Embedded Files
Sources:
Cuncliffe, Barry. The Ancient Celts, Second Edition. Oxford University Press, 2018.
Caesar, Julius. The Gallic War. Trans. Carolyn Hammond. Oxford, 1996.
Images Used:
Modern rice fields in the Po Valley, Vercelli
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:RisaieVercellesi_Panorama2.jpg
Pliny the Elder, F. W. Bollinger
Celtic warriors depicted on the Gundestrup Cauldron, circa 150-1 BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ChaudronDeGunstrup2bis.jpg
Reconstructed La Tène farmstead, Havranok, Slovakia
Illustration depicting Celtic peoples, with druids on the far right, 1884
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1884_illustration_of_Celtic_people.png
Vercengetorix before Caesar, Alphonse de Neuville, 1872-75
Caesar's first invasion of Britain, William Linnell, 1847
Modern reconstruction of the Roman defences at Alesia
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9oparc_d%27Al%C3%A9sia_fortifications.JPG
Sculpted relief of the wars of Ambiorix against the Romans, Liège provincial palace, Belgium
Caesar crossing the Rubicon, from ‘The Story of the Greatest Nations’, 1900
Reconstruction of the oppidum of Manching, in the Celtic museum of Manching
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Manching_model_1.jpg
Augustus of Prima Porta
Barbarians depicted on the Triumphal Arch of Orange, Vaucluse, France
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orange_ArcDeTriomphe_D%C3%A9tail2_(pixinn.net).jpg
The Defence of the Gauls by Vercingetorix, Théodore Chassériau, 1855
The Naval Battle Near Ecnomus (256 BC), Gabriel de Saint-Aubin, 1763
Bust thought to depict the Carthaginian leader Hannibal
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Hannibal_Barca_bust_from_Capua_photo.jpg
Bust of Cicero
Burial of a La Tène chieftain, featuring a two-wheeled chariot
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1911_Britannica-Archaeology-Chariot_burial.png
La Tène chariot axle cover, circa 400 BC
The Battle of the Allia, from ‘France historique et monumentale’, 19th century
The sack of Rome by the Gauls, François-Nicolas Chifflart, 1863
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ChifflartSacdeRome.jpg
The geese save Rome, from ‘The Story of the Greatest Nations’, 1900
Thermopylae today - the ancient coastline was closer to the mountains, and located around the road to the right of the image
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thermopylae_ancient_coastline_large.jpg
The Dying Gaul, 230-220 BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dying_Gaul_Musei_Capitolini_MC747.jpg
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dying_Gaul_(Head).jpg
The Dying Gaul statue, depicting a gallic warrior with moustache and neck torc
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dying_GaulDSCF6738.jpg
The Barbarians before Rome, Évariste-Vital Luminais, 19th cen.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Evariste-Vital_Luminais_-_Gaulois_en_vue_de_Rome.jpg
The battle of the Allia, Gustave Surand, 1905
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SurandAllia.jpg
Julius Caesar and Divico parley after the battle at the Saône, Karl Jauslin, 19th cen.
