-057 smooth, NA100-024 lobate, NA100-025 lobate, NA100-085 lobate?)

-- Task: Quantify distinct chemical populations of minerals present in thin sections and make qualitative observations of their spatial distribution. Compare sections at vent sites and ambient morphology samples? I would try to group sections based off of internal TS point counts?

-- Hypothesis: higher degree of alteration (based on microtextures? secondary minerals? olivine degradation?) at vent sites vs ambient alteration?

-- Issues: we do not know the age of the flows so instead of higher rate or alteration it could just be older. Different starting compositions? diffuse vs direct flow? temperature history of vents? flow rate history?

- Thesis outline

-- Do I need a background chapter?

- Prospectus sign please look at current amendments and change depending on above if needed

- John committee member and thin section element maps @ 100x mag (10x on pet microscope) still waiting on if this is possible. Might need alternative plan if it is not possible.

- I need to start setting real deadlines to be able to graduate in the Fall

-What tasks do I need to complete before I grad?

-- Committee meetings?

-- Thesis drafts?

-- Defense date?

-- Paperwork?

- Am I being funded for next semester while I finish?

---RI and summer travel things--

Tasks for 5/7 (email):

Get base maps to have -127 deg instead of positive 127

Do SEM training 5/1

Try terrain classification w/o DTM, try with fewer classes (10? 5?)

Follow up with Carrie about ENVI object recognition

-Feature extraction workflow

Get tickets to Rhode Island

SEM work 5/15 and 5/16

-elemental assessment of heavily altered sections (NA100 30, 31, 32)

-identify chemical populations

-determine if point counting is possible (minerals in xpolars have weak optical properties)

-Identify spatially distribution of chemistry in correlation to optical observations

-mineral precip in features

-pyrite rind confirmation

-white rimed mineral grains

-dark and light splotches

-assessment of phenocryst diversity

- is there really a ton of pyrx or is it mostly ol? optically difficult to differentiate, but also chemically difficult to determine

-any way to do stats on matrix? cant count bc too small but maybe a e-map could help quantify

CAMAS SEM Methods

Point counts completed

-NA100-084-I

-NA100-075-E

-NA100-075-I

SEM analysis completed

-NA100-084-E

-NA100-031

-NA100-30

-NA100-32

Create overall maps showing the spatial location of emaps

Tasks for 4/30:

Try pulling just the first color described to see if that improves r2

-mixed results--some slightly lower and others slightly higher

-improved

- Na2O from 0.05 to 0.07 for orange

- K2O from 0.05 to 0.10 for tan

- P2O5 from 0.02 to 0.05 for tan

Finish semester

Still waiting on this sections...

- Call Wagner to check in on timing for thin section return

-Will be sent out 5/1 or 5/2

-will try to use Stacys and my thin sections for SEM training tomorrow

Start playing with Gorda DTM

-slope, slope s.dev, rugos, aspect layers

-unsupervised classif testing

Travel Pre-auth

-5/23-6/9?

-800 air

-900 hotel

-RI per/diem?

Tasks for 4/23:

Share prospectus with Stacy

Email research group about thin sections from Wagner

Keep coordinating with JD, team

--Wed May 1 @10:30

Add more to methods outline

- add vent section

- start to convert to paragraph text

Contact CB about reserving puget during cruise

- get VPN updated with COSE IT

Tasks for 4/16:

Stay in touch with JD

-Ash S, Ash F, and Stacy would also like to join training

-talking to JD about times

-waiting on thin sections

need to reconcile notes from geochem spreadsheet and ours. Vent names don't match

- email Vincent?

-M38 is close to M34 vent and so we did not pick up a rock?

Add more to methods outline

- add vent section

- start to convert to paragraph text

Talk to CB about rebidding/Loihi for remote sensing term project

-- yep this is going to work

--got up to 50% accuracy for the classifications with re binning!

--I will send you my report when I am done

--continue work?

-morph polygons instead of points

-using images and trackline navigation and timestamp

-create terrain model raster layerstack for other DEMs with higher and lower res (do for gorda?)

Ping MMC about prospectus

-MMc had multiple questions but I cant really answer since prospectus has changed significantly

-Do I need to re-write to match what I am doing now?

Email PKL, XY about colloquium

Talk to EC and have her process NA100-107 while she's doing her own

- give her access to the ocean entry images, georefrence tags, videos, etc.

- schedule a time

Enjoy seminar!

-SO GREAT :)

Tasks for 4/2:

Poster present symposium 3/29 @5

--went great

Finish breaking Loihi into sections for detrending

--2m data?

Continue curating tags

--completed 100 tags, around ~100 more to go

--Gah finally finished collecting screen gabs and tags

--working on secondary binning

--then going to work on ENVI classification

make geotransect figure (planned vs actual?)

--just made actual trackline figure

Check in with JD

- emphasis on SEM-EDS maps

- include AS on training?

- will purchase Argon tank - can he tell us how?

- What does he need to feel good about this?

-waiting on his response, will likely start after seminar 4/19ish

-argon purchase order

-camas building access

-need vent thin sections

Expand Methods outline

Make decision on whether we need to redo thin sections

--nope, not worth it.

-- also spectrum sent duplicate thin sections

misc sample NA100-107 reclassified as jumbled

seminar 4/4 to 4/11

need to reconcile notes from geochem spreadsheet and ours. Vent names dont match

Tasks for 3/26:

print poster

Make poster for symposium

Finish breaking Loihi into sections for detrending

Continue curating tags

--completed 100 tags, around ~100 more to go

make geotransect figure (planned vs actual?)

Email Spectrum about mounting recommendation

Ask Paul about Texas Petrographic recommendation

Ship thin sections

Email TR at MSU to set up XRF; ask about paying via card

- ship powders

Talk to JD about costs (ICP-MS, etc.)

