Ch. 6 - An Independent World
1. Mohandas Gandhi-
-one of the greatest national leaders of the 20th century
-used nonviolent disobedience to lead India to independence from Britain
-repeatedly imprisoned by the British and resorted to hunger strikes
-fought to improve the status of the lowest caste, the Untouchables
-tried to unite the Hindu and Moslem groups in his country
-assassinated by a Hindu fanatic
2. Salt March
-Gandhi’s first organized act of opposition to the Britain domination of India
-began as march to Dharasana Salt Works
-designed to protest British salt tax
-drew world wide attention to the Indian independence movement
3. Jawaharlal Nehru-
-grew up wealthy in a time when most in India were poor and was educated in England
-obtained western ideas as he returned to protest British control of India
-became first prime minister after Britain granted India independence
4. Muhammad Ali Jinnah-
-disagreed with Mohandas Gandhi over a separate state for Muslims when India gained independence from Great Britain
-led the Indian Muslims before an independent state of Pakistan was founded
-became the first leader of independent Pakistan, a Muslim nation
-led for only a year before he died, leaving a succession of poor leaders
5. Hunger Strike
-used successfully by Gandhi to end violence twice
-once to end Indian violence against British
-once to end violence between Hindu and Moslems
China’s Nationalist Movment
6. Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
-last ruling dynasty of China, ending in 1911
-blamed for allowing other nations to divide up China
7. Empress Dowager Cixi
-concubine of the Emperor who five year old son became emperor
-when her son died, she replaced him with a younger nephew in order to maintain power
-opposed anti-western movements but found it politically necessary to support them
-died in 1908
8. Boxers
-Society of the Right and Harmonious Fists
-a violent anti-imperialist movement beginning in Northern China
-Boxers murdered thousands of Christians, both foreign and Chinese
-expanded into capital city of Beijing
-put down by Eight Nation Alliance
9. Emperor Puyi
-appointed Emperor at age two by Dowager Cixi upon her death
-treaty signed with Nationalists allowed for a powerless Emperor to remain
-became known as “The Last Emperor of China” as the Qing Dynasty ends
10. Sun Yat-sen-
-educated in Hawaii and Britain gaining an understanding of democratic principals
-led Chinese nationalist in revolt against Qing dynasty
-implemented his “Principles of the People” which were nationalism and democracy
11. Mao Zedong-
-leader of China’s Communist party -led the communists on the Long March
-forced out of government by Chiang Kai-Shek following World War II
-leader of People's Republic of China
-his unsuccessful economic and social policies hurt China for developing
12. Chiang Kai-shek-
-headed the Nationalist (Kuomintang) struggle for power after Sun Yet-sen’s death
-supported China’s wealthy businesses and land owners
-allied with communists after Japanese invasion in 1937
-became leader of Taiwan after being defeated in China’s civil war in 1948
13. Long March-
-one of the most extraordinary marches in history
-6,000 miles through some of the most difficult areas in the world
-thousands perished, but the Long March inspired many Chinese to join the Communist party
-eventually the Communist defeat the Nationals and take over China
14. Peoples Republic of China-
-also called Red China or Mainland China or Communist China
-defeated the Nationalists
-headed by Mao Zedong -most populated nation in the world
-the United States refused to recognize People’s Republic as China’s legitimant government of China
15. Formosa-
-island province of China
-Chiang Kai-shek and Nationalist were driven here ending
China’s civil war
-a new democratic government called Taiwan created
-supported by the United States until President Nixon visited
China in 1972
16. Hundred Flowers-
-instituted by Mao Zedong to “catch up” to Europe, America, and the Soviet Union
-was designed to modernize and industrialize the nation -industry and farms were nationalized
-the first plan showed signs of success
17. Great Leap Forward
-the second of the Five Year Plans -people were placed in huge collective communes
-"backyard furnaces" were used for the production of iron
-the idea failed miserably and 20 million people died
18. Cultural Revolution-
-Mao Zedong’s plan to create a new Chinese society -to do so China’s traditional beliefs were officially banned
19. Deng Xiaoping-
-dismissed from communist party for capitalistic views during Cultural Revolution
-took control of China after Mao’s death
-supported “Four Modernization's”: agriculture, industry, science, and technology
20. Tiananmen Square
-spurred by changes in Europe, Chinese students demonstrated for democratic reform
-Chinese military sent in with tanks to break up demonstration
-thousands imprisoned, wounded, or killed
21. Hong Kong-
-Great Britain agreed to 99 year lease after victory during Opium War
-democratic society and capitalist economy which became most profitable regions in East Asia
-China regained control on July 1, 1997 when Britain handed over political
-to maintain economic success, China agreed to maintain colony for 50 years
The Creation of a Jewish State
22. Palestine-
-occupied by Arabs following the Roman Diaspora in 70 A.D.
