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Learning outcomes for this module as of Fall 2019:
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Topic from HAPS Guidelines (in bold font)
Learning Outcomes (indented, regular font)
1. General functions of the skeletal system
1. Describe the major functions of the skeletal system.
2. Structural components -- microscopic anatomy
1. List and describe the cellular and extracellular components of bone tissue.
2. Identify the microscopic structure of compact bone and spongy bone.
3. Using microscopic images, distinguish between the three different types of cartilage.
4. Describe the roles of dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue in the skeletal system.
3. Structural components -- gross anatomy
1. Classify bones of the skeleton based on their shape.
2. Identify and describe the structural components of a long bone, and explain their functions.
3. Define common bone marking terms (e.g., condyle, tubercle, foramen, canal).
4. Describe the locations of the three types of cartilage in the skeletal system.
5. Describe how the location and distribution of red and yellow bone marrow varies during a lifetime.
4. Physiology of embryonic bone formation (ossification or osteogenesis)
1. Explain the roles that specific bone cells play in the formation of bone tissue.
2. Compare and contrast intramembranous and endochondral (intracartilaginous) bone formation.
5. Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling
1. Compare and contrast the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone growth, repair, and remodeling.
2. Compare and contrast interstitial (lengthwise) and appositional (width or circumferential) growth.
3. Explain the hormonal regulation of skeletal growth.
4. Explain the roles of parathyroid hormone, calcitriol, and calcitonin in plasma calcium regulation and bone remodeling.
5. Describe the bone repair and remodeling process and how it changes as humans age.
6. Explain the steps involved in fracture repair.
6. Organization of the skeletal system
1. Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons and list the major bones contained within each.
1. Identify individual bones and their locations within the body.
2. Identify major bone markings (e.g., spines, processes, foramina) on individual bones.
3. Compare and contrast a fetal skull with an adult skull.
4. Compare and contrast the adult male and female skeletons.
8. Classification, structure, and function of joints (articulations)
1. Describe the anatomical classification of joints based on structure: fibrous (i.e., gomphosis, suture, syndesmosis), cartilaginous (i.e., symphysis, synchondrosis), and synovial (i.e., planar/gliding, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket), and provide examples of each type.
2. Describe the functional classification of joints (e.g., synarthrosis, diarthrosis) based on the amount of movement permitted, and provide examples of each type.
3. Explain the relationship between the anatomical classification and the functional classification of joints.
4. Identify and describe the major structural components of a typical synovial joint.
5. For each of the six structural types of synovial joints, describe its anatomic features, identify locations in the body, and predict the kinds of movement each joint allows.
6. Define the movements that typically occur at a joint (e.g., flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, inversion, eversion, protraction, retraction).
9. Application of homeostatic mechanisms
1. Explain how the skeletal system participates in homeostasis of plasma calcium levels.
10. Predictions related to disruption of homeostasis
1. Given a factor or situation (e.g., osteoporosis), predict the changes that could occur in the skeletal system and the consequences of those changes (i.e., given a cause, state a possible effect).
2. *Given a disruption in the structure or function of the skeletal system (e.g., osteoarthritis), predict the possible factors or situations that might have caused that disruption (i.e., given an effect, predict the possible causes).
Note: An asterisk (*) preceding a learning outcome designates it as an optional, advanced learning outcome. The HAPS A&P Comprehensive Exam does not address these optional learning outcomes.