-- Do we have funds? price is flexible/tricky

-- ~$50/hr or $180/sample (i think for ICP-MS)

-- $380 Argon tank for SEM? need training but once trained, could run by myself

--SEM thick section work

-polish thick sections for better chem

-or wait for thin sections?

-- pellet press for powders ICP-MS

-ask Mike

Expand Methods outline

Prep for point counting

- Can stage attach to classroom scopes?

-No

- start broad notes, determine approximate number of points needed, ~700

-due to coating, sections do not focus as x400 at all. not sure how I will count some of the microlite heavy sections

- What are populations?

-Ol, Plag, Ox, cpx, glass (opaque and orange) , vesicles, precip w/in vesicles, orange-clay alt of minerals

- What's most/least common?

-Ol, Plag most and cpx least

Double check powder splits for morphology samples to confirm that there are reserved splits

Have a great time at LPSC!!!

Tasks for 3/12:

LPSC prep

Finish breaking Loihi into sections for detrending

Continue curating tags

--completed 100 tags, around ~100 more to go

make geotransect figure (planned vs actual?)

{Call Spectrum}

-Spectrum doesnt have a phone #

Ship remaining billets

-Everything is prepped but do not want to ship until they communicate with us

-Thin section company in Houston $15 thin sections

-Talk to Paul

Prelim work at CAMAS 3/8

- bring north crater thin section (COTM), next choice either frothy or dense Highway Flow

- probably need MU for a clay

Ask Ash about dental tools

Questions for John:

- spot size for pXRF?

-4/5mm spot size

-XRF uses an empirical calibration so no Std

-XRF can only measure down to around Na (below Na are too light) (Al is too light)

- other instruments with small volume requirements?

- SEM/EDS particulates mounted on stub < 0.1g

-EDS has ~0.5% error or 500ppm

- portable FTIR can provide broad mineralogy < 0.1g

- ICP-MS on solid samples

- they are hoping to get the computer autopolisher up and running by early summer

- john trained me on the carbon coater and some SEM but he blew a fuse so we couldnt work with EDS

- they have awesome optical microscopes

- we cant get good images or do EDS on the thin sections spectrum gave us bc it is so bumpy and coated.

- did preliminary XRF on a few altered basalts

-NA100-31 light grey vs dark grey

->Fe, >Ti, >Ca, <Sr, <Zi

-NA100-31 ligh grey vs NA100-32

- >>Ni, >Cr, <Ti, <Fe

- Meeting with John 3/15 from 10am to 3pm

Expand Methods outline

Prep for point counting

- Can stage attach to classroom scopes?

- start broad notes, determine approximate number of points needed

- What are populations?

- What's most/least common?

Mail powders

-Eric has not responded about if the small masses are enough and didn't respond to if his lab could receive the samples so I have not sent out, but it is all good to go.

-12 vent powders not including 3 small masses

Prep special chips and get masses

-powdered and sieved

-11g of hyaloclastite

-9g of outermost

-0.4g of 2nd outermost

Tasks for 3/5:

LPSC prep

--still working

Finish breaking Loihi into sections for detrending

Continue curating tags

--completed 100 tags, around ~100 more to go

make geotransect figure (planned vs actual?)

email Spectrum about billets return

--i am assuming this went into your email about the jacked up thin sections?

Ship remaining billets

--vent billets are ready to go, but I am concerned about sending should I wait till you hear back or do I just go ahead?

Prelim work at CAMAS 3/8

--bringing hyaloclastite piece

--biotic/pyrite seds

--MU thin section

--one of the Loihi thin sections?

--all thick sections to see if we can do any work with them

Ping Eric again about minimum mass

--Emailed, still waiting

--I will chat up John to see if he knows of an instrument with minimal quantity

Expand Methods outline

Look at thin sections

--sad

Finish powdering/send XRF

--2 more (will finish today and be ready to send out tomorrow)

--I started processing the hyaloclastite for powders

-enough material was available during billet cuts that majority of rock was preserved

-3 splits: light colored clasts of hylaclastite, black almost vitreous rind right under 'biotic' crust, and 'biotic' crust

Tasks for 2/26: (meeting rescheduled to 2/28)

{email with Andrew about water tests}

Finish breaking Loihi into sections for detrending

Email MMC; alternative DD about committee

--He said yes!

Accept changes to prospectus, send to committee

Continue curating tags

--extracted closest time stamped image from server for each morph point and curated into clean_morphtag PP in Google drive. much easier to follow notes and reclassify/visualize tags, but it is taking a long time

--did this for ~55 tags out of ~255

--https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1I-stolo1Psek6ILOSpImD0qQxbY2JZtejU7lcsZ6unc/edit?usp=sharing

Still need to process

-NA100-031/32/30

-figure out where to cut billet and which section to powder

-finished cutting billets for NA100-31/30 (double check which surface to make the thin section)

-Unsure what to do with NA100-32

-cut rock into 4 sections and you can see the alteration pervasiveness throughout the rock

-might want to cut 2 thin sections, but unsure

Powder

-emily and I are powdering NA100-68, NA100-84, NA100-033, NA100-038 wed @5 and fri @noon

-powders and billets should be ready to ship next week

- only powders left are the NA100-031/32/30

scan over and pull photos from nautilus server

--ton of pictures and they are great! nautilus does a solid job documenting!

--all images (lab and video stills) added to google drive PP 'Loihi_Samples'

--https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1vtxmmr_LiuNovC78DDRayqG8ECwKPUMd?usp=sharing

make geotransect figure (planned vs actual?)

over semester: remote sensing final proj- morph prediction in envi

Write GRS mini abstract

Look up thin section dimensions from spectrum petrographics, might want to do a larger thin section for M31 samples

-standard size is 27x46mm

-they do large (51x75mm) unpolished thin sections but no large polished ($96) per

Look into EDS/SEM capabilities at ISU CAMAS, if doesnt go well maybe Alex Selke at AMES?

