Embedded Files
Sources:
Payne, Annick. 'The Lydian Empire'.
Brouwers, Josho. 'A look at Lydian warfare'. 2013.
Greenewalt Jr., Crawford and Heywood, Ann. 'A Helmet of the Sixth Century B. C. from Sardis' in Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research No. 285. Chicago University Press, 1992.
Payne, Annick. 'Native Religious Traditions From A Lydian Perspective'. From proceedings of ‘Religious Convergence in the Ancient Mediterranean’, Conference 23-26 June 2016, Palermo, Atlanta, 2019.
Ramage, Andrew and Ramage, Nancy. 'Chapter 1. Lydian Pottery: An Overview', in Archaeological Exploration of Sardis Report 8: Ordinary Lydians at Home: The Lydian Trenches of the House of Bronzes and Pactolus Cliff at Sardis.
Özgen, İlknur. 'Lydian Treasure' in The Lydians and Their World. 2010.
Dale, Alexander. 'WALWET and KUKALIM: Lydian coin legends, dynastic succession, and the chronology of Mermnad kings' in Kadmos 54 (1/2). 2015.
Images Used:
German "Aksum Expedition", February 1906. From left: Theodor von Lüpke, Dr. Erich Kaschke, Gebre Selassie (Governor of Tigray), Enno Littmann and Daniel Krencker.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enno_Littmann#/media/File:Littmann_gruppenfoto.JPG
Sardis Aramaic Lydian bilingual inscription
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sardis_bilingual_inscription_full_size.jpg
Eugène Delacroix - Lycurgus Consulting the Pythia
Painting depicting Cimmerian mounted warriors from a Klazomenian sarcophagus
An Assyrian relief depicting Cimmerian mounted warriors
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kimerian.jpg
Head of Herodotos; Greek inscription. Roman copy of the Imperial era (AD 2nd century)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Herodotos_Met_91.8.jpg
Scythian Warrior with Axe, Bow, and Spear Possibly Greek Sculptor 4th-2nd century BCE (Archaic) marble with red paint and gold leaf
Bin Tepe
Croesus Funeral Pyre Side A from an Attic red-figure amphora, ca. 500–490 BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kroisos_stake_Louvre_G197.jpg
The Defeat of Croesus, History of the Nations, 1877
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Defeat_of_Croesus_546_BCE.jpg
Cyrus the Great
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyrus_II_(The_Great).jpg
Lydian Tribute Bearers on the Apadana Staircase, Persepolis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Persepolis_stairs_of_the_Apadana_relief.jpg
Mount Tmolus
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:MountTmolus_Bozdag_Turkey.jpg
Uşak Museum trefoil mouthed oinochoe
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U%C5%9Fak_Museum_trefoil_mouthed_oinochoe_-_silver_2271.jp
Terracotta jug with an oversize spout, 6th cen. BC
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/248831
Gold Croeseid, circa 561-546 BC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croeseid
Croesus showing his treasures to Solon
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Francken_Croesus_showing_his_treasures.jpg
Candaules, King of Lydia, Shews his Wife by Stealth to Gyges, One of his Ministers, as She Goes to Bed
Death of King Candaules
Ancient Egyptian Knucklebones
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/547051
Terracotta skyphos (drinking cup)
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/256585
Coin of Alyattes in electrum, 620-563 BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Electrum_trite,_Alyattes,_Lydia,_620-563_BC.jpg
Silver Croeseid, minted by King Croesus
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croeseid
Xerxes I tomb Lydian soldier circa 470 BCE
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Xerxes_I_tomb_Lydian_soldier_circa_470_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg
Lydian gold sculpture
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U%C5%9Fak_Museum_2206.jpg
Terracotta loom weight, 6th Cen. BC
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/252656
Minerva and Arachne
Gold bracelet with lion heads, 6th Cen. BC
deep silver phiale
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U%C5%9Fak_Museum_Karun_Treasure_2219.jpg
The Discovery of Purple
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodoor_van_Thulden_-_The_Discovery_of_Purple.jpg
Men weighing merchandise. Side B of an Attic black-figure amphora
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Weighing_merchandise_Met_47.11.5.jpg
Croesus portrait
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Croesus_portrait.jpg
Silver tetartemorion, Lydia, 5th century BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_tetartemorion,_Lydia,_5th_century_BC.jpg
Croesus on the funeral pyre, Otto Spamer 1878
