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Learning outcomes for this module as of Fall 2019:
Please note: Those headings with associated teaching tips are underlined, clickable links. However, while this identifies which topics have associated teaching tips, the actual list of teaching tips you click through to include all teaching tips for this module, not only the ones for one particular topic in this module.
Note: The HAPS Learning Outcome task force made a conscious decision to focus this module on nutrients, rather than diet. Hence, we limit our discussion to nutrients, and rename this module as nutrients and metabolism (rather than nutrition and metabolism).
Topic from HAPS Guidelines (in bold font)
Learning Outcomes (indented, regular font)[1]
Note: HAPS recognizes that there is a great deal of variability in length and depth of coverage of nutrients and metabolism. The learning outcomes listed below are for those courses that include a significant nutrients and metabolism component in their human anatomy and physiology class.
1. Nutrients
1. Define nutrient, essential nutrient, and non-essential nutrient.
2. Describe common uses in the body for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
3. Classify vitamins as either fat-soluble or water-soluble, and describe the major uses in the body of each vitamin.
4. Name the major minerals (e.g., calcium, sodium, potassium) and trace elements (e.g., iron, iodine, zinc) and their roles within various physiological processes in the body.
5. Explain the significance of protein intake to nitrogen balance.
1. Define metabolism, anabolism, and catabolism, and provide examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions.
2. Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and cofactors in metabolic processes.
3. Explain the roles of coenzyme A, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in metabolism.
4. Describe the processes of oxidation, reduction, decarboxylation, deamination, and phosphorylation.
3. Cellular respiration and metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
1. Describe the processes of aerobic respiration (e.g., citric acid [Krebs, tricarboxylic acid or TCA] cycle, electron transport chain) in the oxidation of glucose to generate ATP.
2. Describe the processes of anaerobic respiration (e.g., glycolysis) in the oxidation of carbohydrates to generate ATP.
3. Describe metabolic pathways that produce or store glucose (e.g., glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis).
4. Describe the anabolic and catabolic processes of fat metabolism (e.g., lipolysis, lipogenesis) and how these processes interact with carbohydrate metabolism.
5. Describe the anabolic and catabolic processes of protein metabolism (e.g., deamination, transamination) and how these processes interact with carbohydrate metabolism.
6. Compare and contrast carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in the fed (absorptive) and fasted (post-absorptive) states[2].
7. Describe the effects of hormones (e.g., cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon) on the anabolic and catabolic metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
4. Energy balance and thermoregulation
1. Define metabolic rate and describe the conditions under which basal metabolic rate is measured.
2. Describe factors that affect metabolic rate.
3. Describe the roles of the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in metabolism.
4. Define calorie and kilocalorie.
5. Describe energy yields per gram for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
6. Describe the neural and chemical control of appetite and food intake.
7. Explain the importance of thermoregulation in the body.
8. Explain how various organ systems and behaviors participate in thermoregulation.
5. Application of homeostatic mechanisms
1. Explain how metabolic processes participate in the maintenance of blood glucose and body temperature homeostasis.
6. Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance
1. Given a factor or situation (e.g., cirrhosis of the liver), predict the changes that could occur in metabolism and the consequences of those changes (i.e., given a cause, state a possible effect).
2. *Given a disruption in metabolism (e.g., low hemoglobin concentration), predict the possible factors or situations that might have created that disruption (i.e., given an effect, predict possible causes).
[1] An asterisk (*) preceding a learning outcome designates it as an optional, advanced learning outcome. The HAPS A&P Comprehensive Exam does not address these optional learning outcomes.
[2] The terms absorptive and post-absorptive may confuse students because anabolic processes of the fed state continue after nutrients have been absorbed.