Ch. 11 - World War I
MIDDLE WORLD HISTORY
Chapter 11 : World War I and the Russian Revolution (1900 - 1920)
Setting The Stage For War (pp. 689-703)
Underlying Reason World War I Began ...
1)Industrialism- creating machines and changing society
2)Militarism- building as strong a military as possible
3)Imperialism- competition for taking over land
4)Nationalism- feeling ones own nation is superior to all others
1. Queen Victoria-
-ruled British Empire for 64 years
-related to many of the monarchs of Europe
-her death in January 22, 1901 at age 82 was a symbolic end to European monarchies
-her funeral was the last time the monarchs of Europe all peacefully got together
2. Triple Alliance-
-composed of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
-its terms provided that if any of the parties were attacked by two or more powers, its allies would come to its aid
-Germany was hoped to isolate France; Austria-Hungary needed support against Russia; and Italy wanted help taking over North Africa
3. Triple Entente-
-an alignment of Britain, France, and Russia
-made in an effort to maintain the delicate balance of power in Europe
-eventually will pull these nations into World War I
4. “Powder Keg”-
-term used to describe the unstable situation in Europe
-only a match was need to cause things to explode
5. Bosnia and Serbia-
-republic in the European region known as the Balkans
-tensions between Serbia and Austria-Hungary increased following the Balkan War of 1912
-region of the Balkans under the control of the Austria-Hungarian Empire
-majority of citizens were Serbian and supported rule by Serbia rather than A-H
6. Archduke Franz Ferdinand-
-nephew of Francis Joseph
-became heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary when Archduke Rudolf committed suicide
-sent to Bosnia to create support for A-H should a war break out
-his assassination led to the beginning of World War I
7. Black Hand-
-name give to Serbian terrorists who supported an independent nation joined with Bosnia rather than Austria-Hungary
-responsible for the planning and eventual assassination of Franz Ferdinand
8. Gavrilo Princip-
-terrorist who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sofia as they visit Sarajevo, Bosnia
-he dies two years later in prison as World War I continued
World War I: A New Kind Of War (pp. 704-710)
9. Central Powers-
-military alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary during W.W.I
-came about after Italy joined the war on the side of the allies in 1915
-the Ottoman Empire (1914) and Bulgaria (1915) also became members
10. Allied Powers-
-included the nations of the Triple Entente plus several other countries
-had several advantages that the Central Powers did not
11. Neutrality-
-a nation not choosing sides during a war
-some nations will be unable to remain neutral
12. New Weapons of World War I-
-trench warfare
-machine gun
-tank
-submarine
-aircraft
-long range weapons
-poison gas
-propaganda
13. VonSchlieffen Plan-
-German plan for World War I
-developed by Alfred Von Schlieffen
-attack France, through Belgium, and defeat them within six weeks
-turn full attention to the eastern front and Russia
14. Battle of the Marne-
-Germany marched through Belgium and pushed French and British all the way to Paris
-Germany failed to win the western front with one swift attack
-Germany and France lost 250,000 soldiers each with Britain losing 13,000
-the war became a stalemate
15. Hindenburg Line
-battle strategy developed by German General Paul von Hindenburg
-Germans built elaborate defense network in northwest France to stop French and British advances
-caused the war to become a stalemate in the west
16. War of Attrition-
-an attempt to outlast and wear down the opponents in an attempt to end the stalemate
17. Christmas Truce (1914)-
-German and British soldiers began singing Christmas carols on Christmas eve
-eventually soldiers met in no man’s land to exchange stories, gifts, and buried dead
-after two days, both sides returned to their trenches and returned to fighting
-officials from both sides deny this ever happened
18. Battle of Verdun-
-an unsuccessful German effort to take the offensive in the west
-longest and bloodiest encounters of the war. casualties estimates are about 1,000,000
-Germany forced on the defensive after battle
19. Battle of the Somme-
-British offensive against the German lines
-Britain’s loss of 60,000 men the first day (July 1, 1916) remains the worse day in British history
-an eight day pre-bombardment was used to “soften” German defenses, it failed
-with winter weather on it’s way, campaign was ended in mid-November
The U.S. Enters the War
20. Woodrow Wilson-
-President of the United States
-elected on the platform that he would keep the United States out of the war
-secretly, the U.S. was in support of and sending supplies to the allies
-unrestricted German warfare changed public opinion in America
-"peace without victory" was his original plan, but later changed to "the world must be made safe for democracy"
-used his Fourteen Points as basis for peace plan after war
21. Lusitania-
-British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine
-1,200 people were killed, including 128 Americans
this incident contributed to the deterioration in U.S.-German relations, and the eventually U.S. entering into World War I.