https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e4-6096-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
Croesus Receiving Tribute from a Lydian Peasant
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Vignon_-_Parable_of_the_Unforgiving_Servant.jpg
The Oracle of Delphi Entranced
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Oracle_of_Delphi_Entranced.jpg
attic black figure neck-amphora showing 3 hoplites
Greek Hoplite drawing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoplite1.gif
A relief depicting mounted Lydian warriors on slab of marble, 550-530 BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Britishmuseumbintepehorserelief.jpg
Egyptian khopesh
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Harpe_AO4354-IMG_8093.jpg
Roman cavalry helmet
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_cavalry_helmet_of_Deurne.jpg
Molossian Hound. Roman copy of a Greek original
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Molossian_Hound,_British_Museum.jpg
Portrait of Thales, Wilhelm Meyer
Citadel of Sardis
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sardis_citadel.jpg
Sardis citadel
Remains of the temple of Artemis
Ruins of Sardis
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sardis_Unidentified_remains_in_2004_5248.jpg
View of the ruins of the Temple of Artemis at Sardis
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:HildebrandtSardes.png
Slaves working in a mine. Painting on Corinthian terracotta plaque, 5th century BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mines_1.jpg
Lydian silver vase depicting fighting hoplites
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U%C5%9Fak_Museum_Karun_Treasure_alabastron_2297.jpg
Athenian women preparing for a wedding, vase painting, 5th Cen. BC
Siege ramp, Lachish
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LachishRamp053011.jpg
Temple of Artemis at Sardis
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Artemis_Tap%C4%B1na%C4%9F%C4%B1_-_Sardes_Antik_Kenti.jpg
Lydion, 6th cen BC
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/252634
Terracotta stemmed dish, 6th Cen. BC
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/248839
Terracotta jug, 6th Cen. BC
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/248833
Terracotta jar with vertical handles, 6th Cen. BC
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/248824
Terracotta skyphos (drinking cup), 7th-6th Cen. BC
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/249083
Terracotta lekythos (oil flask), mid 6th Cen. BC
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/252588
Vase fragment
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/252695
Ionian Lydion
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ionian_lydion_MAR_Palermo_NI1779.jpg
Silver bowl inlaid with gold
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:U%C5%9Fak_Museum_Karun_Treasure_2191.jpg
Karun Treasure, Incense Burner
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:U%C5%9Fak_Museum_Karun_Treasure_incense_burner_2199.jpg
Bacchus by Caravaggio, circa 1598
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Baco,_por_Caravaggio.jpg
Marble relief with Hermes, 27 B.C.–A.D. 68
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Marble_relief_with_Hermes_MET_DT6551.jpg
Head of Hermes, 425 BC
Bowl with a radiating petal design, 8th-6th Cen. BC
https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/325835
The Oracle, Camillo Miola 1880
Divination drawing
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Divinatio3.gif
Seated Woman of Çatalhöyük on black background
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Seated_Woman_of_%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_on_black_background.jpg
Cybele enthroned, with lion, cornucopia, and mural crown. Roman marble, c. 50 AD
Head of Persephone. Earthenware. From Sicily, Centuripae, c. 420 BC
Zeus of Otricoli Marble, Roman copy after a Greek original from the 4th century
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zeus_Otricoli_Pio-Clementino_Inv257.jpg
Libation scene, interior of an Attic red-figure cup
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Libation_Macron_Louvre_G149.jpg
Black-Figure Plaque showing funerary scene, 6th cen. BC
A goddess, probably Hecate, depicted with a dog
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:T16.5Hekate.jpg
Bust of Psamtik I
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psamtik_I#/media/File:Bust_from_Statue_of_a_King_MET_EGX.358.jpeg
Asburbanipal
Mount Mycale, Ionian Coast
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionia#/media/File:Mount_Mycale_and_Mycale_Strait.jpg
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