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Learning outcomes for this module as of Fall 2019:
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Topic from HAPS Guidelines (in bold font)
Learning Outcomes (indented, regular font)
1. Definition
1. Define homeostasis.
2. Define the following terms as they relate to homeostasis: setpoint, variable, receptor (sensor), effector (target), and control (integrating) center.
3. List the main physiological variables for which the body attempts to maintain homeostasis.
4. *Explain the difference between a regulated variable and a controlled variable.
5. Define the law of mass balance and relate it to body homeostasis.
6. Compare and contrast equilibrium and steady-state.
2. General types of homeostatic mechanisms
1. List the steps in a response pathway, starting with the stimulus and ending with the response.
2. List the steps in a feedback mechanism (loop) and explain the function of each step.
3. Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback in terms of the relationship between stimulus and response, and describe examples of each.
4. Explain why negative feedback is the most common mechanism used to maintain homeostasis.
5. Describe a feedforward (anticipatory) response, how it helps maintain homeostasis, and an example of a feedforward response.
Note: An asterisk (*) preceding a learning outcome designates it as an optional, advanced learning outcome. The HAPS A&P Comprehensive Exam does not address these optional learning outcomes.