--emailed Bruce, forwarded me to John Dudgeon at anthro

--meeting with him Fri 3/8 @10am

-going to look at a thin section and carbon coat one (if i dont have them by then, i will use a HI sample)

-my goal is to target mineral grains and zap exterior to interior to see possible chemical difference

-also would like to zap/map exterior to interior of glassy rind to see possible insitu chemical gradient

-also maybe we can use this to map the chemistry of the grains in our hylaclastite

-going to bring the biotic pyrite crust

-EDS mapping capabilities

-no cost for exploratory/student, but if we want to do extensive work we can talk cost?

Take pictures of cut samples and email Eric to get advice on how to proceed with layered, minimal sample quantity

--waiting on response

Methods

Tasks for 2/19:

{email with Andrew about water tests}

Start breaking Loihi into sections for detrending

--not

{Review/revise prospectus}

Curate morph tags (clean up)

--looks like a significant number of missing points while cleaning up tags--the issue was that the merged files on the external server were missing nav data--emailed ethan to fix problem

--ethan clarified that the tags were redundant and it

Bin morph tags into bulked groups

--made progress, but once i realized the missing points I stopped

Check photos for NA100-30 -- is it real? What does it look like?

-Found it!! (it was on a bookshelf)

-it looks different from other 2 samples from same vent (dark red precip vs white/grey/yell, but when rinsed they look sim)

Make sure that scoop material is right grain size for XRF

Email Stacy for snack bags

Still need to process

-NA100-031/32/30

-figure out where to cut billet and which section to powder

-NA100-084

Powder

-emily and I are powdering NA100-68, NA100-84, NA100-033, NA100-038 wed @5 and fri @noon

-powders and billets should be ready to ship next week

Methods:

- selecting rocks

- selecting how to divide rocks for thin sections and powders (glass rind zines, etc.)

- how did we select routes underwater

Tasks for 2/12:

Type out vent rock hand sample notes

Add vent rocks pictures to google slide deck

Continue processing vent rocks (5 different vents)

- small rocks/scoops?

- QQ? Run basalt standard blanks for powders?

-cut int/ext billets for

-NA100-037

-NA100-075

-NA100-068

-powdered

-NA100-037

-NA100-075

-Still need to process

-NA100-031/32

-NA100-084

Methods outline with citations

- if time, convert to sentences

Run prepped rugosity files through Ash code

Clean up morph tags

Need gallon and snack ziplock bags

<AG had the plague>

Tasks for 2/5:

Follow up with MM about XRD

Prep files for rugosity

--.csv files fro bathymetry are all prepped

Meet with Ash for rugosity training

-1/30 @3:00

--meet once more to go through code

Update prospectus, re-send

Rock photoshoot

Methods outline with citations

- if time, convert to sentences

Read papers (see email)

--one paper Garcia et al., 1993 JGR was useful

collect geochem data files and organize from loihi

bin/cleanup morph tags

Coordinate processing of seep rocks

-M31 vent: NA100-030 (missing?), NA100-031 (small), NA100-032 (small), NA100-033 (scoop)

-M34 vent: NA100-037, NA100-038 (scoop)

-M57 vent: NA100-068

-M2 vent: NA100-075

-near M57 vent: NA100-084

--Zak and Emily help/training Friday 2/8 @ noon

--before need to take pictures and figure out cutting/powder/prep plan

--Will process the large samples as similarly as possible to how the morphology samples were processed.

--2 billets (int/ext)

--2 powders (int/1cm ext)

--still need to figure out how to process small samples and scoops?

Tasks for 1/29:

Email RR to ask about expected timeline for XRD srepair

--emailing with Mike, they will know in a week if it is fixable or not.

Find BYU lab website

-- I think it has been removed?

Talk to Ash about rugosity code

--it will be ready to use in about a week

Start on rugosity (5m, massive lobate)

--Meeting with Ash tomorrow to go over the code and run rugos

-Data prep includes:

-proj into NAD84 UTM 4N

-Fill Rast

-Clip to rectangle

-split raster (250x250m) w/ 10 cell overlap (50m)

-rast to point

-add XY coords

-export to ascii (file name .csv

-download mingw onto personal comp

Update prospectus

- morphology groupings

- add Gregg and Fink figure

- billet zones, include photos (going to do a clean rock photoshoot)

- timeline

Measure apparent rinds in hand sample, plot results

--done but results are pretty variable and within error of each other (emailed them

Find 2-3 useful papers on submarine petrography

--Garcia, M. O., Rubin, K. H., Norman, M. D., Rhodes, J. M., Graham, D. W., Muenow, D. W., & Spencer, K. (1998). Petrology and geochronology of basalt breccia from the 1996 earthquake swarm of Loihi seamount, Hawaii: magmatic history of its 1996 eruption. Bulletin of Volcanology, 59(8), 577-592.

--Hofmann, A. W. (1997). Mantle geochemistry: the message from oceanic volcanism. Nature, 385(6613), 219.

Read the marked chapters (Princ of ign and metamorphic petrology) John Winter

--Wrote summary that will be incorporated into the background for Ocean intraplate volcanism section in thesis.

Get access

--Garcia, M. O. (1996). Petrography and olivine and glass chemistry of lavas from the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 101(B5), 11701-11713.

--Garcia, M. O., Jorgenson, B. A., Mahoney, J. J., Ito, E., & Irving, A. J. (1993). An evaluation of temporal geochemical evolution of Loihi summit lavas: results from Alvin submersible dives. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 98(B1), 537-550.

--Yang, H. J., Frey, F. A., Garcia, M. O., & Clague, D. A. (1994). Submarine lavas from Mauna Kea volcano, Hawaii: implications for Hawaiian shield stage processes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 99(B8), 15577-15594.

Sent eric a stray sample

Tasks for 1/22:

Follow up on XRD

--Joey had info

--currently not functioning

--rad safety training and instrument training requirement

-- Dr. Rene Rodriguez is one of the POC

Decide about spring talk

--Emailed Paul

Lots of powdering

--Finished! Gave to Stacy

Ask MMC about committee

--Email sent

--waiting on response

Dig up prospectus

- read/flag areas that need updates

-- any plans for ICP?

