Ch. 9 - Middle Ages
1. Medieval
-Latin word meaning middle
-also called the Dark Ages or MIddle Ages
-period of time that bridges the ancient and modern world
2. Christendom
-refers to the social and political impact of the Christian church during the Middle Ages
-Church owned huge areas of land and great influence over the political leaders of Europe
3. Clovis
-became leader of a Germanic tribe called the Franks
-took over control of Northern Gaul from the Roman Empire
-converted to Christianity so had support of church
4. Charles Martel
-leader of Franks and known as “the Hammer”
-stopped the Moslem invasion of the Moors into Europe at Tours, France in AD 732
-drove Moors back across the Pyrenees Mts.
5. Pepin III-
-Charles’ son, also known as Pepin the Short
-gained support of Pope making his rule legitimate
-secured Rome from threat of Germanic tribes
-gave land to Pope (Donation of Pepin) creating the Papal State in Rome
6. Pope Leo III
-leader of the Roman Catholic Church
-feared Moslem advancements into Europe and had been loosing influence since the fall of the Roman Empire
-sought the assistance of the Franks to restore Christianity in Europe
7. Charlemange
-Charles the Great, Pepin’s son
-crowned by Pope Leo on Christmas Day 800 as the new Roman leader
-unified most christian central Europe into the Holy Roman Empire
-powerful while Charlemange was alive, but weakened after his death
8. Treaty of Verdun
-signed by Chalemagne’s three grandsons, splitting the Holy Roman Empire into three sections
-pretty much brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire
Feudalism and the Manorial System
9. Feudal System-
-loosely organized system of government which develops when no central government is available
-devised to maintain protection and defense
10. King-
-head of the noble system
-powerful, land owning
-controlled land which he divided up among those who had a service the king needed
11. Castles-
-large fortified homes of the King
-built for protection first and comfort second
-usually cold and damp, lit by candles, heated by fire
-painted walls and use of tapestries made the castle look better
12. Manors-
-large self-sufficient estates operated for the king
-included contained farm and pasture land and a fortified manor home for protection
- a Vassals or Lord was appointed by the king to oversee the Manor
13. Fief-
-tract of land granted by the king to a vassals in exchange for his services
-a fief included the people on them, any towns within them, and all other buildings
14. Knights-
-given land and power in exchange for protecting the king
-very strict training
-very powerful in battle as they were well protected and mounted on horses
15. Vestige
-a contract between a king and a knight.
-the king receive protection, the knight received wealth, fame, and power
-determined the amount of time a knight must protect the kingdom
16. Chivalry
-a code by which knights agreed to live by
-called for them to be loyal, brave, honest, a fair fighter, and to protect the status of women
-knights not living up to the code were banned from knighthood
17. Shield Money
-knights did not want to leave their manors to fight for the king
-the king would fine the knights when they did not show up
-with the money, the king would hire peasants to fight for him
-many knights found it better to simply pay the fine then to risk danger protecting the king
18. Joust-
-battle where knights would ride towards each other in an attempt to knock each other off their horse
-tournaments were held where knights would compete against each other for practice and pride
19. Coats of Arms-
-symbols and designs used as symbols for upper-class Medieval families
-originally used to avoid confusion when people could not read
20. Serfs
-freemen, but were bound to the land that they lived on
-serfs were required to pay the king a high price for the use of his land
-they were also required to put in a certain amount of service to the king
-since money was not used, the serf paid their debts with labor and/or products they produced
-serfs received land to work for themselves, protection, and a guarantee they could remain on that land
The Church (pp. 300-303)
21. Parish Church
-one of the largest and most important buildings in town
-provided the most basic aspect of Christianity for early Christians
22. Monasticism-
-refers to the way of life in monasteries or convents
-clergy was divided into two groups: secular and regular
-life had strict rules, physical suffering, self-denial as a way of proving dedication to god
23. St. Benedict
-discussed by the corruption of Rome, lived in isolation
-established strict rules by which monks were to live called the Benedictine Order
-became known as Benedictine monks
-many chose to copy books like the bible and works of the Greeks and Romans
24. St. Francis-
-also called Francis of Assisi
-developed an order of monks who followed his Catholic teachings
-became known as Franciscan monks
25. St. Patrick-
-Catholic missionary and Benedictine monk who brought Christianity to Ireland
26. Canon Law
-laws which were set and carried out by the church
-had own court system which could excommunicate
-an interdict closed down churches from and entire region
27. Heretics-
-people who questioned the basic principles of the church
-viewed as unbelievers and sinful
28. Tithe
-a tax collected by the parish priest
-equal to one-tenth of a persons wealth
29. St. Dominic
-founded an order of monks (or friars) known as the Dominicans
-took a special disliking to those who questioned Catholic religious practices
30. Inquisition-
-series of special religious courts set up by Pope Gregory IX
-sent Dominican friars to find heretics in France
-people were punished as way of gaining forgiveness of their sins
-brutally punished opposition groups in France
31. Holy Land
-area of the Middle East where Christ was born, lived, and died
-centered around the important city of Jerusalem
-controlled by Christians until taken over by the Seljik Turks during early 1000’s