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Divico_und_Caesar.jpg
Romans under the yoke, Charles Gleyre, 1858
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Gleyre_Les_Romans_p.jpg
Carnyx players depicted on the Gundestrup Cauldron
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Figures_with_horns_on_the_Gundestrup_Cauldron.jpg
Fighting in the retreat of Germanicus, Ferdinand Leeke, 1898, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin
https://recherche.smb.museum/detail/966366
Modern deception of the Gallic chieftain Brennus, from the French battleship Brennus
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brennus_mg_9724.jpg
Reconstruction of a Celtic warrior’s equipment, Museum Kelten-Keller, Germany
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Celtic.warriors.garments-replica.jpg
Reconstruction of a Celtic helmet found near Ciumesti, Romania
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KMM_-_Kriegergrab_Clumesti_Rekonstruktion_03.jpg
Gallic Raiders, Évariste-Vital Luminais
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%89variste-Vital_Luminais_-_Pillards_gaulois.jpg
Roman statuette of a captive Gaul, 2nd cen. AD
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_Bronze_Statuette_of_a_Captive_Gaul,_2nd_Century_AD.jpg
Bust of Julius Caesar
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gaius_Iulius_Caesar_(Vatican_Museum).jpg
The Gallic Women, Auguste-Barthélemy Glaize, 1851
Roman soldiers killing druids and burning their groves on Anglesey, from A Tour in Wales by Thomas Pennant, 1763-66
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Romans_murdering_Druids_and_burning_their_groves_cropped.jpg
Druid cutting mistletoe on the sixth day of the moon, Henri-Paul Motte, 1900
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Motte_Druide_coupant_le_gui_au_6e_jour_de_la_lune.jpg
Wicker Man from Thomas Pennant's ‘A Tour in Wales’, 1781. This scene depicts Caesar’s description of the Celtic ‘Wicker Man’
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Wicker_Man_of_the_Druids_crop.jpg
Human Sacrifices in Gaul, from T W Rolleston's ‘Myths & Legends; the Celtic race’, 1910
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myths_and_legends;_the_Celtic_race_(1910)_(14781091124).jpg
Stone head, late La Tène culture
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stone_sculpture_of_celtic_hero.jpg
The Corleck Head, a celtic stone head from Ireland, 1st-2nd cen. AD
Reconstruction of an Gallic Nemeton, a sacred space or sanctuary
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Arch%C3%A9osite_d%27Aubechies_2.jpg
Copy of an 18th century engraving depicting two druids
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Two_Druids.PNG
Scene from the Gundestrup Cauldron, depicting a sacrifice
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gundestrupkarret3,_drowning_figure.jpg
Stone carving which may depict Matrona
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Matrona_Gaul_goddess_alt.jpg
Taranis, depicted with wheel and thunderbolt
The Lyon Cup, a Gallo-Roman cup which may depict Lugus
A Cernunnos-type figure on the Gundestrup cauldron
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gundestrupkedlen-_00054_(cropped).jpg
Brennus and Camillus during the sack of Rome, from "Histoire de France en cent tableaux" by Paul Lehugeur, 1886
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brennus_and_Camillus.jpg
The Ludovisi Gaul, depicting a defeated Gaul and his dying wife
Gold plated disc, France, 4th cen. BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Celtic_Gold-plated_Disc,_Auvers-sur-Oise,_Val-d%27Oise.jpg
Vercingetorix throws down his arms at the feet of Julius Caesar, Lionel Royer, 1899
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Siege-alesia-vercingetorix-jules-cesar.jpg
Depiction of a Vallus, based off a relief from Trier
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Roman_harvester,_Trier.jpg
Gallo-Roman Vallus, Buzenol, Belgium
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M%C3%A4hmaschine.jpg
Neumagener wine-boat, a roman funerary monument depicting barrels being transported by boat, circa 220 AD
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Neumagener_Weinschiff.jpg
Reconstructed walls at the Gallic oppidum of Bibracte
One of the Basse-Yutz flagons, displaying Etruscan influences, circa 450 BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:British_Museum_Basse_Yutz_flagons_(1).jpg
Gold ring, La Tene culture, Erstfeld, Switzerland
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Goldschmuck_Erstfeld2.jpg
Bronze armband, late Hallstatt culture, 7th-5th cen. BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lat%C3%A9nium-brassard-bronze.jpg
La Tène gold ring, 5th-4th cen. BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Tr409-2-2009s02.jpg
Bronze helmet in the shape of a swan, Tintignac, France
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Casque_cygne_Tintignac.jpg
Gold torc, Vix, France, 480 BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_torque_1.jpg
Gold bracelet, Cantal, France
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Aurillac_bracelet_celte_C_des_M.jpg
Gundestrup cauldron, 150-1 BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_cauldron.jpg
Celtic short sword, 60 BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Celtic_sword.jpg
Carnyx found at Tintignac, France
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CarnyxDeTintignac3.jpg
Tarasque of Noves, 3rd-1st cen. BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mus%C3%A9e_lapidaire_Avignon-Tarasque_de_Noves.jpg
Cinerary urn, Saint-Pol-de-Léon, France
Clermont Ferrand Vase
Chariot fitting, Bourcq, France, 5th cen. BC
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Phal%C3%A8re_06007.JPG
Genseric’s Invasion of Rome, Karl Bryullov, 1835-36
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Genseric_sacking_rome_456.jpg
The Lezoux Plate, featuring Gallic inscription
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plat_de_Lezoux.jpg
Agris Helmet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parade_helmet.jpg
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