-- 5m vs few cm rugosity measurements? (when are we getting the clean data?)

-- lobate and pillow combine

--Mallone et al., code for morphology?

-- 3 to 6 samples change to 2 to 4

-- billet zone methods

--hand sample alteration rind measurements change to thin section measurements?

--timeline

- if time: start updates

Tasks for 1/15:

Ship billets

--Ash is took care

Meet with Ashley to transfer sample mastery

Start on powders - Ashley and Emily can help

--Emily is helping, still powdering

--exterior defined as top ~1cm

--run strategy by SKN

--powders need to be done by sunday 1/20

--4 lobate x2 (exterior/interior)

--3 smooth x2 (exterior/interior)

--2 jumbled x1

--16 samples total

Follow up with MMC about XRD status - does it work? Who owns it?

--waiting on email response

--might stop by office later today

Coordinate with Stacy about XRF at BYU

--Week of the 21st. 1/21 (mon)

--Meet with Stacy/email Eric team to make sure running all our samples is possible it would take 5-6 d, so i will not be going

--Send samples with Stacy

Email PL about splitting colloquium time with Xingyue in April

--I am pretty concerned about how this is so soon.

Work with hand samples

<Internship at JSC for fall semester>

Tasks for 8/14:

Re-compile workflow checklist, save in Drive

- curse computer demons

- LoihiFiles>>Rugosity (__)

-Clip> 'DTM50m' w/ output extent 'SummitBoundry' and do not maintain clipping extent = 'DTM50mClip'

-Resample> 'DTM50mClip' to 5 by 5 m res ='DTM50mResam'

-Rast Calc> 'DTM5m' - 'DTM50mResam' = 'DTM5_50'

-Slope> 'DTM5_50' = 'Slope_5_50'

-Rast Calc> 5.1*(cell size which is 5)/Cos('Slope_5_50' * 0.01745)= PlannarRast (formula derived from 'Workflow_ArcChord2.docx')

-Rast Calc> ABS ('DTM5m') / PlannarRast = Rugosity

Try lidarView with PCD file

--yes this to works

Try keeping PCD file type after removing header, open in CC

--got this to work. The problem was that CC does not like reading files off a external hard drive.

Make a folder of files for PCD and give SKN access on Drive

-- In LoihiFiles>>PCD

Follow up again with Grad Office about transcripts

--emailed, waiting on response

Continue C++ tutorials

Cross check unaltered and 100100 thin sections

--merp.. I was not able to get to this before I left. Write thin section report, include % vesicle and a note on whether few large vesicles or lots of small ones

Send SKN folder of rasters

-- In LoihiFiles >> ArcPro Rasters

Estimate morphology groups

-- Did a first pass using rugosity and roughness rasters

-- Will be in LoihiFiles >> ArcPro Rasters by end of day

Keep playing with lit review

Confirm that travel paperwork went through

--emailed kate, should be good

Tasks for 7/31:

Try to export DEM from CloudCompare

- try GeoTiff

-- yeah this totally works

--Also just an fyi the sample PCD file has a lot of noise where the points overlap. Tom thinks it's bc the two swaths that make up the point cloud are slightly offset and it cant really be fixed without more info about the data. So not a problem really since it is just a sample file, but just something to keep on the radar and hope isnt a thing on any real files we get because I think the only way to fix it would be to manually delete points

--Just an extra thing you can view PCD online at : http://lidarview.com/

Set up VPN connection to on-campus computer with strong computation power

--I submitted the paperwork for this, but still no follow-up yet

Follow up with Grad Office about confirming transcript receipt

Continue C++ tutorials

With new xgds skillz, add more content to thin section spreadsheet

- scatter plot, color code by alteration type

--I have the data (collected mineral size and pictures) can we look at together? then I will write-up the report (I plan to do this from HI)

Rugosity:

- Why is output coming out as coarse resolution?

- Try subtracting 50 m instead of making new coarse version at 53 m

- Try to classify groups based on subtracted slope, and rugosity version

Make checklist/form for what to record for each sample during the cruise

--

Keep expanding outline for lit review, adding references

Travel paperwork

--paper form

Tasks for 7/24:

Try again with point cloud in ArcPro

--Keeps breaking

Ask Donna about what point cloud analysis software we already have installed in the department

-CloudCompare -solid opensource way to visualize point cloud data!

- can export point cloud as a 2D .TIF image as hillshade, but the file gets huge quick (can't figure out how to open file not in a GIS software)

- can export as 3D image and open with windows software can view this in free Mixed Reality Viewer software

- but can't figure out how to export point cloud as a data embedded DTM (chatted with Donna and she doesn't know how and said it might not be possible)

- if nothing comes from this, go back to PCL and C++

Continue C++ tutorials

Check to see if the scope allows for a screw to pass through the stage (without hitting anything below). Goal: if possible, use rubber seal and nut to lock screw in place. May need longer screw.

--I am just taping the heck out of it (the screw does not pass through)

Point count:

--100093

--100108

Clean up overall point counts for simple report; include pie charts for each sample, modal analysis; sort by alteration state in field notes

--Doesn't the pie chart show the modal abundance? I am confused on the desired format

--Also I cannot find a lot of info about these samples on XGDS... is there anywhere else I can look?

--https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/15yTj7TB9wPb2RYUPpcz_UHnFfOPPVD_Prlqhygz_Iqo/edit?usp=sharing

Rugosity:

- Step through original workflow (this needed to be modified so below is the modified workflow)

-Rast Calc> 'DTM5m' - 'DTM53m' = 'DTM5_53'

-Slope> 'DTM5_53' = 'Slope_5_53'

-Rast Calc> 5.1(cell size)/Cos('Slope_5_53' * 0.01745)= PlannarRast (formula derived from 'Workflow_ArcChord2.docx')

-Rast Calc> ABS ('DTM5m') / PlannarRast = Rugosity?

