Ch. 1 - Renaissance
FROM MIDDLE AGES TO THE MODERN WORLD
1. Renaissance-
-French word meaning rebirth
-a cultural and scientific rediscovery of the Greek and Roman ideas
-historically seen as the bridge between the ancient and modern world
2. Marco Polo-
-in 1271, at age 17, he traveled with his father and uncle on trading mission to China
-remained in China for 24 years and was allowed to travel around by leader Kuala Khan
-returned to Europe and wrote a book about his travels
-sparked a huge European interest in China
3. Crusades-
-series of Christian attempts to take over the Holy Land
-Christians won only the first of twelve major crusades
-although a military failure, they were a success in bringing new ideas into Europe
ARTISTIC RENAISSANCE
4. Florence, Italy-
-credited as the city where the southern renaissance began
-known for its art and culture
5. Lorenzo de Medici-
-Lorenzo the Magnificent
-ruled the republic which centered around Florence
-was a very wealthy patron of the arts
Pazzi Conspiracy-
-noble family of bankers from Tuscany region of Italy
-attempted to kill Lorenzo and his brother Giuliano de Medici on Easter Sunday 1478 in the Cathedral of Florence
-wanted to drive the de Medici family from control of Florence
-Pope Sisto IV supported the attack since the de Medici’s resisted papal control of Florence
-Giuliano was killed, Lorenzo wounded in the attack
-the people of Florence rallied and ruthlessly killed the conspirators including the Pope
7. Leonardo da Vinci-
-the perfect example of the “Renaissance Man”
-probably the most diversely talented person who ever lived
-famous for art work, scientific discoveries, and ideas well before their time
-Mona Lisa, Last Supper, plans for helicopter and tank,
8. Michelangelo-
-Great Renaissance artist, sculptor, and architect
-David, Pieta, Saint Peter’s Basilica, ceiling Sistine Chapel
9. Raphael-
-celebrated painter and drawer of High Renaissance
-School of Athens
10. Donatello-
-sculptor from Florence
-created new ways of incorporating perspective and illusion
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
11. Nicolaus Copernicus-
-early mathematician and astronomer
-developed a heliocentric theory of the universe
-this theory was highly controversial especially with the church
-began a Scientific Revolution
12. Galileo Galilei-
-Astronomer and physicist
-developed a more powerful telescope
-used this telescope to help prove Copernicus theory
-was accused of heresy and sentenced to life in prison by the Church for teaching Copernicus’s teachings
13. Isaac Newton-
-the most important early scientist
-defined the laws of motion
-developed a theory of universal gravity
14. Robert Boyle
-well known philosopher, writer, inventor, and chemist
-know most for Boyle’s law of gas
-regarded as the world’s first modern chemist
15. Johann Gutenberg-
-developed the Chinese idea of movable type for Europe
-allowed for books to printed much cheaper which expanded learning
-became one of the main reasons the Renaissance expanded
PROTESTANT REFORMATION
16. Avignon-
-Pope Clement V chose to move his residence from Vatican City in Rome to southern France
-at one point, the Catholic Church had two Popes
-Catholic Church left France during the French Revolution
17. Protestants-
-refers to those religious groups that broke from the Catholic Church during the 1500’s
-Protestant Reformation
18. Pope Leo X-
-son of Lorenzo de’ Medici (Giovanni de’ Medici) and last non-priest to be elected Pope
-wanted to raise money for the construction of St. Peter’s Basilica
-developed the practice of the selling of indulgences
19. Selling of Indulgences-
-the Catholic Church required Christians to spend jail time to repent for their sins
-money “filling the coffers” could end or shorten physical penance for sins
-sinner needed to confess to sin and receive absolutism from priest
20. Martin Luther-
-Catholic priest assigned to cathedral in Wittenberg, Germany
-refused to believe that one could pay money to repent for their sins
-John Tetzel was the high priest at Wittenberg in charge of collecting the money for the sale of indulgences
-was eventually excommunicated for his questioning of the practices of the church
21. 95 Theses-
-a list of Catholic Church practices that Luther did not agree with
-Luther nailed them at the cathedral at Wittenberg
-this act began the protestant reformation
22. Diet of Worms-
-diet means general assembly
-held from January to May of 1521
