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Learning outcomes for this module as of Fall 2019:
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Topic from HAPS Guidelines (in bold font)
Learning Outcomes (indented, in regular font)
1. Overview of the male and female reproductive systems
1. Compare and contrast the major anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems.
2. Identify male and female homologues of various reproductive system structures (e.g., ovary is homologous to the testis).
3. Describe the functions of the hormones involved in the regulation of the reproductive processes (e.g., gonadotropin releasing hormone [GnRH], follicle stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH], androgens, inhibin, estrogens, progesterone).
2. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system
1. Identify and describe the gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and functions of the testes.
2. Identify and describe the gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and functions of the epididymis.
3. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the spermatic cord and male reproductive ducts (e.g., ductus [vas] deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra).
4. Identify and describe the structure and functions of accessory glands (i.e., seminal glands [seminal vesicles], prostate gland, bulbourethral [Cowper] glands).
5. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the male external genitalia (e.g., scrotum, penis).
6. Describe the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice of the penis.
7. Describe the production, composition, and functions of semen.
3. Gross and microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system
1. Identify and describe the gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and functions of the ovaries.
2. Identify and describe the gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, and functions of the uterus and uterine (fallopian) tubes.
3. Identify and describe the ligaments of the female reproductive system (e.g., broad ligament, ovarian ligament, suspensory ligament of the ovary, round ligament of the uterus).
4. Identify and describe the structure and function of the vagina.
5. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the external genitalia (e.g., mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, greater vestibular glands).
6. Identify and describe the structure and functions of the mammary glands.
7. Describe the pathway of the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus.
4. Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis
1. Define the processes of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.
2. Describe the stages of spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubule, including the roles of the nurse (sustentacular, Sertoli) cells and interstitial cells (of Leydig).
3. Describe endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis.
5. Oogenesis, folliculogenesis, and the ovarian cycle
1. Define the process of oogenesis (oocyte development).
2. Describe the stages of folliculogenesis (ovarian follicle development).
3. Describe a typical ovarian cycle and explain how the process of folliculogenesis spans multiple ovarian cycles.
4. Define ovulation, and explain the role of luteinizing hormone (LH) in ovulation.
5. Describe endocrine regulation of oogenesis, folliculogenesis, and the ovarian cycle.
6. Comparison of male and female gametogenesis
1. Compare and contrast the timing and number of oocytes produced in oogenesis and sperm produced in spermatogenesis.
2. Compare and contrast endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
1. Name the phases of the uterine (menstrual) cycle, and describe the anatomical changes in the uterine wall that occur during each phase.
2. Describe the correlation between the uterine and ovarian cycles.
8. Lifespan changes within the male and female reproductive systems
1. Define puberty.
2. Compare and contrast the events of female and male puberty.
3. Compare and contrast secondary sex characteristic development in males and females.
4. Compare and contrast female and male physiological sexual responses.
5. Define menopause and describe the physiological changes associated with menopause.
6. Compare and contrast menopause with andropause.
7. Describe examples of how birth control methods disrupt normal reproductive function.
9. Fertilization and pregnancy
1. Define fertilization.
2. Describe the processes that facilitate fertilization (e.g., sperm capacitation, acrosomal reaction).
3. Describe the three phases of fertilization (i.e., corona radiata penetration, zona pellucida penetration, fusion of the oocyte and sperm plasma membranes).
4. Describe the formation and function of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes.
5. Describe the hormones associated with pregnancy and the effects of these hormones.
6. *Describe the functional changes in the woman’s body during pregnancy.
10. Parturition (labor)
1. Define parturition (labor).
2. Explain the hormonal events that initiate and regulate labor.
3. *Describe the three stages of labor.
11. Postpartum changes to the mother
1. *Define the postpartum period.
2. *Describe the hormonal changes that occur after parturition.
3. *Describe the functional changes in the woman’s body during the postpartum period.
4. Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation.
12. Predictions related to disruption of the reproductive system
1. Given a factor or situation (e.g., ectopic pregnancy), predict the changes you could see in the reproductive system and the consequences of those changes (i.e., given a cause, state a possible effect).
2. *Given a disruption in the structure or function of the reproductive system (e.g., vasectomy), predict the possible factors or situations that might have caused that disruption (i.e., given an effect, predict possible causes).
Note: An asterisk (*) preceding a learning outcome designates it as an optional, advanced learning outcome. The HAPS A&P Comprehensive Exam does not address these optional learning outcomes.