- Give SKN access to files you tried to send

- Add labels to images

- Try to divide morphologies based on slope and/or rugosity

- To remove general slopes: try making a coarse version of the DTM (50 m/pix? 100 m/pix? -- ideally pick something that isn't actually a multiple of 5) and subtract the coarse DTM from the higher res DTM. This should give you a residual slope related to finer features. Do rugosity math on this.

- Rugosity tools fail: email SKN to get Hester's area ratio code

Make checklist/form for what to record for each sample during the cruise

Keep expanding outline for lit review, adding references

{SKN: read Bayly paper, be ready to answer questions about tables 2 & 3}

Tasks for 7/17:

{Post second dispatch}

{SKN: read prospectus}

Spatial reference: Re-email KK or search online

-- So turns out the .PCD file format is meant to be loaded into specific Point Cloud Library software--downloaded onto my mac.

-- However to run it I need to learn C++ to know how to adjust already made code (currently completing tutorials)

-http://pointclouds.org/downloads/

-http://www.pointclouds.org/documentation/tutorials/

-http://www.pointclouds.org/documentation/tutorials/using_pcl_pcl_config.php#using-pcl-pcl-config

Ask MMC if we can use a temporary putty to allow point counter to screw in to newer scope

-- not keen on it because "putting the putting into the screw holes could be a long-term problem. The stuff really never all comes out."

Pass along point counter quotes as they come in

--PETROG is not compatible with our camera and would be ~$10,000 with the 35% academic discount

--Stageledge is no longer available

-https://www.endeeper.com/academic-program/stageledge

--PELCON is compatible and everything was quoted at $5,400

-http://pelcon.dk/products/automatic-point-counter-with-moving-slide-holder/

Thin sections (trying to count on new scope without putty for now)

--100079

--100093

--100108

Try new approach to rugosity (having weird errors with the pre-made tool)

- slope map

- hillshade

Put together library of Loihi images, tie to physical location whenever possible (still needs some organizing and searching)

--google drive link: https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1PVNyQ29M56ROP0frxJlX82fFxDLgZ6qRyi6Znc2BOuw/edit?usp=sharing

Keep writing literature review (more Frankenstein)

Read/summarize 2 papers

-- Perfit et al., 20130- vaporized seawater- rock interactions

-- Bayly 1959-point counting

Help Ash prep samples

Tasks for 7/2:

{SKN: really post dispatches this time!}

resend prospectus

{SKN: read prospectus}

Email Kris K with projection/spatial reference question

--waiting on response

{SKN read spatial report, discuss where to go -- paper?)

Keep going with thin section

--recount 100607 on newer scope

--recount 100100 on newer scope

Request quotes on point counters

--http://minerva.union.edu/hollochk/pointcount/stage.html

--http://ws2.petrog.com/petrog/enquiries.html

If/when you can see bathymetry data

- workflow in ArcGIS Pro

--working on workflow for the PDC file format (http://pointclouds.org/documentation/tutorials/pcd_file_format.php)

--can't get it correctly spatially referenced

--waiting on email response

- identify different morphologic groups, describe how you're dividing them

- install/use rugosity tool in Arc (or grass)

--yep but also made own model builder

- make raster maps of rugosity

--will email

Email Bob for installation help

-- waiting till I know I will need to use

Keep writing literature review

--

Tasks for 6/19:

{SKN: post dispatch}

{SKN: prospectus}

Follow up with Kris K as needed for laser data

Ping Chris G about still needing bathymetry data for Loihi

--waiting on response

Keep writing literature review

--not a lot of progress

Read/summarize 2 papers

- pick "favorites" from set for discussion

-- Crocket, 2017

-- Byers, 2017 or Eigenbrode et al., 2018

- Summarized

-- Danovaro et al., 2017

-- Eigenbrode et al., 2018

Bring Dispatch

-- Kilauea and Fuego (not really a lit dispatch but still relevant)

Keep counting thin sections

-- MU16M-ST26-1297

Spatial Done (ish)

--we didnt make the technical deadline, but all good

--emailed you a copy

--took up a lot of time

If/when you can see bathymetry data

- workflow

--working on workflow for the PDC file format (http://pointclouds.org/documentation/tutorials/pcd_file_format.php)

--can't get it correctly spatially referenced?

- identify different morphologic groups, describe how you're dividing them

- install/use rugosity tool in Arc (or grass), make raster maps of rugosity

Email Bob for installation help

-- not yet

Notes from Mike

--annotated PP

sample collection checklist?

SEM lab training in Chem?

Tasks for 6/8:

Send SKN a folder containing:

- 1 file of text, figure captions at the end

- 1 file for each figure, named by figure number

Check GTK+ installation status

If still no luck with mb_system installation, email geohelp (explain that it's for research)

--getting help from IT on Tuesday

--Source code issues..? emailed the company

--UPDATE: Got a response and an updated source code! Actively working on the fix

--dont super understand errors for the nav file (is it already in GRASS?) or how to check if mb ran?(look at README, can I only use in command line?)

Follow up with Chris R about laser data

--Nada

{SKN: review prospectus}

Compile/organize notes on slides; put into bestiary file

Keep meeting with MM

--missed one Friday meeting bc field camp setup

-got notes from Ashley

--Next meeting Friday @ 12

Thesis Literature review chapter:

--Loihi background

(outlined and one page of writing done)

-- Microbes, chemical exchange sections

(outlined but no writing done yet)

-- Enceladus

(outlined and half page of writing done)

Reading group

--Thursday @ 12-- self et al., 1998

--Friday @11-- Hawkins 2000

Read/summarize 4 papers

-- Self et al., 1998- pahoehoe

-- Mattox 1993--hawaii flows

-- Hawkins, 2000 --petrol and geochem

-- Byers et al., 1985- volatiles in pillow rim glass from loihi

Pick a new Dispatch paper, write/revise with Ashley (make her do one too)

-- Comparing Kilauea and Fuego eruption

Thin sections

-- counted MU16M-ST26-1297

If/when you can see bathymetry data

- workflow

- identify different morphologic groups, describe how you're dividing them

- install/use rugosity tool in Arc (or grass), make raster maps of rugosity

Reconciled missing PDFs from Library

Yikes..spatial

Tasks for 5/18:

Share Dispatch with Ashley

- Tell Ashley to write one and send it to you

- peer review

Display 3m dataset and check usefulness

--Ashley helped display, but turned out to be 5m

Install CARIS on department computer

- mosaic swaths

--CARIS isnt being useful

--Buttttt GRASS+Mb system= potentially super useful!