-Luther was eventually excommunicated for church
-followers of Luther became known as Lutherans
23. Charles V
-Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
-was against the Protestant Revolution and Martin Luther
-personally headed the Diet of Worms
24. Frederick III
-also known as Frederick the Wise of Saxony
-supported the Protestant Revolution
-staged a roadside attack on Luther upon his return from the Diet of Worms in order to keep him safe
-Luther laid out the plan for Lutheranism while at Frederick’s castle at Wartburg
25. Reformation-
-attempt to reform the European Catholic Church
-began with 95 Theses (1517) and ended in 1648 with the end of the European religious wars and the Battle of Westphalia
26. Edict of Worms
-decreed by Charles V who wanted did not want his empire (Germany) to be religiously divided
-it called for the capture of Luther and the death and confiscation of land of those who support Luther
-Charles was so preoccupied with war and did not push for the Edict to be carried out
-some did attach Luther’s supporters in southern Germany
27. Council of Trent
-a series of meetings within the Catholic Church from 1549 to 1563 which outlined the basic teachings of the Catholic Church
1. salvation could be earned through the Pope and church councils as well as the bible
2. heaven could not be reached on good works alone (ie. going on a crusade, making a pilgrimage)
3.indulgences were permissible
4. must stop Protestantism even if it meant war
-later councils concluded that
priest could not marry,
church would not recognize divorce
seven sacraments (not two)
28. John Calvin-
-French pastor during the Protestant Reformation
-began his career as a lawyer but after fathers death chose the ministry
-led a break from the Catholic Church in 1520
-forced to flee when Catholic Church in France began persecuting Protestant groups
-traveled Europe spreading his religious philosophy
-his followers became the modern Presbyterians
29. Huguenots-
-followers of the French Protestant movement and inspired by John Calvin
-many fled France during various movements of persecutions of non-Catholics
30. Edict of Nantes
-agreed to by Henry IV of France granting Huguenots a legal right to exist in France
-the issue was more one of national unity rather than religious unity
-brought to an end the religious wars that tore France apart for half of the 16th century
31. Henry VIII-
-King of England
-wanted Pope Clement VII to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon
-when Pope refused, Henry broke from the Catholic Church, creating the Anglican Church (Church of England)
-Henry eventually had six wives, beheading two of them
32. Pope Clement VII-
-Giulio di Giuliano de’ Medici, nephew of Lorenzo de’ Medici
-his father (Giuliano) and Lorenzo were assassinated during the Pazzi conspiracy
-as Pope, argued with Henry VIII over who should appoint Catholic bishops in England
-refused to allow Henry to divorce wives
33. Act of Supremacy
-developed by Henry VIII and passed by Parliament making the English Monarch the head of the Anglican Church
-repealed when Mary I became Queen, but restored when her half-sister Elizabeth became queen
-still used today
34. Anglican Church-
-headed by the monarch of Britain
-still exists today
-Protestant/Catholic relations have been difficult in Britain ever since
Religious Wars
35. Peace of Augsburg
-signed by Charles V and a group of Lutheran princes in 1555
-brought to an end the fighting between Protestant and Catholic in the Holy Roman Empire
-divided Germany between Catholics (south) and Protestants (north)
-Germanic Princes could choose the religion for their provence
-people who do not accept this choice have a time which to relocate into a different provence
36. Thirty Years’ War
-one of the most destructive wars in European history
-fought between Protestants and Catholics over control of the Holy Roman Empire
-eventually the conflict became political between France and the Habsburg of Germany
-many European nations or empires became entangled in the war
37. Treaty of Westphalia
-ended the Thirty Years War
-treaty established sovereign nations within Europe
Literature of the Renaissance
38. William Shakespeare-
-English poet and play write
-he is called England’s national poet and the greatest writer of the English language
-wrote tragedies like Hamlet, King Lear, and McBeth
-also wrote poems, sonnets, and comedies
-his writings have been the topic for many things, even today