Ch. 9 - Industrial Revolution
Middle World History Notes
Chapter 9 : Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1900)
Origins of Revolution (pp. 544-550)
1. Enclosure Movement-
-common land farms giving way to individually owned farms
-as farms got larger, more people had to find a different occupation
-individual ownership of land
2. Jethro Tull-
-created the seed drill for planting seeds
-spurred on by the waste created by “broadcasting” seeds
-since his crop was in rows he later invented the cultivator
3. Eli Whitney-
-developed a machine which would effectively separate the seeds from cotton
-cotton gin
-much of the cotton needed to create textiles in England came from the American Colonies
-added to the rural, agricultural society in
the southern United States as well as
increasing the need for slavery to continue
4. Thomas Edison
-created many important inventions
-1,093 U. S. Patens
-inventor of the light bulb creating a need for large electrical
power plants
-known as the “Wizard of Menlo Park”
5. James Watt-
-developed a cheaper and more dependable steam engine
-factories could use steam rather than water to drive machines ending the biggest drawbacks of the early mills
6. Henry Bessemer-
-made steel stronger and less expensive by developing a process of blowing air into the molten iron to remove impurities
-created stronger steel for better and safer steam engines and stronger railroad rails
7. George Westinghouse-
-among his most important inventions were the transformer and the air brake.
-transformers allow electricity to be sent over long distances
-air brakes replacing the brakeman, allowing for new advancements in trains and provided brakes for elevators allowing sky scrapers to be built
8. Vulcanization-
-rubber could not be used for tires because friction with the road made heat and rubber would melt
-Charles Goodyear developed a process of heating the rubber thereby making it stinger
9. Robert Fulton-
-used steam power to revolutionize water transportation
10. Samuel Morse-
-sent electric current through wire causing it to “click”
-developed an alphabet of clicks making long distant communication practical
-Morris Code
11. Alexander Graham Bell-
-his mother and wife where deaf so he began experimenting with
hearing devises
-from his early experiments he developed a telephone
Industrialization (pp.723-728)
12. Industrial Revolution-
-began in Great Britain but eventually spread to other nations
-Great Britain’s textile exports demanded more cloth than what could be produced by hand
-eventually spread from textiles to other products
13. Factors of Production-
-major items necessary to foster production
-land, capital, and labor
14. Richard Arkwright-
-developed a way to use water power to move machinery rather than human power
-developed the first “mills”
-possible drawbacks: a. location b. unpredictable water supplies
15. Samuel Slater-
-child laborer in England who eventually became a mechanical genius
-immigrated to the United States in 1789
-developed the mechanical textile industry in the United States
beginning this nations
Industrial Revolution
16. Interchangeable Parts-
-machines are able to make identical pieces every time
-parts could easily be changed without a craftsman making the part
-allowed for assembly line production, which created products quicker and more cheaply
-developed by Eli Whitney during musket production
17. Mechanization-
-using a machine to do what was once done by hand
-greatly sped up the manufacturing process
18. Mass Production-
-”division of labor”
-producing a large number of identical items
-creating a product in “steps”
-hiring unskilled workers to perform one task
-machines allowed production to be cheaper and quicker
-more people could afford products which were mass produced
19. Assembly Line-
-manufacturing process by which workers assemble interchangeable parts to create a finished product
-the product moves along the line from one work station to the next
-product can be produced in less time and requires fewer workers
20. Henry Ford-
-did not create assembly line, but perfected it creating one of the largest industries in the world
The Factory System (pp. 551-554)
21. Factory System-
-factory workers were paid by the number of hours they worked
-workers where almost the property of the factory owner during the work day
-long hour, difficult conditions, little pay
22. Urbanization-
-quick development of cities due to the need for workers in the factories
-cities contained cheap, run down housing, and crowded, unclean conditions
-characterized by large scale gang violence, poverty, crime, alcohol, drugs, gambling, prostitution, etc.
23. Tenements-
-small apartments occupied by factory workers
24. Child Labor
-children who were employed
-worked cheaper and “fit” certain jobs
25. Humanitarianism-
-people who work to improve the conditions of others
-said business owners would take as much advantage of their workers as they could
-felt workers had no economic choice but to accept the difficult conditions and that it was governments responsibility to protect them
26. Charles Dickens
-famous English author who tried to change the conscience of society
-among other stories, wrote David Cooperfield
27. Lewis Hine-
-attempted to raise the consciousness of American society to improve the terrible conditions children were forced to work in.