--http://tekmap.ns.ca/blog/mb-grass-howto\

-- I should be able to import MB data into GRASS using MB-system then export it as a LAS file to then feed into Arc!

-- (this became a time sink)

--?cant get the make file to run correctly for mb_out_nav or r.in.xyz

--? mb_out_nav has error when I run make that I dont understand, also how do I check if it worked?

--? r.in. xyz has a pathway error when I try to run make

--is r.in.xyz correctly in the "GRASS source tree in raster directory "?

--https://docs.google.com/document/d/1AH7e8qY4LIleKBvpMqNX30G4dABLGjeF1NAkqg8t0T8/edit?usp=sharing

--https://docs.google.com/document/d/1O-N7Em9bNgX9B75rHomyex1gsA9qmHHALnp94mmJ830/edit?usp=sharing

Display laser data point cloud from CR

- identify features, workflow

--emailed CR but no response..

--the plan is to just work on the files I collected online once I can reformat them through GRASS

Revise prospectus

--Dont think I will be getting any edits on prospectus from Sarah or Paul

--Ashley provided feedback!

Start thesis text

--Revised abstract

--Expanding Loihi background

Thin sections, coordinate with CB

--rock prepping help

--meeting with Mike Friday

--Chris priority list

MU16M-ST19-1264*

MU16M-ST04-1266*

MU16M-ST26-1300

MU16M-ST23-1239

MU16M-ST26-1297

Coordinate with AS to review poster before printing

Tasks for 5/7:

Contact Sarah about project stuff

Send SKN email telling exactly what to do for 6603 to close out semester

Write Dispatch draft

--Should be done by end of day

Compile long list of papers to read

--The list is on mendeley

Find way to decompress file

--I do not see Bandzip downloaded on to computers (talked to Diana)

--Decompressed on my Mac

Display bathymetry data

- write summary of resolution, coverage, useful views

--slight drama-- messed up file pathway, but found a backup copy

-- 50m res over entire seamount

-- 5m res over northern summit area

-- 3m res just at the coast

-- working on what I think is 3m data over summit to project correctly

--trying to get MB data to work out still

Download/run CARIS

- mosaic swaths

- backup software(?)

-- Free CARIS software found on (http://www.caris.com/products/easy-view/)

-- Needs Windows OP, where should I download?

-- potential backup: http://www.qps.nl/display/fledermaus/main

Email AS to set up weekly reading meeting

Tasks for 5/1:

Check MB and other software to see if export options exist

- goal to tile in Arc or Q

--CARIS looks promising

--ordered mozaic map product at 4m res from NOAA

Project:

- finalize idea

- make heat maps

Read/review 1 paper

--Furnes et al., 2001

Revise prospectus

--Final due this Friday 4/27

--trying to get you a draft by tomorrow

Dispatch outline: Waite et al., 2017? molecular hydrogen on Enceladus paper

Snow algae outreach to leif

summer schedule: 40hrs/week right?, weekly updates?

--bathymetry bathymetry bathymetry

--lab work, Chris samples

--writing, expand prospectus

--figures for prospectus--remake slides

--readings and summaries

--make subsea poster

--thin section point counts

Tasks for 4/24:

--potentially logistical issues with internship portion for the summer, what are my options if I stay in pokey?

Check MB and other software to see if export options exist

- goal to tile in Arc or Q

Project:

- finalize idea

- make heat maps

Ask committee members

--Email to Sarah sent out, she is still in the field

Read/review 1 paper

--Furnes et al., 2001

--not finished

Revise prospectus

--Final due this Friday 4/27

--trying to get you a draft by tomorrow

Pick a new paper for Dispatch

--Waite et al., 2017? molecular hydrogen on Enceladus paper

Prepare presentation

--can I get feedback?

Keep list going of papers to read

--I am presenting for 6603 this Friday at 11:00 am, can you make it?

--edits to prospectus

--Sorry I didnt catch that I should have deleted my abstract until after I sent the draft

--also still working on developing the sections that you suggested to add, my bad they didnt make it to the draft I sent out to paul and sarah

--Can you look at my email to Swantje GFR?

--Bathym progress?

-- Qimera to edit multibeam swaths, if we dont get already processed data

Tasks for 4/17:

Check date for prospectus deadline

--4/14/18 Saturday

Finish MB tutorial

- share with Ashley

- read an existing data file, try to export into a format GIS can read

--this isnt working, thinking about trying to use other programs

Install QGIS on laptop

Project:

- finalize idea

- make heat maps

Pick committee members to ask (check with Shannon first)

--Sarah?

--Swantje Quarder?

Read/summarize 2 papers

-- Moore et al., 1982

-- Malahoff et al., 1982

Tasks for 4/3:

Finish installation attempt for MB-System

--MB system is a collection of command-line tools so working through example data set tutorial

--basic questions/crash course on mac terminal commands

--update on data talked about during subsea tag?

Screengrab/export XRF plots, send to SKN

Make plan and timeline for Spatial project

Email MM to ask about replacing bulb

- ask Ashley about other bulb?

Read/summarize 2 papers

--Kuffner et al., 2006

Revise prospectus stuff

-- working on a full draft of prospectus due for 603 4/21(?) <- check date

Committee?