22. Arthur Zimmermann-
-German foreign secretary who sent letter to Mexico asking them to ally themselves with Germany
-confident that the U.S. would enter the war when Germany resumed unrestricted warfare, Mexico was promised land lost during the Mexican Cession
-helped sway U.S. public opinion to enter war
23. American Expeditionary Force
-first Americans to cross the Atlantic and enter the World War I
-crossed the Atlantic in convoys
-arrived in Europe 10,000 per day during the summer of 1918
-turned the tide of the war towards the Allies
-called “doughboys” by other members of the Allied forces
The Russian Revolution (pp. 652 and 711 - 713)
24. Czar Nicholas II-
-became the last emperor of Imperial Russia
-lacked the ability to be the strong type of leader Russia need
-married the German princess Alexandra (granddaughter of Queen Victoria of England)
-his rule faced many problems:
A. Russo-Japanese War
B. Revolution of 1905
C. Bloody Sunday
D. Grigory Rasputin
E. Dismissal of Representative government (Duma)
F. World War I (especially after Nicholas took control of the war effort)
-advocated throne as war effort failed and the protests mounted
-imprisoned and exiled to Siberia where he and his entire family were assassinated
25. Gegory Rasputin-
-self-proclaimed holy man from Siberia
-used his hypnotic power to alleviate the bleeding of Aleksei and became an advisor of Alexandra and the royal family
-his lifestyle and conduct shocked the Russian public
-noblemen, concerned because of his destructive influence of the already deteriorating government, assassinated him
26. Karl Marx-
-German social philosopher and revolutionist
-developed the theories behind socialism and the communist government in his book Communist Manifesto
-claims that revolution was necessary to overthrow the wealthy few and turn the government and economy over to the workers
-his theories where used during the Russian Revolution and the eventual communist government
27. Russian Revolutions-
-February Revolution (March) 1917, overthrew the Czar
-October Revolution (November) 1917, the take over of the provincial government Bolsheviks
28. Alexander Kerensky
-Russian revolutionary leader who was instrumental in toppling the Russian monarchy
-served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government
-re-committed Russia to the war effort making him unpopular
-fled to Paris when it became apparent the new government would be taken over
29. Communist Party-
-system of government developed from the theories of Karl Marx
-first put into practice in Russia (U.S.S.R)
30. Mensheviks-
-one of the political division created as a result of the new Russian government
-supported more capitalistic ideals (promised elections)
-became a minority, but part of government until October Revolution
31. Bolsheviks-
-the other political division of the new Russian government
-supported a socialist system of government
-overtook the Mensheviks in the Oct. Revolution
32. Vladimir Lenin-
-older brother Alexander was executed for plotting against the czar
-exiled from the country for his political beliefs
-sent back to Russia by the Germans during World War I
-became leader of the Bolsheviks and founder of the Russian Communist party
-became the first head of state of the USSR
-died in 1922
33. Red Army-White Army-
-Red supporters of the communist party
-gained most support by the workers in the cities
-eventually was victorious and Russia became communist
-White made up of mostly rural supporters of the czar
-the United States sent troops to help support their effort to overtake the Red Army
-was eventually defeated and leaders arrested or executed
34. Treaty of Brest-Litousk-
-ended Russian participation in World War I
-the Soviets agreed to massive territorial losses
Heroes of the War
35. Iron Cross-
-primary military decoration of the Kingdom of Prussia and later Germany
-established by Wilhelm III and first awarded in the Franco-Prussian War
-has not been awarded since May of 1945
36. Manfred von Ricthoffen-
-better known as the Red Baron because of non-typical red plane