-Britain colonized the region at the beginning of the 20th century
-large number of European Jews migrated to this area following the Holocaust of WW II
23. Zionism-
-movement to establish a Jewish homeland
-United Nations voted to partition Palestine creating the nation of Israel on May 14, 1947
24. Balfour Declaration-
-written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour suggesting the creation of a Zionist state
-adopted by the United Nations allowing Jewish people to immigrate to Palestine
25. Arab-Israeli Wars-
-a series of four wars fought between Israel and it’s Arab neighbors
-1947- in response to the United Nations partition of Palestine and creation of Israel
-1956- triggered by Suez Crisis -1967- Six-Day War-, Israel led by Moshe Dayan, defeated Egypt in 100 hours
-1973- Egypt and Syria launched an attack catching Israel by surprise
26. Occupied Territories-
-regions taken over by Israel from neighboring countries to stop Palestinians from launching guerilla raids against them
27. West Bank-
-refers to region west of the Jordan River between Israel and Jordan
-many Palestinian refugees set up a camp there
-became occupied territory after Six-Day War -Jordan gave up claim to the land in 1988
-Israelis continued to settle on the West Bank
28. Jerusalem-
-sacred city for all three Mideast religions
-all side want to control the city
29. Gaza Strip-
-narrow band of land along the Mediterranean coast of the Sinai Peninsula which is occupied by Israel
-Palestinian refugee camps since 1948
30. Golan Heights-
-region of land occupied by Israel from Syria
31. Palestinian Liberation Organization-
-formed in 1964 as a guerrilla militia group designed to destroy the Israeli State
-responsible for numerous terrorist acts around the world
-presently negotiating peace agreements with Israel
-several splinter groups are using violence to stop peace process
32. Yasser Arafat-
-chairman of the PLO in 1969
-named president of the Palestinian government in exile in 1989
-originally known as a worldwide terrorist, but later acceptedpeace offers for land
-died in 2004 leaving conflict over who would take his place
33. Menachem Begin-
-prime minister of Israel from 1977 to 1983
-developed Jewish settlement in the West Bank
-received the Nobel Peace Prize for signing a peace agreement with Egyptian president Anwar Sadat
34. Anwar Sadat-
-Egyptian President
-met with Israeli leaders in Jerusalem to negotiate peace
-agreed to the Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty
-assassinated by PLO
35. Camp David Accords-
-established by Pres. Carter to negotiate peace between Israel and Egypt
-Egypt agreed to not attack Israel for the return of the Sinai Peninsula
36. Oslo Accords-
-Israel agreed to remove troops from occupied territories, allowing Palestine control of the territory
Racism in South Afirca Ends
37. Aparthied-
-means “separateness”
-legal government policy in South Africa
-nonwhites had no rights of citizenship or voting
-nonwhites were required to carry “passbooks” and live in tribal “homelands”
38. Nelson Mandela
-longtime leader and symbol of the black struggle against white minority rule in South Africa
-leader of the African National Congress (ANC)
-sentenced to life in prison for plotting against the government
39. Pieter Botha-
-prime minister of South Africa
-forced to make concessions to Africans, but stopped short of equal rights
-after months of violent protests a state of emergency was declared, limiting the press
-suffered a stroke in 1989 and was forced to resign
40. Soweto-
-tribal homeland outside the city of Johannesburg
-where public protests over apartheid began
-standard of living in Soweto was much lower than that in white Johannesburg
41. Desmond Tutu-
-a high ranking Anglican bishop
-advocated an end to violence in the black townships
-became an unofficial spokesman for African equal rights
42. F.W. de Klerk-
-became president of South Africa in August 1989
-officially recognized the ANC and released Nelson Mandela from prison
-forced the repeal of all South African apartheid policies, ending years of white-minority rule
-persuaded many countries to lift sanctions on South Africa