Tasks for 3/28:

Try installing MB-System onto mac

Screengrab/export XRF plots, send to SKN

Make plan and timeline for Spatial project

Meet with Ashley about special minerals in thin sections

--fix the burnt bulb for the microscope DM EP standard #9

Select 1-2 papers for research reading/summary

- summarize 1

Revise prospectus stuff

Tasks for 3/13:

Check additional bathymetry websites

--sites Carrie provided dont cover loihi

Spatial Analysis project: find data

--found an old version! partial win :)

--excel sheet with all XRF data is made

--histograms and scatter plots made

--next need to put into arc and krig

Research freeware for multibeam swath viewer, try to install

- try to open data

--Products that can read MBdata: MB-System, CARIS, and Fledermaus.

--requested and received a lot of multibeam files from different trips to loihi

--https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/OC5/WOD/pr_wod.html

-- .MB15, .MB58, .RC01, .MB41 are the file formats

Look more at thin sections, try to find an unknown mineral

Final set of revisions to Dispatch

Tasks for 3/7:

Ask Carrie about adding underlying basemap in ENVI

--she said it can be done, but its clunky

--I will get the details on this if I have any LAZ datasets that I need to view

Rebuild datasets (hopefully from repaired hard drive)

--hard drive is officially dead sadly

--need to rebuild spatial analysis project 2!

Research freeware for multibeam swath viewer, try to install

- try to open data

Pyroxene section of bestiary: read/skim 3 papers and add relevant content

Look at thin sections

Pick up key from public safety

Pick and summarize paper on basalt alteration/petrology

--Sekine et al., 2015

Revise Dispatch

Revise Intro/ problem statement

--did not get to yet

Write Methods section

--i have allll the questions :)

Tasks for 2/27:

poster updated draft

Try to find naming pattern for laz data

- try to find coverage of Loihi

- goal is to merge data

--Bummer news, this dataset doesn't cover loihi

--Good news, finally found data that covers loihi at 50m res and 5m res. But the 5m is a grid and I am not sure if it has the information we want.

--http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/HMRG/Multibeam/bathymetry.php

-- need help viewing a large DEM .IGE file (3m res)

-- need help understanding why this .LAS file isnt displaying in Arc

-- need help on how to display multibeam file .MB121?

-- http://www.marine-geo.org/tools/search/entry.php?id=FK140625

Write dispatch for Whelley et al.

--wrote a first pass, but it still needs work to simplify language

Complete pyroxene section of bestiary

-- not finished

Follow up on key as needed (208) 282-3618)

Pick and summarize paper on basalt alteration/petrology

--not finished

Tasks for 2/20:

Introduction/Background draft for 6603

Scan book for reading themes

--Chapter 14: Petrology of young submarine hotspot lava

read/summarize 1 paper

--Chapt 14 book

Figure out laz decompression

--this solved, need code a way to bulk decompress files and combine them into one file

Pick a different paper for public summary

- write outline of summary

--Whelley et al., 2017

Complete pyroxene section of bestiary

--have not finished

Get a key to pet scope room

--turned in paperwork

Tasks for 2/13:

mini subsea poster

summarize papers/ book chapters

-- Rouxel et al, 2018

--Oceanic hotspots: intraplate submarine magmatism and tectonism Chapt 4?

continue to display bathymetry

--ok I found some really cool LiDAR datasets that cover Loihi but I need help downloading (bulk download wget) and decompressing them (LAZ to LAS)

--https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/lidar1_z/geoid12a/data/1393/

--2006 FEMA Lidar: Hawaiian Islands Point Cloud files with Orthometric Vertical Datum GPS-derived orthometric height via GEOID model using GEOID12A

--11G

--https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/raster2/elevation/SLR_viewer_DEM_6230/

--NOAA Sea Level Rise Viewer DEM

--359G

--https://coast.noaa.gov/htdata/lidar1_z/geoid12a/data/1458/

--2000 USACE NCMP Bathymetric Lidar: Hawaii Point Cloud files with Orthometric Vertical Datum NAVD88 using GEOID12A

--86M

pick paper for public-facing summary

--Rouxel et al, 2018

thin section things

list of papers I cant get access to

Tasks for 2/6:

See about getting data from behind bathymetry imagery products

--have the data- need to display.. so confused

Continue to fight the good fight with the library

Finish Morgan et al summary

Display Loihi bathymetry (harass Ashley as needed)

--also still confused

- see if you can see different textures

Play with thin sections

Continue to build petrography document

Pick a new paper to read/summarize

--

Data and video will be archived at the University of Rhode Island's Inner Space Center.

You can request data through this form: http://www.oceanexplorationtrust.org/data-request

Tasks for 1/30:

-Do we have an idea what journal are we aiming for publication?

See about getting data from behind bathymetry imagery products

Fight with library for access

Send paper copy to SKN

- write summary

Email Carrie about grd files

-Ashley gave advice on how to move foward

Download chapter files for Hawaii book

- link in Mendeley

- Share with Borg and Ashley

Play with thin sections

Continue to build petrography document

- get Borg to share his bestiary draft

--Mostly done with Olivine

Check with MM about petrographic camera (is there money to have the technician look at it?)

--Ashley taking reins

Tasks for 1/22:

High and low resolution relief model of Hawaii

--https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/coastal/grddas10/grddas10.htm

search for papers on relationship between lava texture and depth of alteration rind

- send to SKN

- pick one for abstract/summary

--might have found an article that will work but waiting for pdf from Illiad

--reading and summarizing Garcia et al., 2006 Loihi review article

send access to Loihi files to SKN

{figure out viewing for files}

Revise blog post

Play with thin sections

- identify at least 5 minerals/morphologies

--started to collect literature and summarize Loihi petrology

Check with MM about petrographic camera

Travel: expense report

-- meet with Bre and fix

Tasks for 1/17:

--fall internship details?