-took photos of children in factories and the conditions in which they worked
-exposing factory conditions was dangerous
28. Jacob Riis-
-used his skills as a photographer and a journalist to expose terrible living conditions
-chronicled the life of the lower classes in New York City
Corporations (pp. 723-728)
29. Means of Production-
-includes all the things necessary to produce products
-examples: land, railroads, mines, factories, machines, etc.,
-some believed the control of the industrial necessities needed to change in order for social equality to achieved
30. Corporations
-businesses sold stock in an effort to create or to increase the size and productivity of a business
-groups of people were in charge of running the company (elected in many cases)
-stockholders (investors) had a chance to make large sums of money
31. Stocks-
-sometimes called shares
-stockholders (or shareholders) are people who own stock in a corporation
-individuals purchase a portion of a corporation and share in that corporations profits and/or losses
32. Monopoly-
-a single corporation controls the entire market
-with no competition prices rise
-several nations passed antimonopoly and antitrust laws
-J.D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil): undersold all oil industries in order to create a monopoly
33. Trusts-
-one or more companies untied together by common leadership or board of trustees
-in certain situations a trust is more profitable, convenient or desirable than individual ownership
34. Cartel-
- agreement between competing companies designed to control prices or exclude entry of a new competitor in a market
35. Conglomerate-
-a single company purchasing a combination of companies engaged in different aspects of an industry
-Andrew Carnegie (US Steel): purchased all aspects of steel production
36. Business Cycle-
-world wide periods of prosperity and decline
-one industry effects the profits and success of several others
37. Depression-
-downward industrial turn that effects world economy
Government involvement in Business (pp. 555-558)
38. Free Enterprise-
-refers to no laws or regulations to hurt economic forces
-mandatory were in business for their own profit
39. Laissez-Faire-
-French for “let it be”
-industrialists wanted cheap labor and did not want government regulations to limit their ability to make a profit
-wealthy industrialists provided money for governments and politicians
Workers Struggle to Improve Conditions ((pp. 559-563)
40. Unions-
-groups of organized workers
-usually had the same jobs
-workers paid dues and in return leaders worked to improve workers wages and conditions
-union leaders worked to get unions legal in most industrialized nations around the world
41. Strikes
-occurs when large groups of workers refuse to work until conditions or wages change
42. Collective Bargaining
-negotiating for all the workers as a group and not individuals
-gave unions and workers more negotiations leverage
Economic Theories (pp. 564-567)
43. Adam Smith-
-credited as the founder of modern economics
-outlined his principals for economic structure in a book called the Wealth of Nations
-law of supply and demand
-law of competition
44. Capitalism-
-individuals or corporations control factors of production
-market dictates what is (and in what amount) is produced
45. Karl Marx-
-proposed a theory called communism: The Communist Manifesto
-said society was divided into two classes and that the division would continue to grow until revolution
-the new leadership would have to control the government until everyone accepted communism
-then control would be turned over to a society without class
-”workers of the world unite”
46. Friedrich Engels-
-supported and assisted Marx in his ideas of communism
47.Socialism-
-a political and economic system where the government owns all means of production
-with competition and profit motivation removed all people would be equal
-all workers, not just the privileged few, would share profits
-opposite of capitalism
35. Utopian Socialists-
-term used by Thomas More to describe the ultimate and perfect existence
-socialists wanted small cooperatives where everyone shared means of production
-members of cooperatives would work for the common good and share in the work and profits
48. Proletariat-
-term Marx used to describe the oppressed working class
49. Communism-
-economic and political system introduced by Marx
-believed it was their responsibility to organize workers against the capitalists
-spread a real fear through communist societies
50. Thomas More-
-16th century monk who wrote about Utopia, an perfect island society
-writings were an attack on the Protestant Reformation and Henry VIII
-socialists began using the term to describe the perfect socialist society (Utopian Society)
-members of cooperatives would work for the common good and share in the work and profits
51. Robert Owens-
-focused on the common good within each individual
-oppressed workers were forced by the wealthy to become greedy
-removing oppressive conditions would allow workers stop their selfishness
-he attempted to create cooperatives in his textile mills and mill towns
-he found little success in America and a little in England