32. Urban II-
-asked by Byzantine emperor to help defend the city
-Roman Catholic pilgrims passed through city on way to worship in holy lands
-called for a conference of church leaders and feudal lords at Clermont, France in 1095
33. Crusades-
-series of military twelve military expeditions to regain the Holy Land from the Moslems
-crusaders went to holy land various reasons; wealth, adventure, salvation
-although generally unsuccessful, brought new ideas and products to Europe
-nobles died in crusades, or sold too much land to finance crusades, giving rise to even more powerful king
First-(1096-1099) massacred 70,000 Moslems in defeat of Antioch and Jerusalem
Second- (1147) Louis VII (France) and Conrad III (Germany) led armies which were defeated by
Moslems
Third-(1189-1192) Richard the Lionhearted battled the Turk Saladin. Although he was defeated, he
managed a guarantee that Christians could enter holy lands to worship
Fourth- (1202-1204) crusaders organized by Pope Innocent III attacked Constantinople, causing it’s eventual collapse in 1493
Children’s Crusade- (1212) children across Europe who thought they were going to rescue holy land
Fifth- (1217-1221) Europeans suffer heavy losses as they traveled through Egypt
were sold into slavery
Sixth - Frederick of Germany leads of crusade not blessed by the Pope
Seventh- (1248-1254) defeated before reaching Holy Land, battling Moslems in Africa
Eighth- (1270) counted as part of other crusades, ended when St. Louis died during trip
Ninth- (1271-1272) All Christian holding in Asia were lost
Others- Northern, Crusade against the Tartars... (twelve total)
Struggle For Power in England and France
34. Anglo-Saxons-
-group of people who lived on the island of Britain
-mixture of Germanic and Scandinavians driven off the continent of Europe
35. Alfred the Great-
-king of the Anglo-Saxons from 871-899
-ended Viking domination in England becoming first king of the Anglo-Saxons
36. Edward the Confessor-
-his death left a controversy over who the real Anglo-Saxon king would be
-he promised his cousin, William I Duke of Normandy the throne prior to his second marriage
-at the time of his death, he appointed Harold Godwinson, or Harold II as king
-died fighting the Normans
37. William the Conqueror
-also known as William the Conqueror or William Duke of Normandy
-led the Norman Invasion of 1066 to claim leadership of the Anglo-Saxons
-his decisive victory came at the Battle of Hastings
38. Bayou Tapestry-
-tapestry which tells the story of the Battle of Hastings in pictures
-thinking William to be killed, the Normans appear defeated, until they see William return to the battle
-Normans go on to defeat the Anglo-Saxons
39. The Doomsday Book-
-a complete census taken in 1086 at William’s request
-told much information about William’s new land
-this document led to the taxation code William used
40. Common Law-
-the accepted way of determining a persons guilt or innocence through a series of ordeals
-did not require a jury
-it was believed that god would intervene on the behalf of the innocent and protecting them
41. Henry II-
-unified the legal codes by establishing traveling juries which would hear and then settle disputes
42. Thomas Becket-
-archbishop of Canterbury
-appointed to his influential religious position by Henry II
-had bitter arguments with Henry over power of kings and church
-four of Henry’s knights murdered Becket at Canterbury
-Henry was forced to back off his stance on power
43. King John-
-Pope Innocent III placed an interdict on England when John attacked the church over selection of bishops
-forced by noblemen to sign the Magna Carta (Great Charter) giving them some of the King’s power
-nobles were granted certain rights and powers, kings were not above the law
-although kings powers were only slightly limited, it set the stage for future governments in Europe
Growth of Towns
44. Trade Fair
-fairs were designed to exchange new ideas and trade goods
-included entertainers, food, and games
45. Guilds-
-groups of people working in the same trade
-these groups would control prices, quality, restricted competition, regulated training
-contained strict guidelines and rules
46. Apprentice-
-young boy, entering a guild
-would exchange work for the knowledge of the craft
-usually carried out the simple tasks
-allowed children of serfs to break their families ties to the land
47. Journeyman-
-began actually making the product
-learned all the “ticks of the trade” from the master
48. Master-
-expert craftsman
-taught the apprentice an journeyman
-as the master got older they worked less
-relayed on the journeymen and apprentices to take care of them in old age
49. Middle Class-
people who had jobs
-were not wealthy, but lived a better lifestyle than the serf
-eventually were classified as “freemen”
50. Black Death-
-the most deadly pandemic in human history spreading into Europe during the 1340’s
-probably one of three variations of the Bubonic plague
-spread to Europe from the east during the crusades or with traders
-1/2 to 1/4 of the people killed
Medieval Culture
43. Geoffrey Chaucer-
-known as the “father of English literature”f
-credited with being the first writer to use the English language rather than French or Latin
-wrote “The Canterbury Tales”
44. Thomas Aquinas-
-Catholic Church’s greatest philosophers
-developed the modle for modern thought and philosophy
45. Romanesque-
-style of architecture used from 10th to 12th centruies
-charactorised by thick, solid walls, huge roofs, and few windows
-usually dark, cold, and damp
46. Gothic-
-more modern stlyle of architecture used from the 12th to the 16th centuries
-charactorised by thin walls, high volted ceilings, and huge stain glassed windows
-usually brighter and more artistict
47. Buttresses-
-a structure built against another to add to it’s strength and support
-flying buttresses make minimum contact the other wall
48. Charters-
-cathedral built near Paris, France
-considered the best example of Gothic ar