Revise blog post

Revise questions/hypotheses to emphasize non-bio

search for bathymetry maps of Loihi

Talk to Bre about ChromeRiver for sample trip

--need to make an expense report

Tasks for 12/13:

Revise blog post

--will focus on after finals

List hypotheses and corresponding tests (no sentences required)

submitted travel report

Meeting Thursday 12/14/17 at a1pm

Tasks for 12/6:

Revise problem statement

--revision somewhat in term paper

Revise blog post

Add ME1165

--no sections available that fit into my schedule D:

Travel expense report

-- lets talk LPSC abstract work

Tasks for November: BASALT!

Tasks for 11/1:

Idea- put thesis on Esri StoryMap? or consider it for presentations relating to BASALT traverse?

Finish sorting out laptop

expand/refine outline and problem statement

Chat with Borg about field sterilization, gear

Read recent paper and write public-view synopsis

S18 schedule: Reg starts Monday, November 6, beginning at 12:01 a.m.

--GEOL 5504 Advanced Geographic Information Systems: 3 semester hours 21661

--does it have a lab?

--GEOL 6603 Geologic Writing Seminar: 2 semester hours 20959

--GEOL 5599 Expedition Seminar 1 semester hr 25195

--CHEM 3301 Organic Chemistry I 3 semester hrs 24827

--CHEM 3303 Organic Chemistry Laboratory I 1 semester hr 23409

-- ME 1165 Structured Programming. 2 semester hrs (MATLAB course) 22177

?--GEOL 6608 Geostatistics Spatial Data Analysis and Modeling: 3 semester hours

--GEOL 5509 Remote Sensing: 3 semester hrs 24007

--GEOL 6649 Pre-Thesis: 1-6 semester hours 23475

(email meeting)

Tasks for 10/25:

reread proposal

watch for food email

ship FTIR to John Hamilton (get it from Carrie, turn it on with Borg)

--

pick up advance

summarize Adam's draft

prospectus outline -> helps you find holes; identify useful figures

write problem statement

check on laptop ArcPro status

--emailed carrie waiting on response

install R studio

Tasks for 10/18:

review SUBSEA F2F slides in Drive

buy tickets to Hilo

keep an eye on travel advance status

--ready for pickup in accounts payable

read/summarize Sam and Adam drafts, aiming for key points

Tasks 10/11:

send text from proposal to SKN (the more, the better)

review SUBSEA F2F slides in Drive

do travel authorization for November (get access from Bre, work with SKN)

Tasks for 9/27 (email):

Send personal statement text to SKN for review

Focus on fellowship writing

[later: writing synopsis, reviews of Scott and Darlene papers]

Tasks for 9/20:

Ask about SUBSEA kickoff

Ask about GIS proj ideas- involving tools that will be helpful for thesis?

Email about letters of rec

Fellowship writing

--prioritized this above reviewing papers

Finish review on Scott's paper

Start review on Darlene's paper (G1)

Read/summarize Porco

write writing synopsis

Google about eligibility

Send SKN a bullet list of fellowship deliverables

Tasks for 9/13:

SUBSEA Poster

Follow up about data types for spatial analysis

Add comment to AB draft on strategy

Review another BASALT paper (Brent or Scott would be best, or Darlene)

-Where is Darlene's paper?

read/summarize Enceladus paper

rock room training Thursday

write writing synopsis

-Still working on this (poster took a solid chunk of time)

take first stab at problem statement

Tasks for 9/6:

Ask about potential data for spatial analysis proj?

Read through writing guides

-can I hold on to this workbook for another few days

summarize terrestrial lava paper

read/edit 1 BASALT manuscript

--edited first 10 pgs or up until som

Check course catalog for nominal schedules (O-chem 1) -- taught in springs?

--only taught in falls (O-chem 2 is S)

--BIOL 4432 Biochemistry: is F,S. PREREQ: BIOL 1101 and CHEM 3301.

Tasks for 8/30:

Watch the Schimel webinars on writing (3): https://vimeo.com/17432903

- write down any questions/thoughts/etc.

-start to practice these lessons by editing writing, Basalt?

Summaries: another Gregg paper on submarine lava, and Lava Flows and Flow Fields from EncVolc, and Submarine/Hyaloclastite from EncVolc

meet with Allyson/Charlie

Coordinate time to meet with Borg/Erin/Emily

--Tentative Thursday 5-6pm (Erin still needs to confirm)

Start document of new words/concepts

Figure out who teaches O-chem, when the class is taught; Biochem?

--O-chem I (F17, CHEM 3301. 12532)

--O-chem II (CHEM 3302) likely taught next semester, but not listed

--Advanced O-Chem (F17, CHEM 6671. 14754) needs CHEM 3302 (Ochem2) and 3352(phys chem2) or permission. Prof: Robert W Holman

-- class M 11:00am-1:00pm and W 1:00-1:50 PSC 240

--Biochem I (F17, CHEM 4445. 10558 xlist BIOL 4445, BIOL 5545, CHEM 5545) needs BIOL 1101 and CHEM 3302

--Biochem I (F17, BIOL5545. 10274) Prof: Caryn M Evilia

--Biochem online (F17, BIOL 5532. 10264) Prof: Peter Sheridan

Tasks for 8/23:

Fill out upper part of this page

request xgds access (https://basalt.xgds.org)

--registered, waiting on permission to access

--got permission but still unable to login. "NoReverseMatch at /accounts/reset-password/" error when attempted to reset password?

glance at BASALT notes

ping Charlie

--Charlie responded- looks like we will set up a meeting late next week

{SKN: email intro to Adam and Sam}

Make friends

Go to live music/rock climbing/something

-- Ceramics and rock climbing in the works ;)

Read 2 papers relevant to SUBSEA, write summaries (send papers to SKN)

--1) Deamer and Damer (2017) "Can Life Begin on Enceladus? A Perspective from Hydrothermal Chemistry" Astrobiology.

--2) Gregg and Fink (1995) "Quantification of submarine lave-flow morphology through analog experiments" Geology.