-most successful fighter pilot in the German air force
-credited with 80 kills before being shot down by a solider in the trenches
37. Merle Hay-
-born and raised in Glidden, Iowa
-enlisted for military service shortly after Congress declared war on Germany
-was killed on November 3, 1917, one of the first three Americans to die in WWI
-remembered as a war hero in Iowa
38. Eddie Rickenbacke-
-Americas answer to the Red Baron
-an early race car driver, he shot down 22 enemy planes and 4 balloons in only one year
-eventually went on to become president of Eastern Airlines
39. Alvin York-
-American hero of World War I -killed 25 machine gunners and captured 132 soldiers almost single handed
-many songs, stories and movies used York as their theme
40. Thomas Lawrence-
-captain in the British army assigned duties of liaison between British and Arab forces
-united the Arabs into battle against the more powerful Ottoman Turks using guerrilla tactics
-adopted the Arab culture and proved his strength to win the trust of the Arabs
The Terms of Peace (pp. 714-717)-
41. Ferdinand Foch-
-French commander in chief of the Allied armies in France in the final stages of the war
-helped to bring about the Allied victory by halting the German advance in the Second Battle of the Marne -he accepted the German surrender in November 1918
42. Armistice-
-officially signed on November 11, 1918 at 11:00 am
-ended the fighting of World War I
Creating A “New” Europe (pp. 718-723)
43. Paris Peace Conference-
-members of the winning nations of World War I met to decide the reparations (conditions) for the defeated countries
-Germany was not allowed to negotiate, or even attend the meetings, until the end when Germany was to sign
44. “Big Four”-
-the four major victorious powers, Britain, France, Italy, and the United States
-represented the twenty-seven nations which were on the winning side of the war
45. Fourteen Points-
-U.S. President Woodrow Wilson’s basis for a just peace settlement following World War I
-Wilson felt the most important point was his fourteenth, the League of Nations
-Wilson compromised all but the last point to get the League of Nations passed
-uncompromising with the democratic U.S. Congress, the treaty was never ratified in the U.S. and the U.S. never joined the League of Nations
43. League of Nations-
-organization established after World War I to promote international peace
-sixty-three nations were members
-headquarters was located in Geneva, Switzerland
-unable to fulfill its chief aims of disarmament and peacekeeping in the 1930’s, it lost members and fell into disuse before World War II
Creating A “New” Europe (pp. 718-723)
47. Treaty of Versailles-
-established unrealistic demands of Germany
-signed on June 28, 1919
-Germany was forced to give up territory, disarm and limit it’s military, pay heavy reparations, and agree to the war guilt clause
48. Mandate System-
-a League of Nations mandate which transferred control of territory from one country to another
-dealt with colonies of nations defeated in World War I
49. Polish Corridor-
-gave Poland a narrow strip of land, allowing them access to the North Sea
-divided northern German into two parts
-part of the Treaty of Versailles
50. Armenian Genocide-
-the attempt by the Ottoman Empire to wipe out the Armenian population
-one and a half Armenians were killed during and just after World War I
-modern nation of Turkey refuses to take any responsibility for killings
51. Influenza Pandemic-
-infectious disease of the respiratory tract caused by the influenza virus
-spread rapidly all over the world (pandemic), aided by World War I
-in 1918-1919, 21-22 million people throughout the world died
-the pandemic simply stopped just a quickly as it began
52. Lost Generation-
-Gertrude Stein called the youth who survived WWI as
belonging to a lost generation
-questioned and untrusting of a society which had lied to them
about the glories of war
-developed a carefree “have fun…live for today” attitude since
they no longer “fit” into prewar culture
-cultural center became Paris